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Modifiable Risk Factor: Atherosclerosis Heart Disorders Low Blood Pressure Kidney Disorders
Prerenal Causes: Hypotension Hypovolemia (Shock) Decreased cardiac output Dehydration Hepatorenal syndrome Liver failure Atheroembolic disease Renal vein thrombosis Nephrotic syndrome Obstetrical Complications Diabetes type I and type II
Intrarenal Causes: Nephrotoxic episodes Infection Systemic inflammation Injured red blood cells Hemolytic blood transfusion reactions Glomerular diseases (systemic lupus, glomerulonephritits) Rhabdomylolysis Pancreatitis Hypercalcemia
Postrenal Causes: Medication that interferes with normal bladder emptying. Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) Prostate cancer Ovarian cancer Obstruction of a urinary catheter Renal calculi Bladder/pelvic neoplasms Urethral strictures Spinal disease
Constriction of urethra
oliguria
Bladder distension
GFR
hematuria
blood volume
Mr. Oriented is a 66-year-old male and was diagnosed having Benign Prostate Hyperplasia. Prostate enlargement obstructs the urine flow out of the bladder. Excretion then is impaired. Oliguria is present. As urine accumulates in the bladder, fluid retention and abdominal distention occur. Pain is present in the lower midline abdomen. Bladder cannot accommodate urine volume. Urine moves back ward going to the kidney causing the tubular cells to slough and blocks the membrane. GFR decreases. As it decreases, nitrogeneous waste are retained and while blood components are excreted. Increase nitrogeneous waste will cause increase serum BUN and Creatinine. Blood urea will cause nausea, vomiting, anemia, and when severe seizure and pruritus. Blood components that cross the semi permeable membrane will be excreted and hematuria will manifest. There will be increase in fluid volume due to impaired urinary elimination. Third spacing may occur.