TOPIC 2

Meiosis and Sexual reproduction

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1. 2.

Increase the genetic variation What? Where? When? How? Produce gametes for sexual reproduction What? Where? When? How?

1. Meiosis results in _____daughter cells a. 2 haploid b. 4 haploid c. 2 diploid d. 4 diploid

2. Which of the following cells undergo meiosis? a. sperm cells b. liver cells c. unicellular organisms d. all of these

3. The picture depicts what ____________phase of meiosis a. prophase 1 b. prophase 2 c. anaphase 1 d. anaphase 2

4. Crossing-over occurs during: a. anaphase 1 b. metaphase 1 c. prophase 1 d. prophase 2

5. Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces: a. zygotes b. chromosomes c. DNA d. gametes

6. Which of the following distinguishes prophase 1 of meiosis from prophase of mitosis? a. homologous chromosomes pair up b. spindle forms c. nuclear membrane breaks down d. chromosomes become visible

7. The picture depicts of _____________stage of meiosis

a. prophase 1 b. anaphase 1 c. metaphase 1 d. metaphase 2

8. A cell with a diploid number of 28 undergoes meiosis, how many chromosomes are in each daughter cell? a. 6 b. 14 c. 24 d. 48

9. Sexual reproduction needs a. fertilization b. meiosis c. formation of spore d. a and b

10. Sister chromatids of each duplicated chromosome separate during _________phase a. prophase I b. prophase II c. anaphase I d. anaphase II

11. ______________ is different molecular forms of the same gene a. chromosome b. alleles c. metaphase I d. interphase

12. ______________ is none between meiosis I and meiosis II a. chromosome number b. alleles c. metaphase I d. interphase

13. Variation in traits among the offspring of sexual reproducers is due to: a. orientation in metaphase I is random b. occurrence of crossing over c. fertilization d. the event of anaphase II e. a, b and c

The two chromosomes of each bivalent (tetrad) separate They start moving toward opposite poles of the cell as a result of the action of the spindle. The sister chromatids remain attached at their centromeres and move together toward the poles.

A key difference between mitosis and meiosis is that sister chromatids remain joined after metaphase in meiosis I, whereas in mitosis they separate.

The chromosomes have already duplicated. They coil and become shorter and thicker and visible under the light microscope. The duplicated homologous chromosomes pair Each homologous chromosome pair is visible as a bivalent (tetrad), Chiasmata is the sites of crossing-over are seen as crisscrossed nonsister chromatids The nucleolus disappears In the cytoplasm, the meiotic spindle forms between the two pairs of centrioles as they migrate to opposite poles of the cell. The nuclear envelope disappears at the end of this phase allowing the spindle to enter the nucleus. This is the longest phase of meiosis, typically consuming 90% of the time for the two divisions

The homologous chromosome pairs complete their migration to the two poles A haploid set of chromosomes is at each pole, with each chromosome still having two chromatids. A nuclear envelope reforms around each chromosome set The spindle disappears, and cytokinesis follows After cytokinesis, each of the two progeny cells has a nucleus with a haploid set of replicated chromosomes.

Many cells that undergo rapid meiosis do not decondense the chromosomes at the end of telophase I. Other cells do exhibit chromosome decondensation at this time; the chromosomes recondense in prophase II

The centrioles are at opposite poles of the cell. The pairs of homologous chromosomes (the bivalents)

They are tightly coiled and condensed

They become arranged in the midway Spindle fibers from one pole of the cell attach to one chromosome of each pair (seen as sister chromatids) Spindle fibers from the opposite pole attach to the homologous chromosome (also seen as sister chromatids)

The centrioles duplicate

two members of the pair separates and then the daughter centrioles are formed perpendicular to each original centrioles The two pairs of centrioles separate into two centrosomes. The nuclear envelope breaks down and the spindle apparatus forms

Each of the daughter cells completes the formation of a spindle apparatus.

Single chromosomes align in the midway

For each chromosome, the kinetochores of the sister chromatids face the opposite poles,
and each is attached to a kinetochore microtubule coming from that pole.

This is in contrast to metaphase I, in which homologous pairs of chromosomes align on the metaphase plate.

The centromeres separate,

and the two chromatids of each chromosome move to opposite poles on the spindle

The separated chromatids are now called chromosomes in their own right.

A nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosomes.

Cytokinesis takes place, producing four daughter cells (gametes, in animals), each with a haploid set of chromosomes. Because of crossing-over, some chromosomes are seen to have recombined segments of the original parental chromosomes

Unlike the daughter cells from mitosis, the daughter cells produced here cannot immediately cycle back to interphase.

Spores typically develop into multicellular, haploid gametophytes

Meiosis in plants does not produce gametes, but rather spores

Gametogenesis in plants is mitotic, not meiotic!