Test 3 Vocab

Acrocyanosis- blue color in extremities (hands face feet) AGPAR- The Apgar score is determined by evaluating the newborn baby on five simple criteria on a scale from zero to two, then summing up the five values thus obtained. The resulting Apgar score ranges from zero to 10. The five criteria are summarized using words chosen to form a backronym (Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, Respiration.) babinski reflex- Babinski's reflex occurs when the big toe moves toward the top surface of the foot and the other toes fan out after the sole of the foot has been firmly stroked bilirubin- is the yellow breakdown product of normal heme catabolism. Heme is found in hemoglobin, a principal component of red blood cells. Bilirubin is excreted in bile and urine, and elevated levels may indicate certain diseases. It is responsible for the yellow color of bruises, the yellow color of urine (via its reduced breakdown product, urobilin), the brown color of faeces (via its conversion to stercobilin), and the yellow discoloration in jaundice. caput succedaneumcephalohematoma- a localized effusion of blood beneath the periosteum of the skull of a newborn, due to disruption of the vessels during birth. Cephalhematoma, in contrast to caput succedaneum, does not cross cranial suture lines. It is firmer to the touch than an edematous area: it feels like a water-filled balloon. Cephalhematoma usually appears on the second or third day after birth and disappears within weeks or months eonatology A hematoma under the scalp 2 to minor birth trauma, which is resorbed and rarely requires specific intervention Epstein pearls- small, white pearl-like keratin epithelial cysts that occur on both sides of the midline of the hard palate of the newborn. They are normal and usually disappear within a few weeks. erythema toxicum- A skin condition caused by reaction to a toxic and characterized by a widespread erythmatous eruption (redness of the skin) icterus neonatorum- jaundice in newborn children. lanugo- The fine, soft hair that grows on a fetus and is present on a newborn meconium- a material that collects in the intestines of a fetus and forms the first stools of a newborn. It is thick and sticky, usually greenish to black, and composed of secretions of the intestinal glands, some amniotic fluid, and intrauterine debris, such as bile pigments, fatty acids, epithelial cells, mucus, lanugo, and blood. With ingestion of breast milk or formula and proper functioning of the GI tract, the color, consistency, and frequency of the stools change by the third or fourth day after the initiation of feedings. The presence of meconium in the amniotic fluid during labor may indicate fetal distress and may lead to a lack of oxygen and developmental delays. milia- a minute white cyst of the epidermis caused by obstruction of hair follicles and eccrine sweat glands. One variety is seen in newborns and disappears within a few weeks. Another type is found primarily on the faces of middle-aged women. Milia may be treated with topical or oral retinoids or by extraction mistrust- the negative resolution of the first developmental task according to Eriksons theory; results in acute emotional tension and behavioral signs of unmet needs. molding- shaping of the fetal head during movement through the birth canal Mongolian spots- bruiselike marks that occur mostly in newborn infants with dark skin tones moro reflex- infants head and trunk are allowed to drop back 30 degrees when the infant is

slightly raised position. The infants arms and legs extend and abduct with the fingers fanning open and thumbs and forefingers forming a C position. The arms then return to their normally flexed state with an embracing motion. The legs may also extend then flex. mottling- discolored areas of the skin ophthalmia neonatorum- severe conjunctivitis in the newborn often caused by gonorrhea or Chlamydia infection in the mother. May cause blindness parent-infant attachmentneutral thermal environmentnonshivering therroogenesisScarf sign- nurse grasps the infants hand and brings the arm across the body to the opposite side, keeping the shoulder flat on the bed and the head in the middle of the body. The position of the elbow in relation to the midline of the of the infants body is noted. The full term infants elbow does not cross midline but the preterm infants arm extends farther toward the opposite side. startle reflex- baby gets a sense of falling or hears a loud noise like a dog barking or door shutting, he will extend his arms and legs, open his fingers and arch his back. Then he will clench his fists and pull his arms to his chest. Your baby may also cry. There may also be effects you cant see, like increased heartbeat and breathing. Some babies are more sensitive than others, too, so even a light touch could bring on the startle reflex at times. Adolescence- the period of time between childhood and adulthood a time of rapid physical change reproductive maturity and emotional development amenorrhea- absence of menstruation. Primary amenorrhea is a delay of the first menstruation. Secondary amenorrhea is cessation of menstruation after its initiation. associative play-a form of play in which a group of children participate in similar or identical activities without formal organization, group direction, group interaction, or a definite goal. The children may borrow or lend toys or pieces of play equipment, and they may imitate others in the group, but each child acts independently, as on a playground or among a group riding tricycles or bicycles autonomy- ability to function independently without the control of others basal metabolic rate- amount of energy used in a unit of time by a fasting, resting subject to maintain
vital functions. The rate, determined by the amount of oxygen used, is expressed in Calories consumed per hour per square meter of body surface area or per kilogram of body weight cephalocaudal-pertaining to the long axis of the body, or the relationship between the head and the base of the spine cervical cap-A barrier-type contraceptive consisting of a semirigid plastic cap that fits tightly over the uterine cervix, holding spermicide against it; CCs are functionally similar to diaphragms, but can be left in place for longer periods;

cervical mucosa (ovulation)- As ovulation approaches, your cervical mucus (sometimes abbreviated
on BBT charts as CM) changes from a consistency not-so-kind to sperm, to a more fertile variety that sperm can survive and swim through better. Right after ovulation, the cervical mucus changes back to the less fertile kind.

Chlamydia- One of the most common sexually transmitted diseases in the United States. It causes
discharge, inflammation and burning during urination. About half of the cases of nongonococcal urethritis are due to chlamydia A genus of coccoid, gram-negative microorganisms that are

pathogenic to humans and animals, causing diseases such as conjunctivitis in cattle and sheep, and trachoma, nonspecific urethritis, and proctitis in humans. Also called Bedsonia, Miyagawanella. coitus- Sexual union between a male and a female involving insertion of the penis into the vagina condoms- form of contraceptive covering male reproductive organ contraceptive sponge- A small absorbent contraceptive pad that contains a spermicide and that is
positioned against the cervix of the uterus before sexual intercourse.

cooperative play-any organized recreation among a group of children in which activities are planned
for the purpose of achieving some goal. It usually occurs among older children. diaphragm- a device of molded rubber or other soft plastic material, fitted over the uterine cervix before intercourse to prevent entrance of spermatozoa dramatic play- an imitative activity in which a child fantasizes and acts out various domestic and social roles and situations, such as rocking a doll, pretending to be a doctor or nurse, or teaching school. It is the predominant form of play among preschool children fertility awareness methods- refers to a set of practices used to determine the fertile and infertile phases of a woman's menstrual cycle. Fertility awareness methods may be used to avoid pregnancy, to achieve pregnancy, or as a way to monitor gynecological health. Systems of fertility awareness rely on observation of changes in one or more of the primary fertility signs (basal body temperature, cervical mucus, and cervical position), tracking menstrual cycle length and identifying the fertile window based on this information, or both. Other signs may also be observed: these include breast tenderness and mittelschmerz (ovulation pains), urine analysis strips known as ovulation predictor kits (OPKs), and microscopic examination of saliva or cervical fluid. Also available are computerized fertility monitors. gonorrhea- Gonorrhea is a highly contagious sexually transmitted disease that is caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The mucous membranes of the genital region may become inflamed without the development of any other symptoms. When symptoms occur, they are different in men and women. In men, gonorrhea usually begins as an infection of the vessel that carries urine and sperm (urethra). In women, it will most likely infect the narrow part of the uterus (cervix). If untreated, gonorrhea can result in serious medical complications.

identity formation- is the process of the development of the distinct personality of an individual
regarded as a persisting entity (known as personal continuity) in a particular stage of life in which individual characteristics are possessed by which a person is recognised or known (such as the establishment of a reputation). This process defines individuals to others and themselves. Pieces of the entity's actual identity include a sense of continuity, a sense of uniqueness from others, and a sense of affiliation. Identity formation leads to a number of issues of personal identity and an identity where the individual has some sort of comprehension of him or herself as a discrete, separate entity. This may be through individuation whereby the undifferentiated individual tends to become unique, or undergoes stages through which differentiated facets of a person's life tend toward becoming a more indivisible

whole

infant- An infant or baby is the very young offspring of humans. A newborn is an infant who is within
hours, days, or up to a few weeks from birth. In medical contexts, newborn or neonate (from Latin, neonatus, newborn) refers to an infant in the first 28 days of life (from birth up to 4 weeks after birth, less than a month old).[1] The term "newborn" includes premature infants, postmature infants and full term newborns. The term infant is derived from the Latin word infans, meaning "unable to speak" or "speechless." It is typically applied to children between the ages of 1 month and 12 months; however, definitions vary between birth and 3 years of age. "Infant" is also a legal term referring to any child under the age of legal adulthood intrauterine device (IDD)- A birth control device, such as a plastic or metallic loop, ring, or spiral, that is inserted into the uterus to prevent implantation of a fertilized egg in the uterine lining.

menarche - The first menstrual period, usually during puberty negativism- Behavior characterized by resistance, opposition, and refusal to cooperate with requests,
even the most reasonable ones neonate- An infant in the first 4 wks of life, newborn

parallel pay-a form of play among a group of children, primarily toddlers, in which each engages in an
independent activity that is similar to but not influenced by or shared with the others

preschooler- a child who is not old enough to attend school. proximodistal- from center to outer The cephalocaudal trend is the prenatal growth from
conception to 5 months when the head grows more than the body. It is also the trend of infants learning to use their upper limbs before their lower limbs. The proximodistal trend is the prenatal growth from 5 months to birth when the fetus grows from the inside of the body outwards. When referring to motor development, the proximodistal trend refers to the development of motor skills from the center of the body outwards. pubescence- the time of life when sex glands become functional

regression- Reversion to an earlier or less mature pattern of feeling or behavior. school-age childsecondary sexual characteristics- the physical traits in a sexually mature indiv. that are specific to
one sex but are not directly involved in the act of reproducing. Secondary sex characteristics are thought to have evolved to give an individual an advantage in mating by making the individual more attractive to mates. Some secondary sex characteristics include the facial hair of the human male, the relatively prominent breasts of the human female separation anxiety- A child's apprehension associated with separation from a parent or other caregiver sexually transmitted disease {STD)- Any of various infectious diseases, such as chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis, that are transmitted through sexual intercourse or other intimate sexual contact. Also called venereal disease spermicide- An agent that kills spermatozoa, especially one used as a contraceptive. Also called spermatocide. spinnbarkeit- the capacity of a viscous liquid (especially the cervical mucus) to be drawn out into a

strand or blown up into a bubble

symbolic play- is when a child uses one thing to represent something else. So, they might have a block,
and pretend it is a phone, something to eat, a toy car

toddler-a child between 12 and 36 months of age transdermal contraceptive patch- applied to the skin that releases synthetic estrogen and progestin
hormones to prevent pregnancy. They have been shown to be as effective as the combined oral contraceptive pill with perfect use, and the patch may be more effective in typical use tubal ligation- tubal ligation is a permanent voluntary form of birth control (contraception) in which a woman's Fallopian tubes are surgically cut or blocked off to prevent pregnancy. vasectomy- a surgical procedure performed on males in which the vas deferens (tubes that carry sperm from the testicles to the seminal vesicles) are cut, tied, cauterized (burned or seared) or otherwise interrupted. The semen no longer contains sperm after the tubes are cut, so conception cannot occur. The testicles continue to produce sperm, but they die and are absorbed by the body. ageism- an attitude that discriminates, separates, stigmatizes, or otherwise disadvantages older adults on the basis of chronologic age. cognition- The mental faculty of knowing, which includes perceiving, recognizing, conceiving, judging, reasoning, and imagining. dementia- Dementia is a loss of mental ability severe enough to interfere with normal activities of daily living, lasting more than six months, not present since birth, and not associated with a loss or alteration of consciousness. caused by gradual death of brain cells. The loss of cognitive abilities that occurs with dementia leads to impairments in memory, reasoning, planning, and behavior. While the overwhelming number of people with dementia are elderly, dementia is not an inevitable part of aging; instead, dementia is caused by specific brain diseases. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause, followed by vascular or multi-infarct dementia. geriatrics- The branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and problems specific to old age. gerontology- the study of all aspects of the aging process, including the clinical, psychologic, economic, and sociologic issues encountered by older persons and their consequences for both the individual and society.

reminiscence- the recollection of past personal experiences and significant events asepsis- freedom from infection. the prevention of contact with microorganisms. cyanosis- a physical sign causing bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes. Cyanosis is
caused by a lack of oxygen in the blood. Cyanosis is associated with cold temperatures, heart failure, lung diseases, and smothering. It is seen in infants at birth as a result of heart defects, respiratory distress syndrome, or lung and breathing problem. ecchymosis- The passage of blood from ruptured blood vessels into subcutaneous tissue, marked by a purple discoloration of the skin. edema- Edema is a condition of abnormally large fluid volume in the circulatory system or in tissues between the body's cells (interstitial spaces) endogenous- Caused by factors within the body. Used of a disease.

exogenous- Originating or produced outside of an organism, tissue, or cell. Having a cause external to the body. Used of diseases. iatrogenic infection- resulting from the activity of a health care provider or institution; said of any
adverse condition in a patient resulting from treatment by a physician, nurse, or allied health professional isolation- the precautions that are taken in the hospital to prevent the spread of an infectious agent from an infected or colonized patient to susceptible persons

medical asepsis- the use of practices aimed at destroying pathological organisms after they leave the
body; employed in the care of patients with infectious diseases to prevent reinfection of the patient and to avoid the spread of infection from one person to another. This is achieved by isolation precautions, in which the objects in the patient's environment are protected from contamination or disinfected as soon as possible after contamination. microorganism- any tiny, usually microscopic entity capable of carrying on living processes. It may be pathogenic. Kinds of microorganisms include bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses.Viruses are often included, but are sometimes excluded because they are not cellular and are unable to replicate without a host cell. normal flora- the mixture of bacteria normally within the lumen of the intestine or certain body parts

nosocomial infection- hospital acquired infection oliguria- diminished urine production and excretion in relation to fluid intake pathogen- any disease-producing agent or microorganism.pathogen resident flora- life-long members of the body's normal microbial community, but are not found
everywhere. There are many areas of the human body that remain axenic (sterile), and, in the absence of disease, are never colonized by normal flora. Axenic areas include the body cavity, lungs, central nervous system, circulatory system and upper urogenital region

restraint- any one of numerous mechanical devices or chemical agents used to hinder or restrict a patient's movement sepsis-refers to a bacterial infection in the bloodstream or body tissues. This is a very broad term covering the presence of many types of microscopic disease-causing organisms. surgical asepsis- the exclusion of all microorganisms before they can enter an open surgical wound or contaminate a sterile field during surgery. See accompanying table. Measures taken include sterilization of all instruments, drapes, and all other inanimate objects that may come in contact with the surgical wound. All personnel coming in contact with the sterile field perform a surgical hand scrub with an antimicrobial agent and put on a surgical gown and gloves. transient flora- Transient microbes are just passing through. Although they may attempt to colonize the same areas of the body as do resident microbiota, transients are unable to remain in the body for extended periods of time due to:

competition from resident microbes elimination by the bodys immune system physical or chemical changes within the body that discourage the growth of transient microbes

turgor- the expected resiliency of the skin caused by the outward pressure of the cells and interstitial
fluid. Dehydration results in decreased skin turgor, manifested by lax skin that, when grasped and raised between two fingers, slowly returns to a position level with the adjacent tissue. Marked edema or ascites results in increased turgor manifested by smooth, taut, shiny skin that cannot be grasped and raised. Elderly people normally do not have "good" skin turgor because of a lack of skin elasticity, an expected part of aging. An evaluation of the skin turgor is an essential part of physical assessment adaptation- a change or response to stress of any kind, such as inflammation of the nasal mucosa in infectious rhinitis or increased crying in a frightened child. Adaptation may be normal, self-protective, and developmental, as when a child learns to talk; it may be all-encompassing, creating further stress, as in polycythemia, which occurs naturally at high altitudes to provide more oxygen-carrying erythrocytes but may also lead to thrombosis, venous congestion, or edema. The degree and nature of adaptation shown by a patient are evaluated regularly by the nurse. They constitute a measure of the effectiveness of nursing care, the course of the disease, and the ability of the patient to cope with stress. anxiety- A feeling of apprehension and fear characterized by physical symptoms such as palpitations, sweating, and feelings of stress. Anxiety disorders are serious medical illnesses that affect approximately 19 million American adults burnout- emotional and physical exhaustion resulting from a combination of exposure to environmental and internal stressors and inadequate coping and adaptive skills. In addition to signs of exhaustion, the person with burnout exhibits an increasingly negative attitude toward his or her job, low self-esteem, and personal devaluation. caregiver burden- Caregiver burden refers to a high level of stress that may be experienced by people who are caring for another person (usually a family member) with some kind of illness. For example, a person caring for someone with a chronic illness may experience such stressors as financial strain, managing the person's symptoms, dealing with crises, the loss of friends, or the loss of intimacy. coping mechanism- Any conscious or unconscious mechanism of adjusting to environmental stress without altering personal goals or purposes crisis- An emotionally stressful event or a traumatic change in one's life

crisis intervention- in the nursing interventions classification, a nursing intervention defined as use of
short-term counseling to help the patient cope with a crisis and resume a state of functioning comparable to or better than the pre-crisis state. defense mechanisms- an unconscious, intrapsychic reaction that offers protection to the self from threatening or stressful situations. Defense mechanisms may be useful to diminish anxiety and facilitate coping behaviors, or may be harmful because of denying, displacing, isolating, or repressing anxiety and preventing useful coping responses. developmental crisis- severe, usually transient, stress that occurs when a person is unable to complete the tasks of a psychosocial stage of development and is therefore unable to move on to the next stage fight-or-flight response- the psychophysiologic response to a perceived threat that prepares the organism for action-full-scale CNS activation and release of 'stressors' by adrenal medullaeg epinephrine and norepinephrine and cortexeg corticosteroids, mineralocorticoids, kidneysrenin,

pancreasinsulin Clinical Tachycardia, blood flow to muscle, BP, muscle tone, O2 consumption, sweating, respiratory rate, GAS (general adaptation syndrome)- is a term used to describe the body's short-term and long-term reactions to stress. Hans Seyle founder: general adaptation syndrome involved two major systems of the body, the nervous system and the endocrine (or hormonal) system. He then went on to outline what he considered as three distinctive stages in the syndrome's evolution. He called these stages the alarm reaction (AR), the stage of resistance (SR), and the stage of exhaustion (SE). Stage 1: alarm reaction (ar) The first stage of the general adaptation stage, the alarm reaction, is the immediate reaction to a stressor. In the initial phase of stress, humans exhibit a "fight or flight" response, which prepares the body for physical activity. However, this initial response can also decrease the effectiveness of the immune system, making persons more susceptible to illness during this phase. Stage 2: stage of resistance (sr) Stage 2 might also be named the stage of adaptation, instead of the stage of resistance. During this phase, if the stress continues, the body adapts to the stressors it is exposed to. Changes at many levels take place in order to reduce the effect of the stressor. For example, if the stressor is starvation (possibly due to anorexia), the person might experienced a reduced desire for physical activity to conserve energy, and the absorption of nutrients from food might be maximized. Stage 3: stage of exhaustion (se) At this stage, the stress has continued for some time. The body's resistance to the stress may gradually be reduced, or may collapse quickly. Generally, this means the immune system, and the body's ability to resist disease, may be almost totally eliminated. Patients who experience long-term stress may succumb to heart attacks or severe infection due to their reduced immunity. For example, a person with a stressful job may experience long-term stress that might lead to high blood pressure and an eventual heart attack.

homeostasis- the tendency of biological systems to maintain relatively constant conditions in the
internal environment while continuously interacting with and adjusting to changes originating within or outside the system

inflammatory response- a tissue reaction to injury or an antigen that may include pain, swelling,
itching, redness, heat, and loss of function. The response may involve dilation of blood vessels and consequent leakage of fluid, causing edema; leukocytic exudation; and release of plasma proteases and vasoactive amines such as histamine. Also protects the skin so that it may heal. local adaptation syndrome- the localized response of a tissue, organ, or system that occurs as a reaction to stress. prolonged stress- stress that exists for weeks, months, or even years. This stress is due to poverty, broken or stressed families and marriages, chronic illness and successive failures in life. People suffering from this type of stress get used to it and may even not realize that they are under chronic stress. It is

very harmful to their health.

psychosomatic disorder- Bodily ailment or symptom, caused by mental or emotional disturbance, in

which psychological stresses adversely affect physiological (somatic) functioning to the point of distress. Psychosomatic disorders may include hypertension, respiratory ailments, gastrointestinal disturbances, migraine and tension headaches, sexual dysfunctions, and dermatitis. Many patients with psychosomatic conditions respond to a combination of drug therapy and psychotherapy

reflex pain response- response to pain where affected area is quickly removed from harmful stimuli- any agent, act, or influence which produces functional or trophic reaction in a receptor or an
irritable tissue

situational stress- stress brought upon by a given situation or change is ones life such as
marriage, completing one's education, becoming a parent, losing a job, or retirement. stress- an organism's total response to environmental demands or pressures

stressor- stimulus that provokes a stress a response pincer grasp- he grasping an object between the thumb and forefinger. The ability to perform this task is a milestone of fine motor development in infants, usually occurring from 9 to 12 months of age placenta- The organ that allows interchange between the fetus and the mother. Blood from the fetus and the mother do not directly mix, but the thin placental membrane allows the fetus to absorb nutrients and oxygen from the mother. Waste products from the fetus can exit through the placenta. stranger anxiety- is a form of distress that children experience when exposed to people unfamiliar to them. Symptoms may include: getting quiet and staring at the stranger, verbally protesting by cries or other vocalizations, and hiding behind a parent. Stranger anxiety is a typical part of the developmental sequence that most children experience. It peaks from six to 12 months. zygote- A cell in diploid state following fertilization or union of haploid male sex cell (e.g. sperm) and haploid female sex cell (e.g. ovum). To be precise, zygote is the term used to refer to the cell as a result of the fusion of two haploid nuclei during fertilization until the first cleavage. When the zygote starts to divide and multiply, it is called an embryo. telangiectatic nevi (stork bites)- a common skin condition of neonates, characterized by flat, deep-pink localized areas of capillary dilation that occur predominantly on the back of the neck, lower occiput, upper eyelids, upper lip, and bridge of the nose. The areas disappear permanently by about 2 years of age. Also called capillary flames, stork bite. tonic neck reflex (tnr)- The tonic neck reflex, also known as asymmetric tonic neck reflex or 'fencing posture' is present at one month of age and disappears at around four months. When the child's head is turned to the side, the arm on that side will straighten and the opposite arm will bend (sometimes the motion will be very subtle or slight). If the infant is unable to move out of this position or the reflex continues to be triggered past six months of age, the child may have a disorder of the upper motor neurons. According to researchers, the tonic neck reflex is a precursor to the hand/eye coordination of the infant. It also prepares the infant for voluntary reaching. Prominent at 1 month but disappears by 6 months veraix caseosa - the waxy or cheese-like white substance found coating the skin of newborn

human babies Vernix is theorized to serve several purposes, including moisturizing the infant's skin, and facilitating passage through the birth canal. Composed of sebum and shed off lanugo amnionchorion- The chorion is one of the membranes that exist during pregnancy between the developing fetus and mother. It is formed by extraembryonic mesoderm and the two layers of trophoblast and surrounds the embryo and other membranes. The chorionic villi emerge from the chorion, invade the endometrium, and allow transfer of nutrients from maternal blood to fetal blood. critical milestone- denotes normal development ductus arteriosus- a shunt connecting the pulmonary artery to the aortic arch. It allows most of the blood from the right ventricle to bypass the fetus' fluid-filled lungs, protecting the lungs from being overworked and allowing the right ventricle to strengthen. There are two other fetal shunts, the ductus venosus and the foramen ovale. Closes after birth ductus venosus- shunts approximately half of the blood flow of the umbilical vein directly to the inferior vena cava. Thus, it allows oxygenated blood from the placenta to bypass the liver. In conjunction with the other fetal shunts, the foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus, it plays a critical role in preferentially shunting oxygenated blood to the fetal brain. It is a part of fetal circulation. embryo- from the time of first cell division until birth, hatching, or germination. In humans, it is called an embryo until about eight weeks after fertilization (i.e. ten weeks LMP), and from then it is instead called a fetus. fetus- In humans, the fetal stage of prenatal development starts at the beginning of the 11th week in gestational age, which is the 9th week after fertilization foramen ovale- allows blood to enter the left atrium from the right atrium. It is one of two fetal cardiac shunts, the other being the ductus arteriosus (which allows blood that still escapes to the right ventricle to bypass the pulmonary circulation). Another similar adaptation in the fetus is the ductus venosus. In most individuals, the foramen ovale (pronounced /fremn ovli/) closes at birth. It later forms the fossa ovalis. implantationMeconium is the earliest stools of an infant. Unlike later feces, meconium is composed of materials ingested during the time the infant spends in the uterus: intestinal epithelial cells, lanugo, mucus, amniotic fluid, bile, and water. Meconium is almost sterile,[1] unlike later feces, is viscous and sticky like tar, and has no odor. It should be completely passed by the end of the first few days of life, with the stools progressing toward yellow (digested milk). Quickening- in utero movements felt during pregnancy