Ethernet Technology Training

Ethernet Technology Training
Bhavik Joshi
Home of Acterna Test & Measurement Solutions www.jdsu.com/acterna
2 2005 JDSU. All rights & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION JDSU CONFIDENTIAL reserved.
Agenda OSI Reference Model and Overview A Brief overview Layer 4 to Layer 7 Ethernet at Physical Layer Layer-1 Ethernet at Data Link Layer Layer-2 Examination
OSI Reference Model

The OSI (Open Systems Interconnect) model defines layers in a network. Understanding the function of each layer is key in understanding data communication within Local, Metropolitan or Wide networks.
Layer 7 Layer 6 Layer 5 Layer 4

Layer 3 Layer 2
Layer 1
Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical
FTP, Telnet, HTTP, SMTP, DNS
TCP, UDP IP, IPX (Novell), ARP, RARP ATM, Frame Relay, PPP T1, SONET, WDM,
OSI Vs. TCP/IP Reference Model OSI

Layer 7 Layer 6 Layer 5 Layer 4 Layer 3 Layer 2 Layer 1
TCP/IP
Application TCP/UDP IP Ethernet Ethernet Phy
Layer 5
Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical

Layer 4 Layer 3 Layer 2 Layer 1
Data Encapsulation
Application:Send an email
SMTPEmail contents Application Layer: Email (SMTP)
TCP SMTPEmail contents Transport Layer: TCP TCP SMTPEmail contents Network Layer: IP
IP
MAC
IP
TCP SMTPEmail contents FCS Data Link Layer: Ethernet

Physical Layer: Transmits bit 0s and 1s on the media
Data De-Encapsulation
Application: Receive an email
SMTPEmail contents Application Layer: Email (SMTP)
TCP SMTPEmail contents Transport Layer: TCP TCP SMTPEmail contents Network Layer: IP
IP
MAC
IP
TCP SMTPEmail contents FCS Data Link Layer: Ethernet

Physical Layer: Transmits bit 0s and 1s on the media
LANs MANs and WANs
LAN Local Area Network

LANs are widely used to connect computers / workstations in company offices to share resources (e.g., printers) and exchange information in which network are restricted in size.
MAN Metropolitan Area Network

MANs are widely used to connect group of corporate offices which are restricted into region or city. It is basically bigger version of LAN. e.g., city wide regional network
WAN Wide Area Network

WANs are network which connects multiple MAN and LAN in Large Geographical area e.g., country wide national network
The New Network Architecture
Transport
Business Subscriber
Service Provider
Residential Subscriber
IP
Hard QoS and Traffic Engineering Better bandwidth utilization/Scalability Protection Switching (50ms) OAM functions and TDM Support Any-to-Any VPN services Multicast support with Hard QoS
Carries all applications Internet Access IP VPN service
IP
Source : Metro Ethernet Forum
Original Ethernet
RG-8 150 Coax-500 meters
UTP
RG-58 50 Coax- 186 (200) meters
10Mbps Standard
10Base2: Thinwire coaxial cable (50ohm) with a maximum segment length of 200 meters uses BNC Connector 10Base5: Thick coaxial cable (50ohm) with a maximum segment length of 500 meters uses AUI connector 10BaseT: twisted pair wire (CAT5,5e) with a maximum segment length of 100 meters uses RJ45 connector 10BaseF: fiber optic cable with a maximum segment length of 2000 meters uses SC/LC connector
Note: 10BaseT means that it operates at 10Mbps uses baseband signaling on twisted pair.
100Mbps Standard
100BaseTx: CAT5,5e UTP (unshielded twisted pair) cable covers maximum segment length of 100 meters uses RJ45 connector 100BaseFx MMF: Fiber optic cable covers maximum segment length of 2000 meters on Multimode Fiber (850nm) uses SC/LC connetor 100BaseFx SMF: Fiber optic cable covers maximum segment length of 10,000 meters on Single mode Fiber (1310/1550) uses SC/LC connector
Gigabit Ethernet
1000BaseSX - Short Haul 275m 1000BaseLX - Long Haul 550m/5000m 1000BaseZX Very Long Haul 80km
All 8 wires used
1000BaseT - RJ45 UTP
Primarily a Backbone/Server technology

Basic Ethernet Technology but FASTER Although half duplex is supported it is not often implemented
1000Mbps / 1GE Standard

1000BASE-SX (850 nm, MMF) 275m w/62.5um multimode, 550m w/50um multimode 1000BASE-LX (1310 nm, SMF/MMF) 550m w/50 or 62.5 um multimode, 5000m w/10um single-mode 1000BASE-ZX (80km, 1550nm, single mode) 1000BASE-T copper GigE 100m Copper UTP
Line speeds (Types of Ethernet)
10Base-T
RX TX Pair Pair
100Base-T
100BaseFX
RX TX Pair Pair
GBIC
1 Gbps
10 Gbps
X2 XFP SFF
Physical Layer Data Transfer
Signals are placed on wire or fiber via transceivers Problem is how to transmit 0s and 1s (signal encoding) in a robust fashion
Binary voltage encoding
Map 1 to high voltage Map 0 to low voltage Clock synchronization problem
How are consecutive 0s or 1s detected at node?
Transmitted signals have a variety of problems

Attenuation Noise Dispersion
Gigabit Ethernet Physical Layer
Physical Coding Sublayer

Synchronization Transmit
Performs 8b/10b encoding of MAC for physical layer transmission Generates idle when no data received from the MAC layer
Receive
Determines what needs to be sent up to MAC Performs 8b/10b decoding of physical layer data to be sent to MAC
Performs Auto-negotiation
Gigabit Ethernet Physical Layer

8b/10b Encoding - Each byte from the MAC layer is encoded into a 10-bit code word for physical layer transmission High bit transition density DC Balance Separate code groups for signaling
MAC layer 10110011 Rate = 1.0 Gbps
8b/10b Encoder
Physical layer
0110101100 or 0110100011
Rate = 1.25 Gbps
8b/10b Encoding & Decoding

Applies to Gigabit Ethernet over Fiber, 1000BaseX Based on Fiber Channel FC-1 Standard Before transmission, each 8-bit byte is translated to a 10-bit code group Ensure sufficient transitions for clock recovery Greatly increases the likelihood of detecting any single or multiple bit errors that may occur during transmission and reception of information. Limits the effective transmission characteristics, such as ratio of 1s to 0s, on the error rate. Code group decoded back to the original data at the receiver
10Base-T and Hubs

10BaseT low cost RJ45 UTP
4 Port Hub
RX TX Pair Pair
Destination MAC
Source MAC
Layer 1 device Operates in Half Duplex Collisions, retransmissions, and FCS errors are an issue Repeats every received frame out every other outgoing interface
CSMA/CD
Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection Half-Duplex
CSMA/CD and Collisions
Collision Domain
100Base-T and Switches

10BaseT/100BaseT low cost RJ45 UTP
4 Port Switch
100BaseFX MM fiber
RX TX Pair Pair
Destination MAC
Source MAC
Dont repeat signals out all interfaces like a hub Intelligent device which learns where a device exists on the network Reads frames which pass through it Create a MAC address table Connects different speed devices Full duplex, and no collisions
Switching functions, and MAC address learning

Typically functions in Full-Duplex therefore can eliminate Collisions
Access Ports vs. Trunk Ports
Non Tagged Frames
Access ports
Non Tagged Frames
Access ports
Trunk Ports Access ports
Non Tagged Frames
Bridging Loops
Switch 1
Switch 2
Switch 3
Spanning Tree ( STP )

Switch 1
Blocked
Switch 2
Switch 3
Routers vs Switches
Router
WAN
Router
A Router creates and separates networks A Router contains the broadcasts with-in the network By using routers a node needs to know only the device on its local network, the router takes care of non-local devices Transmission is based on the destination IP Address Ethernet MAC Addresses have local significance only
Half Duplex Transmission

CSMA / CD Traffic can be either transmitting or receiving a frame, but it cannot be doing both simultaneously. Collision is possible
SLOW
Full Duplex Transmission

Simultaneous two way transmission Doubles the Bandwidth Collision Free Transmission
Auto Negotiation
A process used to establish the link Each end station advertises capabilities to the other Each end station will configure themselves to the highest common denominator of capabilities Key parameters advertised Link Speed: 100Mbps / 10 Mbps Duplex: Half / Full Duplex mode Flow control capabilities After process is completed, link is established and ready to carry frames, IDLE word transmitted continuously on link Both devices must have Auto-negotiation enabled or disabled, otherwise a negotiation mismatch will result and link will not be established
Auto Negotiation
Speed, Duplex, Flow Control Best common parameters negotiated For proper operation both directly connected devices need to auto negotiate Auto to Auto = Auto Auto to Manual = Half-Duplex on the auto side and manual setting on the manual set side Manual to Manual = Manual
Testing for Auto Negotiation

If the test set is configured for auto-negotiation and connected to an autonegotiating interface it will show what the capabilities are of the link partner If the test set is configured for auto-negotiation and connected to a non-auto negotiating link partner it will display a message indicating that it is not receiving auto-negotiation messages This allows you to determine if the link partner is configured for auto-negotiation, and what its capabilities are Or determine if the link partner is not configured for auto-negotiation If the test set is configured for auto-negotiation and the test set displays that it has configured itself for half-duplex this may be the result of a duplex mismatch from an auto-negotiating to non auto-negotiating link It is important to know if the link partner is auto-negotiating or not and if not to be configured to match the manual configuration to obtain valid test results
Flow Control
Used in Full Duplex mode only. A mechanism used to control network congestion and prevent traffic from being dropped If Receiver Station is congested it sends a PAUSE frame to the link partner and link partner will stop data transmission for a short time Flow control can be enabled or disabled
If Flow control is disabled and congestion occurs frames will be lost
PAUSE Frames
Uses a defined MAC control frame format Exclusive MAC address, L/T identifier Contains a time field that defines PAUSE time Receipt of a PAUSE frame causes device to cease transmission for PAUSE time
Station congested sends PAUSE frame
Station waits before resuming transmission
Flow Control
100 Mbps
2 8
Test with Flow Control
Ethernet at Data Link Layer Layer 2
Ethernet Frame Format

Preamble (7) SFD (1) DA (6) SA (6) L/T (2) Data (46-1500) FCS (4)
Same frame regardless of rate (10/100/Gigabit/10GigE LAN) Variable Frame Size must have integer number of bytes 64 - 1518 bytes excluding Preamble and SFD Note: Undersized frames (less than 64 bytes) are considered errored Oversized frames Jumbos (larger than 1518 bytes or 1522 with VLAN) are considered valid
Ethernet Media Access Control (MAC)
Preamble Allows physical layer to detect carrier and acquire sync (7 bytes of alternating 1s and 0s) SFD - Start of Frame Delimiter Identifies the beginning of a frame (1 byte - 10101011)
Ethernet Media Access Control (MAC) Ethernet Frame Fields

Addresses DA - Destination Address SA - Source Address Addresses have the following format - 00-80-C7-11-2D29 Each source address is unique First 3 bytes identify manufacturer, assigned by IEEE. Last 3 bytes are user value Length/Type Field use depends on frame type 802.3 frame - indicates length of data field (<=1500) Ethernet Type II (DIX) frame - indicates type of frame data (>=1536)
The Ethernet Frame
Fields used for FCS calc
Data The payload FCS - Frame Check Sequence A 32 bit cyclic redundancy check performed on the frame for error detection. Frames with CRC errors are discarded at receiving station
Frame Types
Unicast Frame Frame which is destined to a single destination Broadcast Frame Frame which is destined to all the destination on the network Destination MAC Address: FF-FF-FF-FF-FF-FF Broadcast traffic can be very polluting because all the stations on the network receive it and process it Multicast Frame Frame which is destined to a group of destinations Destination MAC address: 01-00-5E-xx-xx-xx More efficient than broadcast traffic Pause Flow control frame is a multicast frame
Unicast
Unicast: Frames are sent from one device to only one other device. The destination address contains the MAC address of the destination
Multicast
Multicast: Frames are sent from one device to many other devices which are part of the multicast group The destination address contains a multicast group address
Broadcast
Broadcast: Frames are sent from one device to all other devices in the broadcast domain. The destination address is the Ethernet broadcast address of FF-FF-FF-FF-FF-FF
Ethernet layers 2 and 1 with IPG and IFS
SNAP, LLC, MAC
SNAP
L2c
OSI L2b Data Link Layer
SNAP LLC
LLC
Logical Link Control 802.2

Logical IEEE 802.3
L2a
IEEE 802.3
MAC PHY FDDI PMD
Ethernet v2
OSI Physical Layer
802.3 CSMA/ CD
802.5 802.11 Token WireRing less
Physical
Ethernet v2
PMD = Physical Medium Dependent PHY = Physical Layer Protocol MAC = Media Access Control LLC = Logical Link Control
IPG and IFS

The Physical Layer rate 125 Mbps incase of 100M Ethernet Port and 1250Mbps incase of 1 GigE port. IPG = Idle time between the transmission of 2 consecutive frames. IPG is at least 12bytes. Minimum allowed IPG is 96 bit time: 96 nanoseconds at Gigabit Ethernet rate (1000BX) 0.96 microseconds at Fast Ethernet rate (100BT) 9.6 microseconds at Ethernet (10BT) If frames are transmitted with minimum IPG the traffic is transmitted at maximum rate IFS : InterFrame Spacing is at least 20 bytes which includes IPG, Preamble and SFD
Frame Rate
Ethernet Frame Data size = 64 to 1518 bytes = 512 to 12144 bits Overhead = 7 bytes (Preamble) + 1 byte (SFD) + 96 bits (IPG) = 160 bits Frame rate = Max data rate / (Data size + Overhead)
If max data rate is 1 Gbps (1000B-X) and data size is 64 bytes: Frame rate = 1,488,095 Fps If max data rate is 100 Mbps (100B-T) and data size is 64 bytes: Frame rate = 148,809 Fps If max data rate is 10 Mbps (10B-T) and data size is 64 bytes: Frame rate = 14,880 Fps
Frame Rate and Efficiency If we take the example of Gigabit Ethernet we see that efficiency increases with the frame length It also applies to 10BaseT and 100BaseTX
Data size Overhead per frame Frames per second
1,488,095 844,594 234,962
119,731
Total bits lost (overhead)
Percentage of bandwidth lost
64 Bytes (512 bits) 128 Bytes (1024 bits) 512 Bytes (4096 bits)
1024 Bytes (8192 bits)
160 bits 160 bits 160 bits

160 bits
238,095,238 23 % 135,135,135 13 % 37,593,984 3.7 %

19,157,088 1.9 %
1518 Bytes (12144 bits)
160 bits
81,274
13,003,901 1.3 %
Jumbo & Oversized Frames

Data field beyond 1518 bytes up to 65535 bytes (vendor dependent) 1518 bytes frame
98.7 % Efficiency
9018 data bytes

99.97% Efficiency
Why Jumbo then?

Increase efficiency Decrease CPU time
FCS becomes less efficient for frames above 12000 bytes
Runts and Undersized Frames

RUNT: A frame that is greater than 2 bytes and less than 64 bytes, it has an SFD and a bad FCS (CRC error). Generally fragments are caused by collisions, but may be caused by faulty network equipment (e.g. network adapters, hubs, etc.) Fragments are everyday occurrences on moderately to heavily utilized networks.
Undersize frame: The frame which frame size is less than 64 bytes but there is no FCS Error.
VLAN Virtual Local Area Netwok
VLANs
VLAN 1 Broadcast Domain
VLAN 2
Broadcast Domain
VLAN (Virtual Local Area Network)
Preamble (7) SFD (1)
DA (6)
SA (6) VLAN (4) L/T (2) Data (46-1500) FCS (4)
TPI Priority CFI VLAN ID 16-bits 3-bits 1-bit 12-bits
4 byte VLAN Specified in IEEE 802.1q/p Developed to segment LANs and add traffic differentiation Extends Ethernet frame size from 1518 to 1522 bytes Contains 4 fields
Tag Protocol Identifier (fixed at hex 81-00 for Ethernet) Frame Priority Settings (000 through 111) Canonical Frame Identifier (used only in Token Ring) VLAN ID (specifies the VLAN group ID)
Port Based Vlans

Vlan 1 Vlan 2 Vlan 3
Vlan 1
Vlan 2
Vlan 3
Tagged Based Vlans

Vlan 1 Vlan 2 Vlan 3
Vlan 2
Vlan 1
Vlan 1
Vlan 3
Vlan 2
Vlan 3
VLANs
Switches can be part of multiple Vlans
Vlans can transcend into different switches in different locations
VLan, Access, and Trunk Links
Access
Trunk
No Vlan Option Required
Use The Vlan Option
Why would a provider use VLAN?

Over-subscription for tiered service Prioritize traffic ensure low priority is
dropped during periods of congestion

If bandwidth on Service B spikes to
1 Gigabit trunk
800 Mbps, only 200 Mbps of Service A traffic will pass, the rest is discarded
Ethernet Access Device
A=20% B=80% Service A Service B
600 Mbps Service 800 Mbps Service Low Priority Traffic High Priority Traffic
Traditional 802.1Q
Untagged Ethernet Frame

Destination Address Source Address EtherType Upper-Layer Protocol Data FCS
Tag Insertion
Tagged Ethernet Frame

Destination Address Source Address
802.1Q Tag
TPID CoS Priority
C F I
VLAN ID
EtherType
Upper-Layer Protocol Data
FCS
802.1Q Case Study
Switch
Switch Dot1Q Trunk VLAN 10
Physical
VLAN 10
VLAN 20
VLAN 20
VLAN 10
Logical
VLAN 20
Anatomy of the 802.1Q Tag
Ethernet Frame
Destination Address Source Address
802.1Q Tag
TPID CoS Priority
C F I
VLAN ID
EtherType
Upper-Layer Protocol Data
FCS
The Q-Tag contains:

16-bit Tag Protocol Identifier (TPID), EtherType 0x8100 3-bit Layer-2 Class-of-Service Priority Field (Values 0-7) 1-bit Canonical Format Identifier (CFI) used for Token Ring & FDDI 802.1Q, normally set to zero 12-bit VLAN Identifier (Values 0-4095)
What if the Customer & Service Provider Use 802.1Q?

Provider Perspective
CE Switch
PE Switch
Service Provider Network w/ 802.1Q
PE Switch
CE Switch
Customer Perspective
Dot1Q Trunk CE Switch CE Switch
Q-in-Q Tunneling Mechanics (Ingress)

802.1Q Tag
Q-in-Q Frame
802.1Q Tag 802.1Q Tag
Service Provider Network CE Switch PE Switch
The Customers Frame with tag (C-Tag) is shifted and a Service Provider tag is inserted The Service Provider uses the S-Tag to switch the frame. Various customer traffic is kept separate by the S-Tag
Q-in-Q Tunneling Mechanics (Egress)
Q-in-Q Frame
802.1Q Tag 802.1Q Tag

802.1Q Tag
Service Provider Network PE Switch CE Switch
The Service Provider S-Tag removed before switching the frame to the customer
Anatomy of Q-in-Q
Ethernet Frame
802.1Q Service Provider Tag (S-Tag)
802.1Q Customer Tag (C-Tag)
D A
S A
TPID
CoS Priority
D E
VLAN ID
TPID
CoS Priority
C F I
VLAN ID
EtherType
Data
FCS
The TPID identifies the frame as 802.1Q. The S-Tag TPID is vendor proprietary. Some vendors use a unique TPID for the S-Tag to identify the frame as Q-in-Q. The C-Tag TPID is always 0x8100. Some common S-Tag TPID values: 0x9100 0x9200 0x88a8 The Canonical Format Identifier (CFI) has been redefined to be used for Discard Eligible (DE), similar to Frame Relay DE. Set when customer bursts over their Committed Info Rate (CIR) Network discards frames with DE set when congestion is experienced
Enterprise VLAN
VLAN 100 VLAN 100
VLAN 200
VLAN 200
VLAN 200
TRUNK Voice VLAN 200 Data VLAN 100
TRUNK Voice VLAN 200 Data VLAN 100 VLAN 100
VLAN 100 VLAN 100
VLAN 200 VLAN 200

TRUNK Voice VLAN 200 Data VLAN 100
VLAN 100
VLAN 200
Metro Ethernet and Vlans
Trunk Link
Trunk Link
Enterprise / Metro Ethernet ? And VLANs

VLAN 100 VLAN 100
VLAN 200
VLAN 200
VLAN 200
TRUNK VLAN 200 VLAN 100
TRUNK VLAN 200 VLAN 100
VLAN 100
VLAN 100 VLAN 100
VLAN 200 VLAN 200 TRUNK VLAN 200 VLAN 100 VLAN 200
VLAN 100
Testing with Vlans

Tagged Ports
1 2 Non Tagged Ports 3 2 TRUNK
Provider Environment VLANS - 802.1Q in 802.1Q ( VLAN Stacking)

Standard Ethernet Frame
Preamble
Source Length / SFD Destination MAC Address MAC Address Type
Data
FCS
Ethernet Frame with Vlan Tag

Preamble Source SFD Destination MAC Address MAC Address
Etype and 802.1Q TAG
Length / Type
Data
FCS
Ethernet Frame with 802.1Q in 802.1Q Provider Tag

Preamble Source SFD Destination MAC Address MAC Address
Length / Type
Data
FCS
Priority and Priority Queues

Manufactures have different defaults Defaults can be changed A high priority on one device might be a lower priority on another device It is recommended to use prioritization instead of flow control to control the flow of traffic Switch Brand A Switch Brand B Queues 1 2 0-1 2-3 Priority 1 2 Queues Priority 0-2 3-4
3
4
4-5
6-7
3
4
5-6
7
Class of Service (CoS)

CoS 5 CoS 3 CoS 2 CoS 2 CoS 5 CoS 3
Ethernet Vs. SDH
SDH/Ethernet Comparison
Layer 1 - SDH Ethernet L1 & L2
Application Presentation Session Transport IP ATM SDH Network Datalink Physical
Application Presentation Session Transport Network Datalink Physical IP Ethernet Ethernet
OSI Layer Model
SDH Designed for voice traffic

Synchronous
Ethernet Designed for data traffic

Asynchronous
OC-12 RING
Fixed frame size

Variable Frame size
SDH
Ethernet
Constant bit rate

Bursty traffic
Bit Rate SDH Ethernet time
Ethernet Services
Metro Ethernet
End User Service Provider End User
Demarcation Point Customer Device 3550 7609
Demarcation Point
7609
7609
7609
Edge 7609 7609 Access
Access
Edge
Customer Device
Core
3550
LAN
Switched based Architecture Uses VLAN for the switching in the network Major Players Cisco 6509/7609/15454 Nortel - 8600
L1 Metro Ethernet Services

Customer Ethernet Switches SONET / SDH Ring
Providers Switch
Providers Switch
Providers Switch
Transparent Frame in Frame out service with no MAC awareness Provider Switches configured to map between Switches and Ports Customer switches learns addresses
L2 Metro Ethernet Services

Customer Ethernet Switches SONET / SDH Ring
Providers Switch
Providers Switch
Providers Switch
Bandwidth available at less than 1Gig or 100Meg rates Provider Switches auto-learn every local MAC Address Each packet directed to appropriate destination Switch / port Provider Switches exchange MAC location information
Common Ethernet Offerings

Single 1G pipes (DWDM) Multiple 1G pipes (DWDM) Multiple 1G pipes (CWDM) Ethernet over SDH Virtual Private Line Ethernet Fibre Channel (1G and 2G) 10G Ethernet
Private Line Service (1G) (CWDM)
Point to Point Optical Network
Location B
Central Office
Location A
Point to Point 1 GigE pipe only Physical Layer Only No frame aware devices in circuit path (L1)
Testing Private Line Service (1G) (CWDM)
Point to Point Optical Network

FST-2802
Location A
Location B
Central Office
Generate Traffic at customer premise Loopback at CO can be done by 2802 or hard loop
FST-2802
Private Line Service (2G+) (CWDM)
Location A
CWDM Optical Network
Central Office
Handoff
Location B
Point to Point Multiple GigE pipes in one location (2-4) Physical Layer only (L1)
Private Line Service (2G+) (CWDM)
Location A
Hard Loop
Location B
or
Central Office
Generate traffic between customer premises or to central office Loopback at CO can be done by 2802 or hard loop Multiple 1Gig pipes must be tested at multiple locations
Ethernet over SDH (Private Line) -Fractional 1G Transport Service
Customer GigE Switch
SDH Link
Ethernet Link A
Cisco 15454
Ethernet Link B
SDH Ring OC-48 or OC-192
Getting more complex point to point or switched 10/100 and Gigabit interfaces Not always a full Gigabit configurable bandwidth in STS increments Flow control may be enabled
Testing Ethernet over SDH
Loopback Mode
SDH Link
Ethernet Link A SDH Ring OC-48 or OC-192
Ethernet Link B
Hard loop generally no longer certainty Depends on network element (L1 or L2) 2802 generates traffic at customer premise, 2802 in loops traffic back 2310/2510A is used to troubleshoot SDH ring
location B
Virtual Private Line Ethernet
Demarcation Point
CPE
Demarcation Point 7609 7609 3550

Access CPE
3550 10/100 Ethernet

Access
7609
Edge
7609
Edge
Gigabit Ethernet
7609
Core
7609
Gigabit Ethernet
10/100 Ethernet
Most Complex Switched service (L2 device) VLANs are utilized 10Mb, 50Mb, 100Mb, 200Mb, 500Mb, or 1000Mb links Link Partner is near end NE instead of far end test set
MPLS
Single Ended Turn-Up
Demarcation Point 7609 7609
Demarcation Point
3550 Customer Device Access

GigE
7609 Edge 7609

Core
7609
3550
Edge 7609
Access
Loopback Mode Testing Center
or
Single tech is dispatched to customer site Test is controlled through the Test Center Test Center sends traffic Traffic is returned via loop back at customer site or tested head-to-head
Fibre Channel (uncommon)
Location A

Location B
Central Office
Handoff
Transmits Fibre Channel over CWDM circuit Used for Storage Area Networks True QoS guarantee Same as Private Line Ethernet, just different protocol
10G Ethernet (future)
Location A
Alcatel/Cisco
10GigE Optical Network

Central Office
Location B
Handoff
10 GigE using Optical Transport Used both as Transport and for Customer Sites Test similar to 1G Ethernet
Ethernet Testing Methodologies
Testing Methods
Out of Service Test
Layer 1 Loopback Layer 2 Loopback End to End Testing Round Trip Delay
In-Service Test - Bidirectional Monitoring

- Monitoring in Through Mode - Monitoring with Splitter / Tap port - Monitoring on Mirrored port
Layer 1 Loopback
Out of service testing
Near-end Far-end
Access Element/ Ethernet Device Access Element/ Ethernet Device
Loopback testing: Hard-wire Loopback (Layer 1) (non-switched networks)
LOS ACTIVE
STATUS
LOS ACTIVE
STATUS
TX
TX
FST-2802
RX RX
End to End testing

Specify the far-end Test Pad's source address as the destination address for the first TestPad and vice versa Source address for the TestPad can be found under the Summary tab
End to End testing

Out of service testing End-to-end testing Select Traffic and specify the traffic load type If 1G Ethernet: select Laser Off to turn laser on Select Start Traffic on both TestPads View and verify results
Loopback Testing
Near-end Far-end
(Switched networks) Manual Loopback:

LOS
ACTIVE
LOS
ACTIVE
STATUS
STATUS
TX
TX
FST-2802 (Data Source)

RX RX
FST-2802 (Unit reverses source and destination MAC addresses)
Far-end device:
Loopback Testing
Out of service testing (Switched networks) Automatic Loopback: On transmitting TestPad select Loop Up to put receiving TestPad in loopback mode Select Start Traffic Verify results When test is complete, select Loop Down
Round Trip Delay

Setup and configure a Loopback test Define a profile with an Acterna payload If 1G, turn laser on Start traffic Verify on Results Panes the following Link Stats:
Delay, Max (s) Delay, Min (s) Delay, Avg (s)
TIMESTAMP
TIMESTAMP
TIMESTAMP
TIMESTAMP
TIMESTAMP
TIMESTAMP
Testing Bi-directional Monitoring

Sit on a link and monitor traffic in both directions Filter on customer traffic or watch link for errors Requires a dual port 2802
Test Access Points- In-line

CE
FST-2802
Customer Edge
Provider Edge
PE
WAN
Through modeIn-line
FST-2802
PE PE
Through modeIn-line
CE
CE
Test Access Points- Splitter- Optical Tap
Test Access Points- Mirrored Port
Mirror Port
MirrorED Ports
Q&A

Ethernet Technology Training

Încărcat de

Informații document

Descriere originală:

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Ethernet Technology Training

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Ethernet Technology Training

Home of Acterna Test & Measurement Solutions www.jdsu.com/acterna

OSI Reference Model

Layer 7 Layer 6 Layer 5 Layer 4

Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical

FTP, Telnet, HTTP, SMTP, DNS

OSI Vs. TCP/IP Reference Model OSI

Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical

SMTPEmail contents Application Layer: Email (SMTP)

TCP SMTPEmail contents FCS Data Link Layer: Ethernet

SMTPEmail contents Application Layer: Email (SMTP)

TCP SMTPEmail contents FCS Data Link Layer: Ethernet

LANs MANs and WANs

LAN Local Area Network

MAN Metropolitan Area Network

WAN Wide Area Network

The New Network Architecture

Carries all applications Internet Access IP VPN service

Source : Metro Ethernet Forum

RG-58 50 Coax- 186 (200) meters

1000BaseT - RJ45 UTP

Primarily a Backbone/Server technology

1000Mbps / 1GE Standard

Line speeds (Types of Ethernet)

Physical Layer Data Transfer

How are consecutive 0s or 1s detected at node?

Transmitted signals have a variety of problems

Gigabit Ethernet Physical Layer

Physical Coding Sublayer

Gigabit Ethernet Physical Layer

Rate = 1.25 Gbps

8b/10b Encoding & Decoding

10Base-T and Hubs

Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection Half-Duplex

CSMA/CD and Collisions

100Base-T and Switches

Switching functions, and MAC address learning

Access Ports vs. Trunk Ports

Non Tagged Frames

Non Tagged Frames

Trunk Ports Access ports

Non Tagged Frames

Spanning Tree ( STP )

Half Duplex Transmission

Full Duplex Transmission

Testing for Auto Negotiation

Station congested sends PAUSE frame

Station waits before resuming transmission

Test with Flow Control

Ethernet at Data Link Layer Layer 2

Home of Acterna Test & Measurement Solutions www.jdsu.com/acterna

Ethernet Frame Format

Ethernet Media Access Control (MAC)

Ethernet Media Access Control (MAC) Ethernet Frame Fields

The Ethernet Frame

Fields used for FCS calc

Ethernet layers 2 and 1 with IPG and IFS

SNAP, LLC, MAC

Logical Link Control 802.2

MAC PHY FDDI PMD

OSI Physical Layer

802.5 802.11 Token WireRing less

IPG and IFS