Final report

Simulation of video over DVB-H and QoE analyses

Author : Arulnambi Nandagoban1 Supervisors: Gerardo Rubino2 , Kamal Singh3 Project Advisor :Antoine Chevreuil4 Laboratory: INRIA, Rennes Team: INRIA/DIONYSOS5

Master of science - Telecommunication and Signal processing ESIEE,Paris

30 June, 2011

1 Arulnambi.Nandagoban@inria.fr, 2 gerardo.rubino@inria.fr,

INRIA, Rennes INRIA, Rennes 3 kamal.singh@inria.fr, INRIA, Rennes 4 a.chevreuil@esiee.fr 5 http://ralyx.inria.fr/2007/Raweb/dionysos/uid0.html

Abstract The Personal Mobile Television is a commercial reality in many countries, and is becoming a reality in other places. The Quality of Experience (QoE)actually delivered to end users will be a key criteria for the adoption of this new service. In order to evaluate it, a QoE analysing tool called Pseudo Subjective Quality Assessment (PSQA) is used in this project to evaluate the video quality with the simulation of video over DVB-H. DVB-H transmitter and receiver in MATLAB are implemented in this project. The implemented DVB-H transmitter and receiver include Forward Error Correction (FEC)in the link layer and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) in the physical layer as the important parameters. A channel model is implemented in the physical layer to represent the real environment with the parameters like distance,speed of the terminal and type of environment. The simulation studies is made to optimize the Digital video broadcasting for handheld terminal (DVB-H) parameter with a novel approach of QoE using PSQA.

Contents
1 Introduction 1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 Internship Objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 DVB-H system 2.1 Link layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1.1 Forward Error Correction mechanism 2.1.2 Time slicing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 Physical layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.1 OFDM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.2 Channel model . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 4 4 5 6 7 7 7 8 8 10 11 11 12 13 13 13 14 14 14 15 15 16 16 16 16 18 18 18 19 19 20 20 22

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3 Quality of Experience and PSQA 3.1 Quality of Experience (QoE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 PSQA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Simulink and Matlab 4.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 Other features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 DVB-H Simulator model 5.1 Simulator overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2 Simulator model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3 Simulator implementation . . . . . . . . . . 5.4 Physical layer transmitter model . . . . . . 5.4.1 External encoder . . . . . . . . . . 5.4.2 External interleaver . . . . . . . . . 5.4.3 Internal encoder . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4.4 Internal interleaver . . . . . . . . . . 5.4.5 Mapper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4.6 Pilot signals insertion . . . . . . . . 5.4.7 OFDM and Guard interval insertion 5.5 Physical layer receiver model . . . . . . . . 5.5.1 Channel estimation and equalization 5.6 Link layer model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6.1 Decapsulation methods . . . . . . . 5.7 Channel model implemented . . . . . . . . . 1

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5.8 5.9

Problem faced and assumptions made . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Validation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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6 Simulation results and analysis 6.1 Simulation parameters . . . . . 6.2 Simulation results analysis . . . 6.2.1 Bit Error Rate analysis 6.2.2 Packet errors . . . . . . 7 Conclusion 8 Suggestions for the future work 9 Glossary Appendix.A . . . . . . . Appendix.A.1 . . Appendix.A.2 . . Appendix.A.3 . .

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List of Figures
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 3.1 3.2 3.3 4.1 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10 5.11 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 Functional block diagram of DVB-H system Link layer encapsulation . . . . . . . . . . . Time slicing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DVB-H transmission scheme . . . . . . . . . Guard Interval and Cyclic Prex . . . . . . QPSK,16QAM and 64 QAM mapping . . . Urban and rural channel environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 7 8 8 9 10 10 11 12 12 13 14 15 17 18 19 21 21 21 22 22 23 25 25 26 26 26 27 27 28 28

QoE and QoS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PSQA training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PSQA utilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Simulink example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Global simulator model . . Software hierarchiel model . Physical layer . . . . . . . . Continual pilot tone . . . . Scattered pilot tone . . . . Section header . . . . . . . TS header . . . . . . . . . . Section erasure . . . . . . . TS erasure . . . . . . . . . . Typical urban prole (TU6) Bit Error Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Bit Error Rate after viterbi 16 QAM CR=3/4 . . . Bit Error Rate after viterbi 16 QAM CR=2/3 . . . Bit Error Rate after viterbi 64 QAM CR=2/3 . . . Bit Error Rate after viterbi QPSK CR=2/3 . . . . Bit Error Rate after RS decoder 16 QAM CR=3/4 Bit Error Rate after RS decoder 16 QAM CR=2/3 Bit Error Rate after RS decoder 64 QAM CR=2/3 Bit Error Rate after RS decoder QPSK CR=2/3 . IP packet Error Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chapter 1

Introduction
1.1 Introduction

The development of wideband telecommunications system is a modern trend in the current telecommunication industry. The multimedia services like video streaming and television services require high bandwidth. DVB-H [1] is one of the system which satises this requirement. It achieves various telecommunication challenges such as achieving high data rates in wireless networks, providing the power saving options to the mobile receivers and the design of bandwidthecient Single frequency networks terrestrial (SFN). DVB-H is an evolution of DVB-T [2]. The intention of its design is to improve performance in mobile environments, to add exibility in network planning and to enable ecient power control in handheld receivers. Since the data is carried in Internet Protocol (IP) packets, it is easy to adopt various services other than video streaming. The television services are transmitted over DVB-H using the existing cellular network as a downlink. The challenge faced by the service providers is to nd a best combination of DVB-H parameters to achieve robust transmission over the channel. A lot of research was done with dierent approaches to nd the best combination of DVB-H parameters. Our approach is to optimize the parameters with QoE. The QoE is analysed based on human perception of dierent services like video,audio etc. Here in this project, Pseudo Subjective Quality Assessment is used to analyse the video quality and to provide the feedback in real time. In this report, the focus will be on presenting the link layer and physical layer parameters of DVB-H. Chapter 2 gives a brief overview of DVB-H system, presenting its link layer, physical layer parameters and the new features added in these layers.The encapsulation methods and dierent channel model for DVB-H are discussed in detail. Chapter 3 describes about the QoE and PSQA. Chapter 4 gives an overview of Matlab and Simulink. In chapter 5, the simulator design and its software implementation are elucidated in detail. The importance of simulating DVB-H and problem faced are also discussed. Simulation results are interpreted and analysed in the chapter 6. Finally, conclusions and possibilities for further research are presented in chapters 7 and 8.

1.2

Motivation

In order to achieve success for DVB-H, or video broadcasting in general, the system parameters need to be adapted for the QoE to be optimised. Dierent coding, interleaving and modulation makes the amount of parameter combinations huge and these have to be critically evaluated

before building the networks. There are around 144000 combinations possible with these parameters. At the physical layer one of the most important research objectives is to nd appropriate channel models to be abale to analyse dierent parameters and help in network planning.To optimize these parameters dierent approaches were taken into account and the one,which is proposed by DIONYSOS1 is to adapt these parameters based on QoE feedback.

1.3

Internship Objective

Since the combinations of physical and link layer parameter is extremely large, to analyse these parameter is made easy by building a computer simulator model of DVB-H system. The objective of this project work is to build a simulator, validate it with specication standard and nally to study the video streaming over this simulator for QoE analyses using PSQA tool. Three phases of work are proposed to have a best strategy to nish o this project. The phase 1 is to dedicated to establish state of the art and development of this software model. The phase 2 is planned for validation and simultion work and the phase 3 is to work on the results obtained for QoE analyses. This work also gives the chance to evaluate the Forward Error Correction (FEC) performance of link layer and power saving mechanisim.

The main objective of this internship is to build a DVB-H simulator and after, study the video quality over it.

1 A team of INRIA,Rennes which works on dierent problems related to the design and the analysis of communication services.

Chapter 2

DVB-H system
DVB-H is an ETSI specication for delivering broadcast services to battery-powered handheld receivers[1]. DVB-H is a evolution of DVB-T specication for digital terrestrial television. Compared to DVB-T, television services to handheld devices are more complex from technical point of view. The constraints starts right from the size of antenna to power capability of handheld devices. The major constraints in handheld devices are mobility and its reception environment. They expect the reception in all types of environment like indoor,outdoor etc. The other problem is the power consumption which restricts the handheld capability for video services.

Figure 2.1: Functional block diagram of DVB-H system

The Figure 2.1 shows the functional block diagram of the DVB-H system. The DVBH standard addresses the above stated problems by adding a number of features to DVB-T standard.DVB-H adds functional changes in the link and physical layers while it is backward compatible with DVB-T. In the link layer, DVB-H has two new features with respect to DVB-T: Time Slicing and Multiprotocol Encapsulation Forward Error Correction (MPE-FEC). In the physical layer, DVB-H also adds some features DVB-T: DVB-H Signaling and 4K-Mode OFDM. A detailed overview of these parameters is presented in the following sections.

2.1
2.1.1

Link layer
Forward Error Correction mechanism

Forward Error Correction is used in the link layer for correcting the errors which occur due to the radio environment and its interference. The link layer packet encoding, encapsulation, decoding and decapsulation are illustrated in Figure 2.2. The IP datagrams are arranged column-wise into the Application data table (ADT) of the MPE-FEC frame. To create MPE-FEC, IP packets are lled into an (NX191) matrix where each cell of the matrix hosts one byte of information. According to the standard the number of rows in the matrix, i.e. N can be selected from the following values: 256, 512, 768 or 1024. The ADT is then encoded row-wise with Reed-Solomon RS(255,191) and concatenated such that the nal size of the matrix is of size (NX255). The ADT need not be completely lled. The unlled part of the ADT is called padding. The padding allows rate control and preventing fragmentation of IP packet between two MPE-FEC frames. All the 64 columns of RSDT need not be transmitted, i.e. the RS data table (RSDT) may be punctured. This allows control of code rate[1]. The frame is divided into MPE-sections, with one IP datagram as payload, and MPE-FEC-sections with one RS column as payload. Each section is protected with a CRC-32. The sections are transmitted in a MPEG-2 transport stream (TS). The decoding is suggested to be erasure correction based on reliability information provided by the CRC. If the CRC fails, the bytes of the section are marked as unreliable. The reliability of each symbol is indicated in the Erasure Info Table (EIT). As erasure correction is twice as strong as conventional error correction, the RS(255,191) is able to correct 64 erasures on each row of the MPE-FEC frame.

Figure 2.2: Link layer encapsulation

2.1.2

Time slicing

Time slicing is a mechanism which reduces average power consumption of a DVB-H receiver signicantly based on time division multiplexing. To reduce the power consumption in mobile handheld terminals, the service data is time-sliced (i.e segmented in time) and then sent through the channel as bursts at a signicantly higher bit rate compared to the bit rate of the audiovisual service. Time-slicing enables a receiver to stay active only for a small fraction of the time,

while receiving bursts of a requested service. It signicantly reduces the power consumption used for radio reception parts.

Figure 2.3: Time slicing Figures 2.3 compares the services provided in typical DVB-T and DVB-H channels. It also shows the backward compatibility of DVB-H with DVB-T system. Time-slicing also supports a smooth seamless handover by accomplishing the changing of the reception from one transport stream to another during the o-time between bursts.

2.2

Physical layer

The physical layer of DVB-T is adopted for DVB-H with some additional features like 4K mode in Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM),Transmission Parameter Signalling(TPS) etc.,The transmission scheme of DVB-H is shown in Figure 2.4.

Figure 2.4: DVB-H transmission scheme

2.2.1

OFDM

OFDM concept is to segment the bandwidth into several sub-channels such that these narrow sub-channels can have at fading. The feature of orthogonal sub-channels makes OFDM have a high spectral eciency. Cyclic extension is a copy of the last or the forward part of each OFDM symbol. It prevents inter symbol interference (ISI) and inter carrier interference (ICI), and makes the transmitted signal periodic. The new 4k mode [1] is added in the DVB-T standard for OFDM transmission. DVB-T already has 2k and 8k mode. The 2k,4k and 8k refers to the 8

number of carriers used in the OFDM transmission. The diiference between 2k and 8k is the transmitter distance and speed of the mobile terminal for a SFN. The 2k mode of OFDM allows reception for short distance for fast moving terminal, whereas 8k mode allows long distance for slow moving mobile terminals.The 4k mode provides the tradeo between these two modes of OFDM by allowing a considerable distance for fast moving mobile terminals by giving more exibility in the transmission of DVB content.[3] Guard Interval and Cyclic Prex While using OFDM, the distortion caused by ISI and ICI.To solve this problem, an empty Guard interval (GI)between two consecutive symbols is added. If the length of GI is longer than the delay spread of channel response, the next symbol doesnt interfere with the previous one. But if symbol boundary estimation doesnt precisely locate the symbol, the empty GI destroys the orthogonality and introduces ICI. In order to prevent this situation, a mechanism is proposed to copy the last part of an OFDM symbol into the empty GI, which is so called Cyclic Prex (CP) as shown in Figure 2.5

Figure 2.5: Guard Interval and Cyclic Prex

Other features

Randomiser disperses the energy in order to obtain an evenly distributed energy within the channel and transport multiplex adaptation using the DVB randomisation polynomial 1 + x14 + x15 and disperses except the sync byte (0x47) of the TS packet[1]. Reed-solomon encoder generates reed solomon packets based on the RS(204,188) code with code generator polynomial galois eld and eld generator polynomialp(x) = x8 + x4 + x3 + x2 + 1. It adds 16 parity bytes in the end of each information data and it can correct upto 8 error bytes[1]. Outer and inner interleaver performs the DVB outer interleaving function with depth I=12 and bit interleaver(inner interleaver) concatenated with a symbol interleaver in a two-step process. If a hierarchical system is selected then the two streams are merged at this point using a modied interleaving equation. If required, DVB-H provides in-depth interleaving as specied by the DVB standard. Both interleaver are used to reduce the impact of burst errors by spreading them in the channel[1]. QAM mapper which allows to perform QAM constellation mapping using the mapping scheme specied by DVB for QPSK, QAM16 or QAM64. It outputs I/Q QAM values to the FFT Fast fourier transform core as given in Figure 2.6.

Figure 2.6: QPSK,16QAM and 64 QAM mapping

2.2.2

Channel model

Figure 2.7: Urban and rural channel environments The users of mobile TV Television may not watch the video for more than ten minutes continuously. There are many places where these users watch TV on bus or the train (reception in fast moving terminals), bars or restaurants (reception indoor)[4]. The proposed channel model for DVB-H are urban, rural and indoor environments as shown in the Figure 2.7. These channels are modeled using rayleigh and rician distribution as per the type of environment.

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Chapter 3

Quality of Experience and PSQA

3.1 Quality of Experience (QoE)

Figure 3.1: QoE and QoS Quality of Experience (QoE) is the overall acceptability of an application or service, as perceived subjectively by the end-user [5]. It also noted that QoE includes complete end-toend system eects (client, terminal, network, services infrastructure etc) and is inunced by the context and users expectations. QoE related to the QoS in many context but also diers in some ways. Mostly QoS depends on the objective analysis of the service like delay, errors and bandwidth of a network when it is for a network system. But QoE deals with the user experience as a function of network parameters, content and type of delivery of the service. It is interesting to note that more and more video service providers taking attention of the user experience to improve their service. For mobile TV transmission, the signals degrade with respect to the transmission channel by introducing errors into the signal. Moreover, the video compression made used for reducing the transmission bandwidth are the major aspects which aects the QoE of a end user.

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3.2

PSQA

Figure 3.2: PSQA training

Figure 3.3: PSQA utilization The assessment made by objective video quality analysing tools are not same as the human perceived vedio quality. Whereas the subjective quality assessments are expensive in both cost and time. A novel method proposed to assess the video quality is PSQA. It uses Random Neural Network (RNN) for learning the examples obtained from the subjective tests. It is cost eective and simple to use. The methodology for the PSQA design and usage is given in Figure 3.2 and 3.3. The idea behind its design is modelling a relation between the network parameters which cause the impact on the video quality with the QoE results obtained from the human observers who evaluate the sample videos. After that, the trained PSQA can be used in many real time applications to measure the subjective video quality.

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Chapter 4

Simulink and Matlab

4.1 Overview

Simulink is a plaftform for multidomain simulation and model-based design of dynamic systems. It provides an interactive Graphical User Interface (GUI) and lets you choose between the built-in libraries to design, simulate, implement, and test various system like signal processing, communication and mechanical systems. It is integrated with MATLAB. Matlab1 is a programming language which allows to perform various numerical computations, data analysis and access. A simple example of Minimum shift keying (MSK) modulator model is shown in Figure 4.1

Figure 4.1: Simulink example

4.2

Other features

Simulink has a lot of desirable features as compared to many other simulation tools. Some of its features are used in this project. It allows to store the values of the variable in the workspace which can be retrieved for the later use. It uses subsystem methodology which allows to encapsulate a group of blocks into a single block for reducing the model managing complexity. Moreover, the functions from dierent programming languages like C, C++, Python can be called using user dened function block of simulink. In this project work,the link layer part is designed using Matlab code and the physical layer part is modeled using Simulink.
1 www.mathworks.com

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Chapter 5

DVB-H Simulator model

This describes about the simulator modelling with simulink and Matlab code. In section 5.1, a global architecture of the simulator is described. In the following sections, the developed unused simulink model is presented. In section 5.4, the physical layer is explained with respective matlab code.

5.1

Simulator overview

DVB-H simulator is developed to evaluate the network parameters which aect the video quality in DVB-H.It is developed using simulink and matlab.The physical layer part is modeled using simulink and link layer functions are developed using matlab codes.The existing communication blocks of simulink are enhanced to adopt DVB-H standard and some new functions are developed to achieve the full functionality of DVB-H.In the following sections,the simulator model design strategies and its implementations are discussed in detail.

5.2

Simulator model

Figure 5.1: Global simulator model The global model for the simulator is divided into mainly two parts namely DVB-H simulator and integration of PSQA module as shown in Figure 5.1. As for DVB-H simulator, a simple and

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eencient model is developed by including all the features of link layer and physical layer including the time slicing in link layer, randomiser and pilot insertion in physical layer. Considering the main objective, the focus is on the link layer for analysing the link layer parameters. The parameters needed to evaluate the video quality are the frame errors and IP packet loss in the link layer.

5.3

Simulator implementation

Figure 5.2: Software hierarchiel model

The software implentation is made as shown in Figure 5.2. Except the link layer part of the trnsmitter and error calculation part, all other parts iterates for each burst in the chain.

5.4

Physical layer transmitter model

During the development phase of the work, the communication toolbox of simulink is used to model the physical layer of DVB-H. This model supports 3 types of modulations, 3 modes of OFDM, all values of code rate in convolutional coding and all proportion of guard interval inserion. During validation, due to problems like data syncronization and delay compensation of simulink blocks, a new model is coded in Matlab. So this model is used for the simulation studies. Some example codes for blocks like RS encoder and decoder, convolutional ineterleaver can be found in Appendix. The simulator has all the DVB-H processing functionality and it consists of several communication and signal processing blocks as shown in Figure 5.3. 1. External encoder (RS encoder) 2. External interleaver (Convolutional interleaver,I=12)

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3. Internal encoder(Punctured convolutional code) 4. Internal interleaver 5. Mapper 6. OFDM and Guard Interval Insertion

5.4.1

External encoder

The encoding and decoding is done with Reed-solomon coding. RS(204,188,T=8). It adds 16 parity bytes at the end of each information byte of the TS packets. It is noted in [2] that input BER1 required in the input of this coder is 2x104 . In average this coder can correct upto 20 million errors for each error it fails to correct. The following lines of code which are used to implement RS encoder and decoder found inside the function rsendec.m.

5.4.2

External interleaver

Transmission errors corrupt many bits in the data stream. A convolutional interleaver rearranges the transmitted packets with the aim to increase the eciency of the ReedSolomon decoding by spreading the burst errors introduced by the channel over a longer time. External interleaver inserts 11 bytes from other TS packets between bytes from the same TS packet (at the input). This allows burst errors of maximum 12x8=96 bytes to be corrected because only eight or fewer byte error per TS packet are obtained after the deinterleaver in the DVB receiver/decoder. These error can be corrected by the RS decoder with the eciency of correcting 8 bytes.

5.4.3

Internal encoder

Internal encoder uses convolutional coding in addition with the ReedSolomon coder and external interleaver to improve the transmission eency against errors. It is based on a mother convolutional code of rate 1/2 with 64 states (generator polynomials of the mother code are G1 = 171OCT for X output and G2 = 133OCT for Y output). The puncturing is made if required and it reduces the redundancy of the mother code. It results the code rates 2/3, 3/4, 5/6 and 7/8. For example for 2/3, puncturing for each 3 bit input , it outputs only 2 bits. It is a tradeo between the bandwidth eciency and redundancy of the system.

5.4.4

Internal interleaver

Two separate interleaving processes are used to reduce the bad impact of burst errors, one operating on bits (bit interleaver) and another on groups of bits (symbol interleaver). Depending on the modulation mode QPSK, 16QAM or 64QAM the bit interleaver comprises two, four or six paths. An input stream is demultiplexed into v sub-streams, where v = 2 for QPSK, v = 4 for 16-QAM, and v = 6 for 64-QAM [1]. Three modes are dened for the COFDM multicarrier method: 2K with 1705 carriers, 4k with 3405 and 8K with 6817 carriers. The use of the symbol interleaver is to map v bit words to each OFDM symbol. The interleaver output data words are brought together in 12 blocks of 126 bits in 2K mode,in 24 blocks of 126 bits in 4k mode and in 48 blocks of 126 bits in 8K mode. The symbol interleaver processes the bit groups to generate COFDM symbols.
1 Bit

Error Rate

16

17

Figure 5.3: Physical layer

5.4.5

Mapper

The mapper block used here can perform three types of modultion QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM. It uses the rectangular QAM block and in the demodulation, it uses the variance obtained from the modulator block to make decision.

5.4.6

Pilot signals insertion

There are two types of pilot tone found in the DVB-H. They are continual and scattered pilots. The continual pilots are found in Table.7 of [2]. The indices of pilot tones in OFDM can be seen in the Figure 5.4. Continual refers to the pilot tones which appear in the every OFDM symbols. In addition to continual pilot tones, scattered pilot tones appear in the OFDM symbol as well in the pattern given in the Figure 5.5.

Figure 5.4: Continual pilot tone

5.4.7

OFDM and Guard interval insertion

OFDM modulation consists of N closely spaced orthogonal carriers of duration T0 (each one is modulated with a conventional modulation scheme like QPSK, 16-QAM or 64QAM), with a spacing of 1/T0 between two consecutive carriers. Increasing the number of carriers does not modify the payload bit rate, which remains constant. In DVB-T OFDM uses 2048,4096 or 8192 carriers (2K ,4k and8K mode). Every OFDM block is added with cyclic prex in the end of the block. The cyclic prex serves as a guard interval and eliminates the intersymbol interference from the previous symbol. Insertion of the guard interval extends symbol duration by 1/4, 1/8, 1/16 or 1/32 to give the total symbol duration TS . By the end of the guard interval, all echoes caused by multipath reception, reception of other transmitters in the SFN (SFN, Single Frequency Network) or Doppler eects in mobile reception, i.e. all fading eects, must have settled or decayed.

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Figure 5.5: Scattered pilot tone

5.5

Physical layer receiver model

The blocks in the transmitter are reversed in the receiver part. The channel estimation and viterbi decoder parts are added in addition to the transmitter model in the receiver. Hard decision is choosen for the moment in the receiver for demodulations. The delay is calculated for each combination of the above stated parameter for the viterbi decoding and error calculations. The BER calculations are made in two places of the receiver. One after the viterbi decoding and one at the end of the transmitter-receiver chain. These values are used for the validation of the simulator.

5.5.1

Channel estimation and equalization

It is well known that the wireless channel causes an arbitrary time dispersion, attenuation, and phase shift in the received signal. the use of OFDM and a cyclic prex mitigates the eect of time dispersion. The channel estimation methods proposed here will make use of pilot signal to estimate the time-variant channel response in the frequency domain. Here in this simulator, two types of channel estimation techniques are used. As we know, the received signal is a ltered and noise-corrupted version of the transmitted sequence: rk = sk ck + nk (5.1)

The multipath channel causes frequency selectivity and inter symbol interference. Equalization can reduce the inter symbol interference and noise eects for the better demodulations. The purpose of equalization is to remove the eect of multipath eect from the received signals. It is done by estimating the channel ck and dividing the received signal with the estimated channel response cke . This simple equalizer is implemented in the model. The estimation is performed using the boosted pilot signals rkp . Method 1: The steps of channel estimation and equalization using method 1 are given by Taking IFFT of rkp

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 Filling zeros in the place of useful carriers Taking FFT Divide received signal in frequency domain with interpolated rkp Method 2: This method uses both the continual and scattered pilots for the channel estimation i.e channel estimation is done in both frequency and time axis. For this method atleast 10 OFDM symbols are used for interpolation. The steps of channel estimation and equalization using method 2 are given by Taking IFFT of rkp Linear interpolation in time and frequency axis Taking FFT Divide received signal in frequency domain with interpolated rkp Both methods are implemented but the method 1 is used for simulation studies.

5.6

Link layer model

The link layer model is developed using matlab code. It performs the MPE encapsulation to till TS encapsulation. The headers for MPE sections and TS packets are made as per the specications [1]. The MPE encapsulation is made as per the Figure 2.2. For the decoding,section erasure chosen. Burst formation In this simulator model, many assumption were made with respect to the burst formation. Here, the duration of one burst is in the range of 0.5 seconds. For the given IP packets, 0.5 seconds corresponds to 30 IP packets. A simple study is made on FEC percentage with respect to uncorrected IP packets. Since, the objective of this project has less interest in time slicing, we consider this assumption. MPE and TS encapsulation To make the decoder more ecient, many useful information are sent through headers of section and TS headers. The Figures 5.6 and 5.7 show the informations contained in the section and TS headers. The section header informations like section length, index information and synchronization byte are used to place the IP and FEC bytes in the corresponding positions in ADT and RS table. The same way, TS header contains informations like syncronization bytes and section start indicator helps to decapsulate TS packets to MPE sections.

5.6.1

Decapsulation methods

There are two decapsulation and decoding methods that are proposed during the course of this project. This methods are found more ecient with respect to [6]. A brief description and implementation are discussed in the section erasure and TS erasure sections. 20

Figure 5.6: Section header

Figure 5.7: TS header Section erasure

Figure 5.8: Section erasure In the decoding process, section erasure method is considered for the moment. The process works as given in Figure 5.8. Section erasure is based on the CRC. A section is consider as lost or erased when CRC fails. This is marked in EIT as unreliable symbols. Later this EIT is used during the RS decoding process (in link layer) for the better decoding. The disadvantage of this method is that it marks many reliable bytes as unreliable considering the CRC. There is other method proposed by researcher to overcome this problem is TS erasure[6]. It will be discussed in the following part of the this topic.

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TS packet erasure Another method in the decoding process which is implemented with respect to section erasure is TS packet erasure. But for the moment, it is not used during the course of simulation studies. The algorithm works as shown in the Figure 5.9. TS earsure is based on the RS decoder in the physical layer. If RS decoder fails to retrieve the data bytes, then the corresponding TS packet is erased and replaced with zeros. This is given as input for the proceedings steps. This method is performed without using the CRC.

Figure 5.9: TS erasure

5.7

Channel model implemented

A prole which represents terrestrial propagation in an urban area is implemented in this simulator. It has been dened by COST 207 as a typical urban (TU6) prole and is made of 6 paths having wide dispersion in delay and relatively strong power. The prole parameters are shown in the Figure 5.10. This channel was used to validate the simulator.

Figure 5.10: Typical urban prole (TU6)

5.8

Problem faced and assumptions made

Variable size IP packets DVB-H works with variable size IP packets and the objective is to replicate the real demodulator. This complicate the design of decapsulator. As we know from previous sections, most of the addressing informations are carried by the header of the section. During transmission, if some addressing informations are erased due to the radio channel, then it makes complication in placing the IP datagrams in the ADT table and also in retrieving the reliability information for decoding. So, a assumption is made which states that the section length information in the section header is received without any errors.

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Multipath channel model A multipath channel model is constructed corresponding to TU6 prole but it is not used during the course of simulations due to high frequency selectivity behaviour. A further work will devoted to nd a solution for this problem. Long simulation time problem During the second phase of this project, a simulink model was developed for the physical layer. During the validation period, the problem related to data synchronization, compiler and simulation time were faced. Due to time constraint, instead of solving the problem in simulink, a model is developed using Matlab code.

5.9

Validation

The model developed was validated before the simulation studies as per as DVB-H standard requirements. From the Figure 5.11, it has been shown that the simulator respects the recommandations of DVB-H specications. The expectation for 16-QAM,CR=3/4 with CNR=12 dB, DVB-T QEF or MFER 5% is achieved. Here , we can notice that the rst condition is achieved.

Figure 5.11: Bit Error Rate

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Chapter 6

Simulation results and analysis

6.1 Simulation parameters

The simulation is done with including the link layer decoding and decapsulation of 30 seconds video. This video ux is in the form of IP packets. These IP packets are given as input to the simulator. The important system parameters are dened before the start of the simulation. Once the simulation is started, it takes approximately 40 minutes to complete transmitterreceiver chain for a burst. The error analysis is made in the physical layer to conrm the proper adaptation of the simulator to the specication and packet error statistics are calculated in the link layer for QoE analysis. The data of this video was simulated by varying the SNR in the Gaussian channel and with dierent modulation and code rate. Here, the simulation are made with following parameters

Number of rows Inner code Modulation OFDM mode

256,512,768,1024 2/3, 3/4 QPSK, 16 QAM, 64 QAM 2K

6.2
6.2.1

Simulation results analysis

Bit Error Rate analysis

In DVB-H receiver chain, there are two places where BER is measured. One is after the viterbi decoder and other one is after RS decoder. All of the measurement given in this section follows the above statement. The impact of AWGN noise can be clearly seen in the Figures 6.1 to 6.8 . On analysing the BER after RS decoder, we can determine the performance of the decapsulation. Since the simulator uses the section erasure as decapsulation method, BER of 1011 is expected after RS decoder for error free reception of IP packets. The results shown in the following gure proves the proper working of the simulator. But,the results which are obtained cannot be used for the QoE analyses.

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Figure 6.1: Bit Error Rate after viterbi 16 QAM CR=3/4

Figure 6.2: Bit Error Rate after viterbi 16 QAM CR=2/3

6.2.2

Packet errors

A packet error analysis was made based on the errors in IP packets is shown in Figure 6.9. It is visible in this curve that higer valued SNR produces the lesser IP packet error rates. This result is used to achieve the nal goal of the project. Since, PSQA is works with function of IP packet error rate, it is interesting to analyse this result. Due to time constraint, we stopped the simulation only with QPSK and CR=2/3. In the future, a elaborate study will be made to have this kind of results.

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Figure 6.3: Bit Error Rate after viterbi 64 QAM CR=2/3

Figure 6.4: Bit Error Rate after viterbi QPSK CR=2/3

Figure 6.5: Bit Error Rate after RS decoder 16 QAM CR=3/4

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Figure 6.6: Bit Error Rate after RS decoder 16 QAM CR=2/3

Figure 6.7: Bit Error Rate after RS decoder 64 QAM CR=2/3

27

Figure 6.8: Bit Error Rate after RS decoder QPSK CR=2/3

Figure 6.9: IP packet Error Rate

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Chapter 7

Conclusion
The main objective of this thesis work is to develop a DVB-H simulator. In order to develop this simulator, Matlab has been proposed as a software platform, section erasure has been proposed as decapsulation and decoding method. The goal of this project is achieved by sucessfully designing the simulator. The problems like getting higher BER values when using urban model couldnt be resolved due to time constraint to nish the project. The application presented allows simulation of the DVB-H transmission in OFDM mode 2k,4k and 8k with QPSK,16QAM and 64QAM along with error corrections. Moreover, it will contribute to the video quality analyses based on the QoE using PSQA tool. The BER dependencies after viterbi and after RS decoder for the AWGN channel was compared with referenced measured values. The variation between the referenced measured value and the actual simualtion results turned out to be good.

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Chapter 8

Suggestions for the future work

The section erasure method adds too much unnecessary erasures, resulting in failure of decoding more often than necessary. Most of the symbols, marked as erasure by CRC decoder are actually received correctly [6]. So, TS erasure method can be build in the link layer of the receiver for the comparison with the section erasure using PSQA. It is interesting to study the dierent types equalizer and its impact on the quality of video. A discussion on dierent decoding methods and study can be made for the best analysis of QoE.

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Chapter 9

Glossary
QoE Quality of Experience PSQA Pseudo Subjective Quality Assessment FEC Forword Error Correction OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing DVB-H Digital Video Broadcasting for handheld device SFN Single Frequency Network DVB-T Digital Video Broadcasting terresrial MPE Multiprotocol Encapsulation ADT Application Data Table RSDT Reed Solomon Data Table CRC Cyclic redundancy check TS Transport Stream EIT Erasure Info Table TPS Transmission Parameter Signalling ICI Inter Carrier Interference GI Guard Interval CP Cyclic Prex QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation QPSK Quaddrature Phase Shift Keying FFT Fast Fourier Transform TV Television

31

 RNN Random Neural Network GUI Graphical User Interface MSK Minimum Shift Keying BER Bit Error Rate SNR Signal to Noise Ratio dB Decibel QEF Quasi Error-Free AWGN Additive White Gaussian Noise SER Symbol error rate MFER MPE-FEC Frame Error Rate

Appendix A
Appendix A.1
The codes for RS encoder and decoder can be found in the following lines: f u n c t i o n r s o u t=r s e n d e c ( d a t a i n , t x r x ) i f ( t x r x ==10) % C r e a t e ReedSolomon e n c o d e r o b j e c t . enc = f e c . r s e n c ( 2 5 5 , 2 3 9 ) ; enc . ShortenedLength = 5 1 ; d a t a i n 1=r e s h a p e ( d a t a i n , 1 8 8 , l e n g t h ( d a t a i n ) / 1 8 8 ) ; r s o u t 1 = encode ( enc , d a t a i n 1 ) ; r s o u t=r e s h a p e ( r s o u t 1 , numel ( r s o u t 1 ) , 1 ) ; %r s o u t=r e s h a p e ( code , 2 0 4 s z ( 2 ) , 1 ) ; e l s e i f ( t x r x ==01) d a t a i n 1=r e s h a p e ( d a t a i n , 2 0 4 , l e n g t h ( d a t a i n ) / 2 0 4 ) ; dec=f e c . r s d e c ( 2 5 5 , 2 3 9 ) ; dec . ShortenedLength = 5 1 ; [ code , cnumerr , c c o d e ] = decode ( dec , d a t a i n 1 ) ; r s o u t=r e s h a p e ( code , numel ( code ) , 1 ) ; end end

Appendix A.2
The source code for internal interleaver can be found in the following lines: f u n c t i o n [ o u t s y m i n t z e r o p a d ] =sym intv new ( y , r a t e i d , mode , s y m t a b l e , t x r x ) i =1; j =0; out sym int = [ ]; s w i t c h ( mode ) 32

case 2 n c a r =1512; case 4 n c a r =3024; case 8 n c a r =6048; end switch ( rateid ) case {1 ,2} m=2; case {3 ,4 ,7} m=4; case {5 ,6} m=6; end n= n c a r ; m i f ( t x r x ==10) z e r o p a d=nrem ( l e n g t h ( y ) , n ) ; r =[y ; z e r o s ( nrem ( l e n g t h ( y ) , n ) , 1 ) ] ; w h i l e ( i<=l e n g t h ( r ) / n ) x=r ( j +1: i n ) ; i n t o u t=i n t r l v ( x , s y m t a b l e ) ; o u t s y m i n t =[ o u t s y m i n t ; i n t o u t ] ; j=i n ; i=i +1; end e l s e i f ( t x r x ==01) w h i l e ( i<=l e n g t h ( y ) / n ) x=y ( j +1: i n ) ; i n t o u t=d e i n t r l v ( x , s y m t a b l e ) ; o u t s y m i n t =[ o u t s y m i n t ; i n t o u t ] ; z e r o p a d =0; j=i n ; i=i +1; end %b i t i n t l v o u t=b i t i n t l v o u t 1 ( 1 : l e n g t h ( b i t i n t l v o u t 1 ) b i t z e r o 1 ) ; end

Appendix A.3
The codes shown below encapsultes IP packets with MPE header. f u n c t i o n [ m p e f e c c r c 2 ]= m p e f e c s e c t i o n ( f e c s e c , n , p a d c o l ) m=0; p=1; j j =1; mpe fec crc2 =[];

33

mpe fec crc =[]; s z f e c=l e n g t h ( f e c s e c ) ; w h i l e ( (m <=s z f e c n)&&(p<=( s z f e c /n)))&& ( j j <=l e n g t h ( p a d c o l ) ) f e c 1=f e c s e c (m+1:pn , : ) ; l =1; w h i l e l <=64 mpe h=m p e f e c h e a d e r 1 ( n , l , 6 4 , p a d c o l ( j j ) ) ; m p e f e c =[mpe h ; f e c 1 ( : , l ) ] ; m p e f e c c r c 1=crc32compute ( m p e f e c ) ; m p e f e c c r c 2 =[ m p e f e c c r c 2 ; m p e f e c c r c 1 ] ; l=l +1; end m =pn ; p=p+1; j j = j j +1; end end

34

Bibliography
[1] ETSI. Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB); Transmission System for Handheld Terminals (DVB-H). European Telecommunication Standard, November 2004. [2] ETSI. Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB); Framing Structure, channel coding, and modulation for digital terrestrial television. European Telecommunication Standard, January 2004. [3] M.Korneld and G.May. Dvb-h and ip datacastbroadcast to handheld devices. In Proceedings of the 2010 Third International Conference on Software Testing, Verication, and Validation Workshops. [4] H. Knoche and J. D. McCarthy. Mobile users needs and expectations of future multimedia services. In WWRF12. [5] ITU-T SG12. Denition of Quality of Experience. COM12 -LS 62 - E,TD 109rev2(PLEN/12), Geneva,Switzerland, 16-25 January 2007. [6] Heidi Joki and Jussi Poikonen. Analysis and Simulation of DVB-H Link Layer. June 2005. [7] Fisher.W. Digital video and audio broadcasting technology:A practical guide for engineers,2nd ed. 2008. [8] Radim.S and Tomas.K. Inuence of the transmission channel type and error correction on dvb-t error rates. In Proceedings of the 50th International symposium ELMAR-2008.

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