MICROWAVE ENGINEERING

LECTURE NOTE

thenhan

1 12/16/2011

PHM VI CA LNH VC SIU CAO TN

TN S THNG THNG T 1GHz TR LN

BNG PHN NH TN S

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NG DY TRUYN SNG
. IN P V DNG IN PH THUC C KHNG GIAN V TR z V THI GIAN TI THI IM t,

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Module 2: Transmission Lines Topic 1: Theory

OGI EE564 Howard Heck

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Introduction Where Are We?Basics 2. Transmission Line

1.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
3. 4.
thenhan

Transmission Line Theory Basic I/O Circuits Reflections Parasitic Discontinuities Modeling, Simulation, & Spice Measurement: Basic Equipment Measurement: Time Domain Reflectometry

5.

Analysis Tools Metrics & Methodology Advanced Transmission Lines

8 12/16/2011

Propagation Velocity Contents Characteristic Impedance Visualizing Transmission Line Behavior General Circuit Model Frequency Dependence Lossless Transmission Lines Homogeneous and Non-homogeneous Lines Impedance Formulae for Transmission Line Structures Summary References thenhan

9 12/16/2011

V, I

Propagation Velocity
Wave propagates in z direction

x z

Physical example:
Circuit:
L = [nH/cm] C = [pF/cm]

Ldz I V dz Cdz I+ dI dz dz dV dz V+ dz

Total voltage change across Ldz (use V = L dI ):

dt

V I dz = (Ldz ) z t
I V dz = (Cdz ) z t

[2.1.1]

Total current change across Cdz (use I = C dV ):

[2.1.2]

dt

Simplify [2.1.1] & [2.1.2] to get the Telegraphists Equations

thenhan

I V = C z t V I = L z t

[2.1.3a]
10 12/16/2011

[2.1.3b]

Propagation Velocity (2)

Differentiate [2.1.3a] by t: Differentiate [2.1.3b] by z: Equate [2.1.4] & [2.1.5]:
2V 2I = L 2 z tz 2V 2V 1 2V = LC 2 = 2 2 t t z 2

2I 2V = C 2 zt t

[2.1.4] [2.1.5] [2.1.6]

Equation [2.1.6] is a form of the wave equation. The solution to [2.1.6] contains forward and backward traveling wave components, which travel with a phase velocity. Phase velocity definition: Equation in terms of current:
v 1 LC
[2.1.7] [2.1.8]

2I 2I 1 2I = LC 2 = 2 2 2 t z t

An alternate treatment of propagation velocity is contained in the appendix.

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11 12/16/2011

Characteristic Impedance dz = segment length (Lossless) C = capacitance per segment

Z1 Z2 Z3
a

Ldz

Ldz

Ldz

V1

Cdz dz

V2

Cdz dz

V3

Cdx dz

to

L = inductance per segment

The input impedance (Z1) is the impedance of the first inductor (Ldz) in series with the Z (1 / jCdz ) Z = jLdz + parallel combination of the impedance of [2.1.9] Z + 1 / jCdz the(ZcapacitorlL(Z + 1/ jlC ) ZZ(1/.jlC ) = 0 (Cdz) and 2 Z + 1 / jlC ) j
1 2 2
1 2 2 2

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12 12/16/2011

Assuming a uniform line, the input Characteristic Impedance impedance should be the same when (Lossless) node pairs a-d, b-e, c-f, and so looking into
Z 0 (Z 0 + 1 / j Cdz ) j lLdz (Z 0 + 1 / j Cdz ) Z 0 (1 / j Cdz ) = 0

Z 02 +

Z0 Z0 Ldz jLdz jLZ 0 dz = 0 = Z 02 jLZ 0 dz Cdz jCdz jCdz jCdz L Z 02 jLZ 0 dz = 0 [2.1.11] C

forth. So, Z2 = Z1= Z0.

[2.1.10]

Allow dz to become very small, causing the frequency dependent term to drop out:
Z 02 L =0 C

[2.1.12]

Solve for Z0:

Z0 =
thenhan

L C

[2.1.13]
13 12/16/2011

Visualizing Transmission Line Behavior

I
h

+++++++

V ------I

Water flow

Transmission Line
Potential = Voltage [V] Flow = Current [A] = [C/sec]

Potential = Wave height [m] Flow = Flow rate Just as the wave front of the water flows in the pipe, the [liter/sec] voltage propagates in the transmission line. The same
holds true for current.
Voltage and current propagate as waves in the transmission line.
thenhan 14 12/16/2011

Visualizingthe analogy Extending Transmission Line The diameter Behavior #2 of the pipe relates the flow rate
and height of the water. This is analogous to electrical impedance. Ohms law and the characteristic impedance define the relationship between current and potential in the transmission line. What happens when the water encounters a ledge or a barrier? What happens to the current and voltage waves when the impedance of the transmission line changes?

Effects of impedance discontinuities

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15 12/16/2011

General Transmission Line Model (No Coupling)

Transmission line parameters are distributed (e.g. capacitance per unit length). A transmission line can be modeled using a network of resistances, inductances, and capacitances, where the distributed parameters are broken into small discrete elements.
R L R L R L G C G C G C

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Parameters General TransmissionSymb Units Line Parameter ol cm-1 Conductor R Model #2 Resistance Self Inductance L nHcm-1

Characteristic Impedance Propagation Constant

Total Capacitance Dielectric Conductance

Z0 =

C G

pFcm-1 -1cm 1
[2.1.14] [2.1.15]

R + jL G + jC

(R + jL )(G + jC ) = + j

= attenuation constant = rate of exponential attenuation = phase constant = amount of phase shift per unit length
Phase Velocity
p =
[2.1.16]

In general, and are frequency dependent.

thenhan 17 12/16/2011

Frequency Dependence
From [2.1.14] and [2.1.15] note that: Z0 and depend on the frequency content of the signal. Frequency dependence causes attenuation and edge rate degradation.
Signal at driven end of transmission line Output signal from lossless transmission line

Attenuation

Output signal from lossy transmission line

Edge rate degradation

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18 12/16/2011

R and G are sometimes negligible, Frequency at low frequencies #2 Dependence particularly

Simplifies to the lossless case: no attenuation & no dispersion

In modules 2 and 3, we will concentrate on lossless transmission lines. Modules 5 and 6 will deal with lossy lines.

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Lossless Transmission Lines

Quasi-TEM Assumption The electric and magnetic fields are perpendicular to the propagation velocity in the transverse planes.
E H

z x
20 12/16/2011

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Lossless transmission lines are characterized Lossless Line Parameters by the following two parameters: L
Characteristic Impedance Propagation Velocity
Z0 = C
1 LC v =

[2.1.17] [2.1.18]

Lossless line characteristics are frequency independent. As noted before, Z0 defines the relationship between voltage and current for the traveling waves. The units are ohms []. defines the propagation velocity of the 21 waves. The units are cm/ns. thenhan 12/16/2011
S ti th ti d l

Lossless Line Equivalent Circuit

The transmission line equivalent circuit shown Con theC left isC often represented by the coaxial cable symbol.
L L L

Z0Z0,v, length , , length

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Homogeneous Media
A homogeneous dielectric medium is uniform in all directions.
c 1 All field vlines are 1contained 30cm / ns the = = = = within LC dielectric. Note: only r
0 r r r

[2.1.19]

is requiredtransmission14line in a homogeneous For a to 0 = 8.854 x10 F free space cm calculate . the propagationPermittivity ofdepends medium, velocity

= r 0

Dielectric Permittivity

only on material properties:

0

0 = 1.257 x10 8 H cm

Magnetic Permeability

Permeability of free space

r is the relative permittivity or dielectric constant.

thenhan 23 12/16/2011

Non-Homogeneous Media
A non-homogenous medium contains multiple materials with different dielectric constants. For a non-homogeneous medium, field 1 1 v= LC lines cut across the boundaries between In practice, an effective dielectric materials. dielectric constant, r,eff is often used, which represents an average dielectric In this case the propagation velocity constant. depends on the dielectric constants and the proportions of the materials. Equation 24 [2.1.19] does not hold: thenhan 12/16/2011

Some Typical Transmission Line Structures

And useful formulas for Z0

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25 12/16/2011

Tr khng cp ng trc
Z0, , length , lengthv, 0Z
r R

140 120 100 Z0 [ ] 80 60 40 20 2 3 4 5 6 R/r 7 8 9

r = 1 r = 2 r = 2.5 r = 3 r = 3.5

Z0 =

1 2

R ln r
[2.1.20]

C=

r = 4

2 R ln r
[2.1.21]

10

L=

R ln 2 r
[2.1.22]
26 12/16/2011

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Centered Stripline Impedance

r
w t h1 h2

4h 2 Z0 = ln r 0.67w 0.8 + t w 60

Valid for

w < 0.35 h2 t t h2 < 0.25

Source: Motorola application note AN1051.

Z0 [ ]

60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 0.003 0.005 0.007 0.009 w [in] 0.011 0.013

t = 0.0007 r = 4.0 h2 0.070 0.060 0.050 0.040 0.030 0.025 0.020

0.015

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27 12/16/2011

Dual Stripline Impedance

Z0 =
r
w

h1 t h2 t h1

8h1 ln Y= r 0.67w 0.8 + t w 8(h1 + h2 ) 60 ln Z= r 0.67w 0.8 + t w 60

2YZ Y +Z

0.5h1 w h1.

[2.1.24] [2.1.25] [2.1.26] OR

h1 80 1 4(h + h + t ) 1.9(2h1 + t ) 1 2 Z0 = ln r 0 .8 w + t
110 100 90 80 Z0 [ ] 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0.003 0.005 0.007 0.009 w [in] 0.011 0.013 2h1 + h2 + 2t = 0.062 t = 0.0007 r = 4.0

Source: Motorola application note AN1051.

[2.1.27]

h1
0.020 0.018 0.015 0.012 0.010 0.008 0.005
0.015

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28 12/16/2011

Surface Microstrip Impedance

w

0 r

Z0 =
t

1 2

4h ln [] eff d

[2.1.28] [2.1.29] [2.1.30]

d = 0.536 w + 0.67t
h

eff = (0.475 r + 0.67 ) 0

Z0 =
160

87 5.98h ln [] 0.8w + t r + 1.41

t = 0.0007

[2.1.31]

140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0.003

r = 4.0
h 0.025 0.020 0.015 0.012 0.009 0.006 0.004
0.005 0.007 0.009 w [in] 0.011 0.013 0.015

Z0 []

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29 12/16/2011

Embedded Microstrip
0 r
w t h2 h1

Z0 =

K 5.98h1 ln 0.805 r + 2 0.8w + t

[2.1.32]

where 60 K 65

Or
[2.1.33] [2.1.34] [2.1.35]

Z0 =

87 5.98h1 ln r + 1.41 0.8w + t

r = r 1 e 1.55h

h1

]
h2 - h1 = 0.002 t= 0.0007 r = 4.0

= 1.017 0.475 r + 0.67

140 120 100 Z 0 [ ] 80 60 40 20 0 0.003 0.005 0.007 0.009 w [in] 0.011 0.013 0.015

h1 0.015 0.012 0.010 0.008 0.006 0.005 0.003

30 12/16/2011

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Summary
System level interconnects can often be treated as lossless transmission lines. Transmission lines circuit elements are distributed. Voltage and current propagate as waves in transmission lines. Propagation velocity and characteristic impedance characterize the behavior of lossless transmission lines. 31 thenhan 12/16/2011 Coaxial cables, stripline and microstrip

References
S. Hall, G. Hall, and J. McCall, High Speed Digital System Design, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (Wiley Interscience), 2000, 1st edition. H. Johnson and M. Graham, High-Speed Signal Propagation: Advanced Black Magic, Prentice Hall, 2003, 1st edition, ISBN 0-13-084408-X. W. Dally and J. Poulton, Digital Systems Engineering, Cambridge University Press, 1998. R.E. Matick, Transmission Lines for Digital and Communication Networks, IEEE Press, 1995. 32 R. Poon, Computer Circuits Electrical Design, 12/16/2011 thenhan Prentice Hall 1st edition 1995

BN CHT CA QU TRNH TRUYN SNG

THC CHT L NG DY TRUYN SNG TRUYN NNG LNG DI DNG SNG CAO TN QU TRNH TRUYN NY C VN TC NHT NH IN P V DNG IN THAY I TNG NG THEO

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34 12/16/2011

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35 12/16/2011

v ( x, t )
36 12/16/2011

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PHNG TRNH TRUYN SNG TRN NG DY

r r B rotE = t

H PHNG TRNH MAXWELL

r r r D rotH = J + t
thenhan

r div D = r div B = 0
37 12/16/2011

M HNH VT L
i ( x, t ) i ( x + z , t )

ZS VS

+ -

v ( x, t )

v( x + z , t )

ZL

x + x

thenhan

38 12/16/2011

M HNH VT L
i ( x, t ) i ( x + z , t )

ZS VS

+ -

v ( x, t )

v ( x + z , t )

ZL

x + x
i ( x + z , t )

l
i ( x + z , t )

i ( x, t ) v ( x + z , t )

i ( x, t )

v ( x, t )

v ( x, t )

v ( x + z , t )

x + x

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ZL

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i ( x, t )

i ( x + z , t )

Rx R

L Lx

R = Rx L = Lx G = Gx C = Cx

v ( x, t )

G G x

Cx C

v( x + z , t )

Rt nh

x + x

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41 12/16/2011

i ( x, t )

i ( x + z , t )

Rx
v ( x, t )

Lx Gx Cx
v( x + z , t )

i ( x, t ) v( x, t ) = Rx i ( x, t ) + Lx + v( x + x, t ) x v( x + x, t ) i ( x, t ) = Gx v( x + x, t ) + Cx + i ( x + x, t ) x
thenhan 42 12/16/2011

x + x

 tnh

v ( x, t )

i ( x, t )

cn xt mt on nh

x
43 12/16/2011

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thenhan

44 12/16/2011

iN P V DNG iN

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TNH VI SAI

z 0
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48 12/16/2011

thenhan

49 12/16/2011

MIN TN S

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50 12/16/2011

HNG S SNG

= LC =

[rad / m]
51 12/16/2011

thenhan

thenhan

52 12/16/2011

i(z, t ) I (z )

ZS VS

+ -

v( z , t ) V (z )

ZL

z M HNH MCH NG DY DI

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PHNG TRNH TRUYN SNG TRN NG DY

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TR KHNG C TNH CA NG DY

Z0

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TI TRN NG DY TRUYN SNG

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H S PHN X
+ I i ( z ) = I 0 e j d I r ( z ) = I 0 e j d

V0+

Vi ( z ) = V e

+ j d 0

Vr ( z ) = V0 e jd

VL

VS

+
ZS

ZL
V
0

Z0 ,
z

VL|+

PS
thenhan

l
57 12/16/2011

H S PHN X TI TI

Z L Z0 V L = Z L + Z0 V
thenhan 58 12/16/2011

L + L

H S PHN X TI MT iM TRN NG DY

Vr (d ) 2 j d (d ) = = L e Vi (d )

d =lz

thenhan

59 12/16/2011

H S PHN X CNG SUT

V0+

ZS
VS

Pi (0)

Pi ( z )

Pi (l ) Pr (l )

PL
ZL

+ V0

Pr (0 )

Pr ( z )

Z0 ,
d

PS
thenhan

l
60 12/16/2011

H S PHN X CNG SUT

Pr 2 = = (d ) Pi
2
thenhan 61 12/16/2011

CC TRNG HP C BIT TI NGN MCH

Vi (l ) = Vr (l )
thenhan

0 R0 L = = 1 0 + R0

Z L R0 L = Z L + R0

V (l ) = Vi (l ) + Vr (l ) = 0
62 12/16/2011

TR KHNG NG DY

ZS
+ -

VS

Z0 ,

ZL

Z IN
thenhan

Z (d )

l
63 12/16/2011

TR KHNG TI iM CCH TI MT KHONG d

Z L + jZ 0 tan ( d ) Z (d ) = Z 0 Z 0 + jZ L tan ( d )
thenhan 64 12/16/2011

TR KHNG U NG DY

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STANDING WAVE

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T S SNG NG LN

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T S SNG NG NH

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SNG NG TRN NG DY T S SNG NG

Vmax VSWR = Vmin

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84 12/16/2011

CC TRNG HP T BIT

ZL = 0

Z L + jZ 0 tan (d ) Z in (d ) = Z 0 Z 0 + jZ L tan (d )
Z in (d ) = jZ 0 tan (d )
85 12/16/2011

NG DY NGN MCH TI

thenhan

CC TRNG HP T BIT

ZL =

Z L + jZ 0 tan (d ) Z in (d ) = Z 0 Z 0 + jZ L tan (d )
Z in (d ) = jZ 0 cotan (d )
86 12/16/2011

NG DY H MCH TI

thenhan

NG TRUYN MT PHN T BC SNG

Z L + jZ 0 tan (d ) Z in (d ) = Z 0 Z 0 + jZ L tan (d )
=
2

d=

Z Z in ( 4 ) = ZL

2 0
87 12/16/2011

thenhan

DY NGN MCH:

ZL = 0

Z IN ( 4 ) =

DY H MCH:

ZL =

Z IN ( 4 ) = 0
88 12/16/2011

thenhan

DY NGN MCH:

ZL = 0

Z IN ( 4 ) =

DY H MCH:

ZL =

Z IN ( 4 ) = 0
89 12/16/2011

thenhan

Connector type BNC

Frequency Limit 4 GHz

Dielectric PTFE

Comments and history "Bayonet type-N connector", or "Bayonet NeillConcelman" according to Johnson Components. Developed in the early 1950s at Bell Labs. Could also stand for "baby N connector". "Sub-miniature type B", a snap-on subminiature connector, available in 50 and 75 ohms. A surface mount connector MCX was the original name of the SnapOn"micro-coax" connector species. Available in 50 and 75 ohms. Micro-miniature coax connector, popular in the wire industry because its small size and cheap price. Sub-miniature type C, a threaded subminiature connector, not widely used. Sub-miniature type A developed in the 1960s, perhaps the most widely-used microwave connector system in the universe. "Threaded Neill-Concelman" connector, according to Johnson Components, it is actually a threaded BNC connector, to reduce vibration problems. Carl Concelman was an engineer at Amphenol.

SMB OSMT OSX, MCX, PCX

4 GHz 6 GHz 6 GHz

PTFE PTFE PTFE

MMCX

PTFE

SMC SMA

10 GHz 25 GHz

PTFE PTFE

TNC

15 GHz

PTFE

thenhan

90 12/16/2011

TNC

15 GHz

PTFE

"Threaded Neill-Concelman" connector, according to Johnson Components, it is actually a threaded BNC connector, to reduce vibration problems. Carl Concelman was an engineer at Amphenol. Named for Paul Neill of Bell Labs in the 1940s, available in 50 and 75 ohms. Cheap and rugged, it is still widely in use. Originally was usable up to one GHz, but over the years this species has been extended to 18 GHz, including work by Julius Botka at Hewlett Packard. APC-7 stands for "Amphenol precision connector", 7mm. Developed in the swinging 60s, ironically a truly sexless connector, which provides the lowest VSWR of any connector up to 18 GHz. OSP stands for "Omni-Spectra push-on", a blindmate connector with zero detent. Often used in equipment racks. A precision (expensive) connector, it mates to cheaper SMA connectors. OSP stands for "Omni-Spectra subminiature pushon", a smaller version of OSP connector. Smaller than an SMA. Precision connector, developed by Mario Maury in 1974. 2.92 mm will thread to cheaper SMA and 3.5 mm connectors. Often called "2.9 mm". The original mass-marketed 2.92 mm connector, made by Wiltron (now Anritsu). Named the "K" connector, meaning it covers all of the K frequency bands.

11 GHz normal 18 GHz precision

PTFE

APC-7, 7 mm

18 GHz

PTFE

OSP

22 GHz

PTFE

3.5 mm OSSP SSMA 2.92 mm

26.5 GHz 28 GHz 38 GHz 40 GHz

Air PTFE PTFE Air

40 GHz

Air

thenhan

91 12/16/2011

GPO, OSMP, SMP

40 GHz

PTFE

"Gilbert push-on", "Omni-spectra microminiature push-on" Smaller version of OSP blind-mate connector.

OS-50P 2.4 mm

40 GHz 50 GHz Air

2.4 mm, and 1.85 mm will mate with each other without damage. Developed by Julius Botka and Paul Watson in 1986, along with the 1.85 mm connector.

1.85 mm

60 GHz

Air

Mechanically compatible with 2.4 mm connectors.

60 GHz

Air

Anritsu's term for 1.85 mm connectors because they span the V frequency band. The Rolls Royce of connectors. This connector species works up to 110 GHz. It costs a fortune! Developed at Hewlett Packard (now Agilent) by Paul Watson in 1989.

1 mm

110 GHz

Air

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RETURN LOSS

RL = 20 log
thenhan

dB
98 12/16/2011

TRANSMISSION COEFICIENT

T = 1+
Z L Z0 2Z L = T =1+ Z L + Z0 Z L + Z0
thenhan 99 12/16/2011

INSERTION LOSS

IL = 20 log T

dB

thenhan

100 12/16/2011

SMITH CHART

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101 12/16/2011

MI QUAN H GIA TR KHNG V H S PHN X

1 + ( x ) Z (x ) = Z 0 1 ( x )
thenhan 102 12/16/2011

CC GI TR CHUN HA

TR KHNG CHUN HA

z = r + jx
thenhan

Z (x ) z(x ) = R0

103 12/16/2011

ZL zL = R0 R0 r0 = =1 R0
thenhan

Y (x ) y(x ) = Y0 1 Y (x ) = Z (x )
104 12/16/2011

Z ( x ) R0 ( x ) = Z ( x ) + R0 Z ( x ) R0 1 ( x ) = Z ( x ) R0 + 1
thenhan

H S PHN X

105 12/16/2011

MI QUAN H GIA H S PHN X V TR KHNG CHUN HA

z x 1 x = z x +1
thenhan 106 12/16/2011

C 1 GI TR ( x ) TH CH C DUY NHT 1 GI TR C 1 GI TR

z(x )

z ( x ) TH CH C DUY NHT 1 GI TR (x )

thenhan

107 12/16/2011

BN CHT V CCH BIU DIN H S PHN X

Im( )
Mt phng phc

+1

( x ) = 0.860
( x )

Im(( x ))
0.8

60 0

+1
Re( )

Re(( x ))

thenhan

108 12/16/2011

H S PHN X
( x ) = r ( x ) + ji ( x )
Dng n gin

= r + ji
r = Re( ) i = Im( )

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109 12/16/2011

TR KHNG NG DY

Z ( x ) = R( x ) + jX ( x )

Z = R + jX
thenhan 110 12/16/2011

TR KHNG CHUN HA
Tr khng ng dy chun ha

z ( x ) = r ( x ) + jx

z = r + jx
R r= R0 X x= R0

in tr ng dy chun ha

in khng ng dy chun ha
thenhan

111 12/16/2011

1 + r + ji r + jx = 1 r ji

thenhan

112 12/16/2011

1 i r= 2 2 (1 r ) + i
2 r 2

2i x= 2 2 (1 r ) + i
thenhan 113 12/16/2011

PHNG TRNH NG TRN

r 1 2 + i = r 1+ r 1 + r r tm ,0 1 + r
bn knh
thenhan

1 1+ r

114 12/16/2011

Im( )
Mt phng phc
r=0 r = 0.2

i +1

r = 0.5

r =1

r=2

+1
r

Re( )

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115 12/16/2011

PHNG TRNH NG TRN

1 1 (r 1) + i = x x 1 tm 1, x 1 bn knh x
2
thenhan

116 12/16/2011

Im( )
Mt phng phc

i +1

x = 0.5

x =1

+1

0
r
x = 0.5 x = 1

Re( )

thenhan

117 12/16/2011

Im( )
Mt phng phc

i +1

x = 0.5

x =1

+1

0
x = 1 x = 0.5

Re( )

thenhan

118 12/16/2011

Im( )
Mt phng phc
r=0 r = 0.2

i +1

r = 0.5

r =1

r=2

+1
r

Re( )

thenhan

119 12/16/2011

Im( )
Mt phng phc

i +1

x = 0.5 r = 0.2

x =1
r =1 r=2

r = 0.5

+1
r

0
x = 1 x = 0.5

Re( )

thenhan

120 12/16/2011

thenhan

121 12/16/2011

thenhan

122 12/16/2011

thenhan

123 12/16/2011

thenhan

124 12/16/2011

thenhan

125 12/16/2011

thenhan

126 12/16/2011

ng dng ca th SMITH

thenhan

127 12/16/2011