Sor,en

Coson,r. Su,.lspot Mtxrlrun Tvpe,

1889.

Solea ConoNe. Sursror }I-e.xrlrur,l TYPE,

1905.

THE

TOTAL ECLIPSE OF THE SUN

2lst SEPTEMBERT
1922

AUSTRALIA

\.HOLLY SE]' UP ,\\D PIIIN'TIiD IN AL'STRALIA

By Aut[oity; Albet J. Mullett, Covebmert Prirrer, Melbonhe.

lE.ni.tdNd b ! t h. Patthaot.r-Aneral fot transmia$ion throltst

tne

port @ d book

WARNING
l,

Protect Your Eyes.

tq

,@

Serious and permanent injury to the sight may be incurred by continued staring at the sun during the partial eclipse, even with the

unaided eye

if it

is insufficiently protected.

Much more probable are ill effects binoculars or telescopes are used.

if

optical instruments such

as

heavily smoked over a lamp or candle. For naLed eye observatiois , dense portion of a photographic negative is sometimes suitable, but for use with optical instruments it is advisable to have the p(oper solar eyepiece material, or black glass such as is used by electricians as " protection against the glare from arc lamps,

Very dark green or neutral tinted glass is suitable, or

glass

If

advantage to attach a larger piece eyepiece of the instrument.

the only glass obtainable is not suffciently &rk, it is an oI it to the objective instead of the

- _ During the total phase ol the eclipse, no protection is needed, and detail is better seen without. Prorision should therefore be made to have the dark glass readily removable.

t.

h:-: . r-.-:jrr!i3+:-

PR E FACE.
Early in the year 1920 inquiries from astronomers leil io the
issue

o{ a circular letter, accompauieil by climatological data, from the Central Weather Bureau to the principal observatories of the worlil.

Wheu it became apparent that seyoral parties wished. to visit the rather iaaccessible but oiherwise ideal site on tho north-'west coast at Wallal, co-ordination of arrangements became necessary. At the instance of the Meteorological Department, the Prime Minister, in January, 1922, appointed a commiitee representative of the Department of Ilome and Territories (Meteorotrogical Branch), the Treasury and the Navy to advise regariliug further proceilure. A sum of money was allocated to meet expenses) and the Naval Board undertook the responsibility of trausport and camping iletails, while the Commouwealth Meteorologist contiaued to make all other arrangements for the Government's guestsThe conteuts of this brochure consist largely of notes, diagrams and charts promised by Dr. J. M. Baldwin, Governmeut Astronomer, Victoria, prior to his trip abroad, and supplieil in his absenie by the Acting Government Astronomer, C. J. Merfeld, Xsq., tr'.R.A.S., who is respoueible for both calculation ancl format of all the illustrations. In preseoting such a weallh of useful data rhe Governmext Astrotromel has laid all amateur &stronomers under a ilebt of gratitude.
Enhanced interest also is due to the kinilness of Dr. R. J. Trumpler, the ffrst arrival of the Crocker. Expedition of the Lick Obeervatorg who,

with tho concurrence of the Director, Dr. W. W. Campbell, has contributed a--note ou the eclipse programme of that famous iustitution.

For a valuable record of the

radio-telegraphic

sigral

strength

designed to test the change in the ionization of the atmosphere with tle .W. passage of the moon's shado$, we shall be inilebteil to Mr. T. flooke, General.. Manager of Amalgamated'Wireless (Australasia, limiteil),

rvho

is most enthusiastically co-operating in the experiments.

The interesting notes on the eastern eclipse obse*ation site are extracteil from Professor W-. E. Cooke's careful suurmary of conditions,
duty of seeing Meteorologist

The compilation of the rrmaining portions of the booklet and the it through the press have been intrtsteil to Mr. H. Barkley, in the Central Weather Bureau.

H. A. EUNT,

centrar w.eather Melbourng August,

Bureau,

commonwealth Meteorologist'
1922.

E
r
{_

H
R.C.

ISTOR I CA L.

:il0!. fir-l r... 11lF,l rol.rl e.l:t,Lp or rr.. ,rir in Irr. Br.alrr,irr Sulrn S,tl,rr rrrta. 2040. ti..1 Io,.,l sol.r..ti;b. r".nril,,t tri rho iDrtrrroniars ,?!9. Jif.1 loral )ol:ll ,.1 i,.o Io"onl",r r,r rr. Chinc,". '.llJ!. T,:utixl ecliI,:e. for tlc Jailure to predict lY]1icL ITi nnd IIo, tlre Chinese
A"l,oroLrnr- nor.,t. Io-r rtreir live.. 196!.T"!"1 ecl 1,-e r"cold.d ir 8.,1,)tor b_r ire ctrrt,l.ncrr. 'Drt,r'"r. I06! aud ;61. Tolai eclipse" t,\ I r" ( t,at,l:pAr", t.,p .unoi-Ierord",l irr rornr a(.or rt o' \rt,r.tr \.ns u-eJ b\ Dr. C^\.li ru rur'l....t Drodpr)r lunAi.
tables. 585. Ilc,)ipse llerticted Ly- Tlates nI f,li]etus: :LpDarerfll. " Sxros L,v rlre Creek c.tronorrrot.,
A.D.

lirst appticatioD of tlc

I
L

rnd li24 l,xting occurred sin.e. l;Ib. Jpslan(kv r'onrarks= on IIe ruronn. 1605. Red flames of tle ehr6m6sphgls recolded by Kep1er.. 1608. .lr'irBt lefrictirg telescope nade ir lIoltand. 1609. Ualiteo .^Isrr .l.,l , rrlns.ot," r,,J IoteI IIc rot,rLior ui r'rts -u ( indicrte.l l,r' t}c <,,J ,oir ' 1612. Filst eclipse (par.tiali f-ictcd throrgl] a telcsrope. 1652. First detailed account of t}e coroua, bl. l)r'. \\ I.bold. 1666. Nc{ton s obscr1'ation of pr'i,rDratic refrs,ctioD lLrid ttre four.trtiorl o{ spectloscop]' {see 1802). Ne$'totr ade thc fiLst r-cflcctilg telescopc, 1706. CJrronmrphale r-ecor.dcd l)\' Crpr. Starrlln .at BeIDe, and ctcsrribctt hI tle I,uillcr: ,r Ccne\ n. I71o. Haller p[blislled in ad{ance a rDap of ihe eclipse track over ].lDglnra. r(1
1724. Last total cclipse in Great Britrir (thc Dcxt NiIl bc in 1927). 1802. -{bsorption lines in the sol:rr spectnr,ni Ncre Dote(l 1,1- 11-olhstoll.

4lE. Comot t:rcr nolod ncsr crliuccd -un. 538. First toial o.lirce racordcd ir, BritaiD. -(A ,tto Soxon Cht-oni.le.l 1140. Last rorrl .o'ar erlil,-e in Britci0 lor.erprai.enturjer. oIll] Irrr, ;,, 1r,,

71. Apparerltly iirst teference io coronfl, tut \ringed iDaqe" of flre slrjr oceur _^ -on Tlprtriall. Hillitn As-JIidn. BJL\toridr; cnd p'er"i.rrr morurrprrr.. 334. Firmiru. illudFd to rhc proD}ineucos.'

obseNeil the cororra, chrouospltre and " Baily's l]erds.',

1817. 1820. 1821.

Frf,unLofel userl the oLsorption liDes as lanilmrrlis irr the solil. sl,o.tr'ull1. Goldscllmidt rccor.rleal tire observrltion of the ,'shtldon- I)aDal_...' FraunloJer made his ffrst lvire di{IractioI sr,atirrl. 1886, Baily alescriteil thc beads iBnilJs Beeclsl ,lue to- jrrp--rllrirj,. or rl)e

.ortc.ilJ inl.r,,retcJ c" arL,ilrxr.r luunJr"ir" nr t . .oluur..

but ill

1842.

First total e(lipsc

arosseal

moon'B li DIl.

and to\\.udB the liolei fol zldyancc o{ the soru.t oi lighr (:ee 186E. 157;1. 1893, 1898). 1815. First ciaguerrotype of tle srD taker LJ lorciulr. }'ar.alay observed tl)e rnagnetic rotetior of the pian oi irolarizatior (1316,
1S51.

1rl stiurl:rte mo(br'rr scientilic inrestigatiorr. Ttre track Sorthern nlliope. Spectruru of ]reliuu \ri: dererl.C 1'1- llaorixt. Doppler provecl the shift oJ the spectral liDei toNald. the led ior' relessioD

lsi;.

t90St. Xclipsed sufi first photogralhed bl' BerkoN,.ki Pholo.l,"Jiosrdprr or", I"d ul li"$ OL,-"rl,rr"rs

1860.

.tt Konigsberg. t,r D* h Iluc. KifllrLo{I ,l"mor.slral.,l 1;r. 'Fr0unhorrr l:r. - t^ I'p .lu" to ?h:o,'l,rior. I'jrst s;'stcnatic plotogrolhv of al ceiipse Lt' Dc 1:r Ruc a,nrt Sccchi. Dc l, Ttrrn r--l rr'.,,r"iIc I,lrorn--r,l,L. ut ir" erlil,.nl -ur i. .rprpo-.ot,i" 1,ai-s. .,r,J J"lrro.lqrrxl'J Ii,,t rl," rl,rnrlo-ln rrc ,rr, l 1lr. plonr"'.n.es I'eIe solar'{ppcndrges, aDd Dot due to ltrl atm,ospirel'ic ellects, o]r the rrloonj \yhicl occrlted f]rese lnnrinou-r rnllsiet ir tle s:r e Da er lis it
dial Ure solal alisc.

1861. Sun's rotdtion peliods spots.

detemilled l,I CalriDgiofl hom olscnation ,ri .rur-

F
1868. PhotographJ of ecliuse sDech o-t Lhe beiium

.r,xor,,gen rp,'rrrum

i;;;il: :ili:i :lr,,i; 1,,,.,{{iilj,lil:,,**ii,""T"itl,

rs6e Gteer
1871.
,

"1iin.{

"

observatioB sp*tru; i, 1"l"gl}-in Indix J Herohell's be id",rt,irljo'I'9''n:nce( proved them to sascous. ri"ii,,'',";;;:1" i"'i"rl:,?,#J,":,or,ol":11". o;,,|3li":l

iln*lti:j.

"iJ,,,

Polirlrar

spe{'trum.,.

llH.:l,":ii'ili'.t"1"'lilld.lr Jo.'"e to brigbr lines- arso saw * ' -'r)rrot spectrum anr.Harkness, ,vrro
the ',fash

rr.

il)r ot ro.onat l:Sh1 lro\.ed

"'p"rirn"or,iii"

r"1,1,1'oll,'l

r.o-u*a

i.',*:"::,:'+r9 "5'
r,':'il"''

ir io be.padty reflected t1' r.o nu J ii-i sdo'r.""i"it,j from. sotiat or cnromospherjc (flasbi i: rpeclr111r.

1,,",ij#l'i;ii:"'i-rt#Jril"y;*1f, I878. Corona pprcefrible

#.{i-{H{i#';iH.'ilf

,rrr. UiL'.1fl1",1[tjolflTJ lll,*",1*ar'iotr or ao. inL,.*'.","i.,,i*r'iii,"t sun i'rd photogrt'phed b.; schuster. .^^^ L.rugrey rnlenred 6rc bolo-","j"''P'u' r6dJ. l'r'urtless soerch for rhc hnnrl.ii-"1 r,,,_- _-

lor some lirv iD nlear clmosdr.re pikes loak at an ,,,,,lr1'.'TtTn ffAtii"tota -, or .\ewcomh otrd Langrev descr;bed ;li"^;;-i;.i;; of the ourer corouu,.
J",s;;il"",,11I"';"Y"11";.1; rm;'1,*TrJL'tr ,jf}i'T',:i,"','il;' lo u""ounr lor {'Le Jrrecdsion Phd of the pirihclion
specrrum

,,,T:T"iX1lf.l",l""ff:tea ligbi as *o-i",i." of rbe "i li"r;i,,:J"L"1 FrauDLorcl

15S7.

ili;. pfl ,ri4i#,iil:

i

,.". -^!b-u.ll1rbt..o"",,;r,
ffi

l\{ichelson enrl Ilorler obta;na,t D;a^1i". rcolts whpn attenrptind Lo deteci a,,"oulnnifl'"1ive

;:

'Tl:;[ ii:"i:::il,]'" jdpnt,iicd tUUs.

Coron:utu

i;:'r

,yl:'ffiiJi'lil"lf #li;fr il".j::1"!,i.'063;i,,i;.,, n",.,,. 1908, Ilale dis.ovcreLl bot;r vorii.p"

sunrjse, aDd moEt of the star 1o the seu11,,'.o,'0 ,."- o"ril"ilt[1"'ed

^ Uampbetl se{urd viderree of th; r.otation of the oorona Lut iloes not c( xBiJpr it .onclusive. , Iasted from_- l8th 1905. -'tbe .greai sutrEpoL JflnDsry to .12{h F.bru r\.. -t-irslein formulstpd ibe tjpecisl Theol.v ol n.t,ri\ii*

the Frrunr,oiFr Iines rrrcas sn prores rhe irrnor ,,urona i ^tcrnc to be..parlll gxseous (see .1u69, -t,v-lJarjni. lSTt J.

;1"'J".?;:i:rif a na uo.:a rru res .l:,,"Jf ff ;::,' ilL,,ii$,i :1""!,;i ,:T #'"*X.[,,],'J, " ",,
masrreri' r'(solution

rira,e

;r

"'""'" ._.^^ - rpleren.^ io rIe slreDglb oI ra,Jio-tetcgaridic s;rmi"l r,'..,2. pTrl:ll, on 2lst Scplemtor. tril.trier reqr- for .,Einstair FH.e.r.., -:i.ll!:e rnrs ccllpsp ]s a ..baros, rel,urIl.ol tLe e.lipsa oI l,he 9rh September, f"tiuA".-. ...._ Acxt totjl, n.liDsela.ihn O.efto in tbp .- lll04. oeer thc l!,2/. in Crrrf llrilain: alurntion 0.7 minutc. This will be "u*" thir,l sirrre'tI40, re olhelc bpjng t7l5 - -_ -_tle total eclirrse in Australia1976. Next ".,f f;ia.' The thirtl ,,Sa,ros,, Ietuh of the preseni

1'trp sbadnw wis also viouerl lhe r.d line 617+ in rhp."",ri,rrn coroniunr 6r,s! dis{overeil bv Carrasco. lrJ5. Iiinstpir p:opounded rr,e'C",eiar "t .n,i""lpi" "r'i.ijiiily'Ll,i ir,il *rt", one of wtrich is the deflectior oJ a eta-r,s i glrl p""ii"g io iirn and visible durirrE a totll eeLnse. "ioi" "on ,orn ,,,j,n-.ltii,^ sar:sfa,.tory tesr for -IiinRrpin eHccr..ty pr,otosraphr ot ],,;:r ,,li-:ll:rl:.:ct un- .Grcen$irt, obser\orr obiAined coriflri,aioty

in Lyq1"g"" 1."i',ii'#illl sp.cr ro-]eliograph, and.Droved ihc c-ri.tnnnc "r ,n.rSri.itch.t,l. i, ,f," *o"p,o.. ijaljljuuot. Irr0. rorat ectipsc obserrcd r..,n rit.'r,ror, r.""_;";;.'-fii#"I,r?li'.,parto Bruni ,^.. _ ljo] e.lit.p 'lslflnd rner \iith idrer6e noaiher l9ll. Tol,a I over. paci6c Ocpsn ots"ru"a ai-io"nga. passed at corisiderabte altitude over rreilouile -a?i; Ttre shado\ coDc da;iish'f;;l b"t"r"

l,lt4.

:lll:..L:^"

\ ,r.tar

ron rn rontzatioll

of upfer allnosllerc --' "

tesied

wii,.h

eeliDcrto2i

Solar Eclipse Expeditions, September, 1922.

i

l
c

PERSONNEL.
W W estem, Ar,s.traliq.. Crocker Eclip,se Expcdition of the lick Observatoly_ Dr. \{. W. Carnpbell. Djr.ecror o[ rhe Lick Observator;. Mrs. W.. W. Cairpbell. P" J. E. Moore, Assisrarrr -\stroDorqer, Liek Obserratols. Dr. ll,. J.'I'rumpler., .{stronomer. Lick Observor,orv -'-'' f. P. C^E. Trumpl.r., .{srronomer, t-lct OUservaiory: D:. E Adams, Goveroment Astronomcr, Welli"ngton, N.Z. .lvl}s. u. _Ei. adams. Mrs. O. X. Adams. J. B. Or Eoskine, Es B.II.E., Ilelbour.ue ( Eosking, Esq., Olservatory. Professor A, D. Ross, ^M.A., F.R.S.E., perth :University. A. D.

allal,

i
I

Toronto Uniyersity ExpeditionMrs. C. A. Chant. Miss Chant, B.Sc.

_P_rofessor

C. A. Chant, Toronto Unirersity,

Canada.

DL. R. . K._ llouq, Dominion l,strophysical

Yinroria, B.C. fndian Expeilition-

Olservatory,

J. Evershed, Esq., 1'.R.S., Kodaikanal Observatory, trlrs. J. Ivershed. Blitish Expedition (Priva to)-

Madras.

J.

Ealtreav-es,

G. S. Clerk-Ilaxwell, Esq. Perth Observatory ExpeditionC. Nossiter. -Esq., Pelth Obser.vatory. Messrs. Dwyer, Nunn, and ,Ulatrhewl. C. S. Yeates. Eeq., Perth Obserratory.
Go

Isq-

,,Roysrorr.,, Helic., Englar_rd.

ond,i,wind,i,

Queensland,.

Melbourne Observatory

donor)-'W.
Dr.

nxpedition. (Funds provided by

private

Melbourne. W'- l[. TIo]m, N. Holmes. E"q,,

J. M .Brldwin, -M.-A...' Gor-ernmeut Astronorner, trIelbourrre. Russell Crimrsade, nsq.. B.Sc. Capr.,E. Kidson, O.B.E., i,,t.A., M.Sc.. Central Weatber Bureart,
!f.A..B.Sc.. Melbourrre llniversity.

Professor_T. ['arre]1. Brisbane Univenrity. fessor T. E. M. Wellish. nso.. M.A.- Sydney University. VI. Wellisb. Isq., M.4.. Svdncv TTniveriiro , Svdney Universi,

Z. A. Mer{eld, Esq., Melbourue University, Sydney Observatory IxpeditionPlo-fessor W. E. Cooke. M.A.. Gor.plnmnnl Asrlononrer, Svdoe). Vessrs. Ra^vrnond. Graham, Clauuy, Trigg. Short, Wy,inei Sba*,
aud

J. G. Manr, Esq."

B.

Cooke.

Messr.s.

Middleton and Davies fat Grafton). Mr'. Stanley (at Beauclesert).

___

-7
S,vdncy Uni versity

Expedition-

Professor O. tI. Youwiller, Syduev UniversitvRev. Dr. Pigot, S. J., Itiveriiew "Colles" Ob"servato"o. 14essrs. -tsooth, Briggs, Essermar, Nang-el, Swain, arf, Rancloud.
(' oongoola, Qteensl "tnd,

Carnegie fnstituiion,

G. Coleqat, _
'l'errecl
Qy.eenstand.

rial Magnelism.

of WashingtonE-sq., Magnetic Observer, Departmeut of

,llo

lhsrps,

Rritish Astronomical Association (Nerq South Wales Braneh)_ Me^ssr1. [. F. Cale,-G. II. Iloskins, E. Gardirrcr, II. Browir, 4.. -UlcKerras. I.. Melville, R W'. Schucb, II. Rose. A. X.. Britton, E. R. Morris, E. Esdaile. R. H. Bulkele5. - Andrew, E. IL Beattie, anrl A. W.'W. Gale. (' otJ i I I o 1) out n s, S ou t h A uslrqlia. South Australian ExpeilitionG. f. _Dodwe-ll, Esq., B.A., Government Astrononer, Atlelaiile. A. 1,. Kenneily, Esq., 8.E., Adelaide Observatorv. Professor Keii Grint, M-Sc., Adelaide Unirerlity. G. A-ppel by, Esq., Adetaide {. A. Thrum, Esq., idelaide University. 11. Ilniversi ry."

Data Obtainable during Total Solar Eclipses.

(1)

(2) Speetrum oI ehroo ospher.e-t he ,.flash ripecrr.uru,t' (3) ?b,orographs o{ (af ioner coroua. prouinongcs, (DJ outer colona. t4) Drawings oI cor.orra. simple aud compo.ite. (!) lfontrum_ of corona. for r.;mposition and rate oI rorarion. (6) Polarizar,ion of coroual lieht. (7) Photoglaphs_of coltetse or" in t ro-Mercuri al plarret. (8) " E nstein_ efect "-the apparent outward -displacement of starr w-here- hght passes close to the suD to twice the extent Pre_ dicted iu the Newtonian law of eravitv. 19) Tariat'on of aclinic lalue oI sun's iiglt." (10) Yariation of the total insolation at the-earth,s surface. (11) Variation of air temperature. ('12) Yar:ation o[ air pressure. (13) Yariation of humiditv of tle atrnosphele. (14) Variaiiou oI wind d'reclion anrl -[oree. (Ec]jnse evclone?) (15) tr'ormation or disappgarance of cloud. (16) Ilate ard direction of novemeatr of,,shadow bands,, and theil.

Observatior of times earth's surface.

of

contacts ana

limits of shadow

on the

I17) Yar'arion oi magretin elenreuts. (18) Po-vchological aud phenological lesults-efiects ou men.
birds, irsects, and plants. (1,9) Ooloration of cloude, sky, land, anil
sea.

dimensions.

animals,

. Definitions.
Li,mb.*The appare[t edge of the sun,s or moon's clisc, Corono.-Silrery white luminous appendages of considerable extent around tbe sun. -A.t periods of sunspot mcxinra lbey fonn arr almosl, complete crrcle arouod the suo, but during sunspot mlnima vpry ex te[_ srre \nr,-g-ltkc streatrlers project lrom low lelituJe,; on pithet,-side of solar -eqrlsto-r. Ihe irnr.r corona is parrlS. gasoous, havinq a charac_ -1, teristic brigbtJire speetrurr, bur tle'oute"r io.oru .L1"", ,;?i;;;; (polsrzed) lkht. * _! !r:!^p.l"f!.-The. ruddy, belr, several lboue ands mites deep, surroundrng,the,bright disc of the suo. Tr consisrs of helium. bvclrogen, calcluo, ald other s.asei. Eomc of which are condensr.d to foim great clouds or focruli. T1e,re gases.. whicb arp eoolpr tlrun'rh" briiiipioio_ s.phere .below, absorb eome oI rbe light of rhe eontinuous"specrrunr -abio"l,rion Iayer). f.l::"r:i"Swhen thc causing.the cba,ra'crerisri" F"at,rboi." ,lrt photospheric liglr .is cur off during a rotal cilipsn l1no.. tbese e.levalecl gases momentari)v give rheir om clara""t"rielic briq'hi_ rlne spcctra, collectlveJv knolvn iis the chromospheric or , ,, flash
specttum,"

ersewnere-

Prominenrcs.-Flamolike projer"l.ions of :,netallie and orb.r vapouls, , whrch otten {onlr beautiful aigrettes above the sun,s polar regiori and

_ Umbra--The cole of chadow within rrhich the solar ilisc is com_ pletelv hiilden and the eclipse is total. ,. P.enunLrq.-Tbe reg,on of diminisl,ed liglt rvithin rvhich rhe solar clrsc rs trot all hiddcn ard ihe eclipse is partial. .lg vpars 1lj clays after rvhich ,Saros. -The Chaldaau erlipse cycle of eelrpses (4'l of the suo and 29 o{ tbo ruoon) r:ecur ia thq si,r" o",le" but fall ,120' further west on the earth,s surf,ice_ ,tboi.i 1er-i"ti-""fip"", "-"-' .' o{ 3} miautee ar.erage duration oecul in each pu":oa.
Notes on the Programmes

of

Observations.

Trro Cnocxnn Ecr,rpse ExpsorrroN or, Tr{E Lrcr< Olsrnllrony.

Ry Dr. R. J. Trumpler.
lou^rr.derl ranctsco) was erected 34 years ago on the ,summii o{ Hamilton (!,200 feet above sea-ievel.;, i" Ci-tii*"ir,-"i"rt"iOMount *tf,* south-east of San tr'rancisco. This institutior, ronicl to-ri-a rrart of the,Unirets.irl of Califolnia. bas rnadp a apecial study of toro-i 1,".1ip.". ol thc suD. anJ durirrg tho last J0 v.crs ir his senr nurner.orr. pxpedirions Lo att,palts ol fbp globe lor obsert..ing those phenouerra. Su,.b exnersive 9xl,ndrlron,j. were.tlrnde I,ossib]e L.y gelolou." gilts lrolr var:ou9 .lonors -W. rlterested rn such lesearchcs, especiallv from H. Crocker. of San

i.ran "^

TI: li:k
I

obser'tatorv'

br a gift from Mr. James lick, o{

rhe Univelsiry.of I#lll.-.-9. l{cgerr.of Ior thp rorsl eeli|seCalifomia. who also tnc preq.lrl cxt,edltlolr of tbe sul on 2J,;t Septcnrbor,
1922.

'supporrs

Walla-I, a-telegraph station on the \rinety-llile Beach, on the rorth_ west coast of Wcsterl Australia, -as sel.cied as obseruirlg ,iL. tfriu place, which is situatecl aibout 200 mites south-west'o] iji""*".

"n"""

good ,chance {or sky in September, accordinq to the mpteorological re.ords of rhe pasr. Tb" o"l;p;a;ili ,o,ij"it wurrur in, ihe u'frernoon, *h.o',t" uun UiiU t, tU" 3,1-, -lTr-J!_.illrcs uKy, ano t[e totalllr \v]ll lsst 5 m.in-tlies 19 scconcls, rhe loniest duratio:r of any of rbc obseiving srntions. To rrr"l"ui"

a very

.clear

l. l,

,,

.ouly one. dificutin that ot t"u"sp-tutiir-;;[i]r; urooaLlon Tor ttrltrg at sucb an isolated plaee.
ad-ded

il*"

rr"iiir"iil . f. j;f ;';"""*-

OLscnatorv Ixnp,lirio.n. is.equipped with a photographic t"rg, co,r.rrining ::,T::_10ol tbp sun 4.1 inehcs inan.objecrivi oii-;""f,". r p"""ir r"igi "i.g au tDaEe X"$ dr'rrmcter. Wirb this inslr umer'L "la rqel ocale photograpl.rs of the corona *iiL t ."."""i a"".l"g t"t"fitf, ?iif"*i"g I plogramme thai has beeo pursued "oo numerous fir."" "i,iirrr"r, lt rntentroo to pborograph rhe crescenr of ibe sun duriog thc 1.":",:3 Pi'llpse. sbortl.v parllal lls bclo-re and afler loraliry, and ro Iavc the momenfs or.Toeseiexposures recorded on a ctrronograph, so that ibey may serve to ootal11 tb-p r]atrte positions of rhe mool a-nd-tbe sun witb great"ancuracy, and. to chpek tbe calcularpd motions" of ihcse two .Lhe corroctDens Dodres.. Ihe 40-foot camera -of a square tube covered with has canvas,
and it.is oroetcd iu such a posi+ion rhat. according

Tbe

lick

.1" sun durrrg ibe erlipse. frs upper end, containing tle !l1u:,..o slPl,orind by,a nooden lorver. Tbe {rame carrvir! tbe 3lJ-lltjlf: ,r! pla,fe rs Dovalr-le-on pnotographrc
rue apparent oarlv motlon

c;

l;;la;i;;.,"ir .ill

ol tbe

rails, ard a cloekwork makes'it f"ollow

suD.

., Sevcral spcerrograpls will be used {or etudying ihe speetmm of luO COIOIA- ,nd nuDlerous minor ^h"^---+:^coroua, and nrimpr^rra hin^- obseryat:orr" a""e "plarrr"d'; ;il;;"; rhe *!9.rtr:, parr oIot, retativi ry. prog"a-m-1. l"*"".r.'il iU"'rui i^g or "clipse '....[ccorairg-i" f-rostern's- lheor.v ol relativity. According to this tleory. ileor.v ,tl. il.nfr. ?""*y of a rav or t]::,:ir.':. light passirrg near Irgbt prssrrg-near a boavv body like thp sun slould be d.viaierl from its bociy tile th" fr" A*ir'r"j f""[ ii. normal stralgtrt path to a slight curre by"u.i"Ioula the gravitational aun. Stars situated in- thJ sky close'to th"e sun,s air. action of the ,Loufa tn"" appear shifted from their normol placee by cer.tain amounts predictecl appeAr shrlted ilom thetr normal by the,theory. uY rl]elrneory. possible t" observc or photorraph .ft is, _hoqever, only possilie to otr"""" * pfrii"**of ,lt ts..howeler, slals
close ro tbp sun'B edge rJuriug a rolal eclipse, ruh"o ihe inteuse sunlight sbut ofi oy the m'oon, 6unlrghI is shut off by ihe moon. and tbe comino onlin"" ofiers a precious suut ou rne mooDlhe coturng (eclipse ing "ff"^ q nrpni^-" opportunity -[or te,sting t]is far-reac]ing theoiv.

were ,, 'fy9 !Ij" cameras-for 1be specially llre l,lnk Obser.valorr purposa

t i

.tect tong. arrd has rwo 5-in. Ilast,ngs_Brasbeat doubler oliectives, giving good defuirion ovnr a Iargc fie1,.1 15"degre"s,,quo*j,-ii ;" riror"t"a a polar a:is srd provided wirh a elocLwork, wbii,h makes tbe camera 9n iollo$'-lhe dail; mofiorr ol rhc srars. A visual quidinq tel.sconc of tbe same lergth is attachcd to the reqtangula" t.rLe two "oitainiog'tl,e il will Ic. pointed duriug tle -enlipsp or the 'Lrighl-star Beta T-me.ras; vlrglnls,.a-rd lhc observer q.ill have to qork durrngtbc exposures. so thar thjscorrect the notion of the clock_ star rcmailg ancurately on thr crol yjro o[ the guidine relnscope. -4. canvas houee has to"b" boi]t at. Wallal .arouud oaeh of rhe rwo insrrunrenr" to proteri 'if'usuiosr wind and Jrom the heat of the sun. The photogr'rpUi" piui""""#a ur" 17 x 17 -inches-, made of selectcd plate -glass,"so'as 6l" p*f""iti and |^irch_rhick. so as ro Iave'sufiieilnt .plane. "iqijirr. i*;-niaJ;s ,ill be-exposed lor 2j minutps durinq the frrst hal.f of toraljt.v. ihe platcholders will then te ehanged rapi-dly, and another pair of "plroiogiupU,

t)

fhc

-eclip-Bed

srrrr

c_onstructed at the workshop of oI photographing durine roraliiy and the srars around ir.- Onc-of tbcse .instriments js

l0
of the sarlre exposule time secured. The adtantage of a twin camera is to obtaiu two photographs at the same time. It is expected that these photographe will shorv at least 70 stars surround'ng the sun, some of them thirty times fainter than the {aintest stars visibje to the eye on a
clear night.

The seeond twiu camera is only 5 feet long, aud has two 4-in.' of excellent quality; it is quite similar in construction to the 15-ft. camera, and the same obsewing method will be followeil. The 17 x 17 inch plaies used x/ith this instrument cover a much larger part of the sky (16 degrees square) than with the longer camera, but the smaller scale will lot allow such a high accuracy of measurement. The oomlineil results of both instruments should not only give information about the deflsction of light for the stars nearest to the sur's edge, but they should also indicate at wLat rate the tleflection is diminisLed when tho stars are oituated at larger angular tlistances from the sun, and a comparison of this raie lyith that predicted by Einstein will form another dgorous tesi of th6 theory. To measure the deflection of light neai the sun it is necessary to compare the photographs taken tludng the eclipse (on which the otar images are slightlv shifted from their normal positions) with photographs of these same stars taketr at a time when the sun wae in a difierent part of the sky and could not have any influence on the light of these stars. Such comparison photograph,s were obtained q,ith the same instruments in IIay and Jvne, 1922, on the Island of Tahiti, where the geographical latitude and meteorological conditions are eimilar to those ai Wallal. The photographs taken during the eclipse ai Wallal will be compared with those previously taken at Taliti by very accurate measuree made with the aid of a microscope. tr'or none of the stars the shifi preilicteil by Einatein amounts to more than one-thousandth of an inch. In oriler to detect such a small quantity, greatest care must be taken in the adjustment of the telescopes. The Tahiti plates, as well as those of the eclipse, are also exposed on another region oI the sky, so selected that it remains praetically unchangetl at both epochs, and serves for detecting and eliminating any possible instrumental errors.
Ross-Brashear quadruplet objectives eituated close to the EuIr. Ii i6 the intention to Eeasure some of the photographs at Broome or Perth imrrediatelv after the eclipse, so as to get the principal results as rapidly as possible.

time be useil to search for a planet or a comet that might possibly

The photographs obtained with the 5-ft. camera will at the same
be

will include the determination of the wave with a grating ard the distributiou of coronium with an ob jective-grating spectrograph. Tle spectra of the inner and outel portions of the corona will be photographed with prism spectrog:raphs.
The specirographic work
Ieugths of the green aud red coronium lines

TonoNro Lirryensmy.

(2) ProfessolC. A. Chant, of the Ifniversity of Toronto, with whrim is associateil Dr. R. K. Young, o{ the Dominion Astrophysical Observatory, Victoria, B.,C., intends to iluplicate the tesi for the " Eiustein efiect " with a camera of 6-in. aperiure anil 11 feet focal length, with

1r he will make three short-and two long exposures. .W.ith the shorter d"t'ail shourd r,." 1"bsia, ,"a tu" ::f"T:":1,1h:,",.q1f.."], po-ssess this, addiriona I .r.atue.- Dr. ^uot j;;"'ir ,1,"." **trn ro, . D r.'l'rumpte r 1 o expjle. p"or"rror'-c-t ,il:"-1ll^!r.. 1o expos Prolessor -Cbanr,s comparisor flates w'ith lhe rlu while.r.t ose ror. tle' r_i"k' b u.selol,o", * _r^::"j l1 Cha.Dt will also teet the degr.ee o[ polar.izatiorr " :irlC^ sg]ar,cgrong "l9re6sora t*ir:ca-"* g_f-lhew_hi,ch

ii,t., Cr-pt.ii7"o;;"rrilrl.i#nla * ii-il;;;

*il
*

teugth. Behi-ld th'; ff-;1;;; nl"ot !'"i#'If,i""1, a+ of thipolarized light, while ril;;-i;d';iji #"irili, ",, ,lr. full illuoination. fumedia"tely before tn"-""fiir" ;;il;;:"r:# *"" mf""" the eelipse a phorometric scalo will be im,pr.inted upgn tbe sensir,ive plares. An attempt will also be im trve plaies. n0ade to pholograph the sbadow bands'obser bservable at the-beginning and end of tolality. (.3).MJ. J. Evershed, of Kodaikanal Observatory, Madras. will test " for tle " E nsrpin effecr,j rvith , rz-io. iripte tens;1r1 il; f;irii;il;; and will endcayour to me&sure tun ,ot"iio"-oi m"-;;;#";'it,*" spect-rograpL6 oI special design photographing ,lr" ,1..i* " ""'" siorultareously. Tle insrruioits ,rtit ti r"E tyi"i;;;;;r. o;t"iir"'ti*U"
iaches.focat a porlion

: -:y""9 rlhi*t ii:-:. *itt

i";;; ;;#';;o'i"i[#ta

Ppnrn OlsBny,rroar.

. (.a)_Mr. C. Nossirer, of the perrh Observatorv, will iletermine thc lorgitude of-tbe 'Wallal site from rad io-telegraplriJ ,igr rfr' radio-telegraphic signals i"o. l.rt"r_ from i.n national aud Australian starions. fn srt.l;ii",i ro phorographing terIn additior - ;i;;;"'"'^"#-^ .".. the :?l,.liJ:il *":,:era,of .5-in., apertu"" u"d io ]"#rJ"ij"i#Jiu,'iii,i'rri '---- -""" 'vv<r rvu6rs' !i photograph the sun durine the- r ouDute be.tore and alter tota.hty as u -r.^-r. ^- the _-r-r:_check on rL^ relative positio'ns u"O ai"-"t"rl, oi tlr" ,"" ,"a
Snnrsrr Exrrprrlow (pnrvlro), (5) {I. J. Hargreaves, a British amateur, will photorraoh thc corona witb a camera oI '19 fect focal leugtb.. fpd bt rr' g_i;: #lld; and will also obtain a continrrous phorogriphic ;#d ;iri; mlgnetic declination throughout the eclipse.

'

^r""1

Alar,,lrpr OBsrnveronr.

!9]^I _9r^1 P_:1yd], "f",!" ++elaide observatory, will photogtaph 11.*_-X:i**dupricat;orih;ii;kiti..-";";"n;;,;J,lir5J,Li,tfll'i by- Dr. Campletl, aod. will also,test ro"'-ihe";;iil;;ir?;t",7;Tj record magnelic variation on the.lines i"".tii,'i'on gramme. Professor Kerr Grant will *"r.ur" thu "i ttl-br"*i# value ol the p"opjlT*e. rrolessor measure tbe a.ii,ii" ;"1;;;1";"h" sunastiiic
scopic ileterminationsi,

light and corora by phoro-electric *"thodr,-uJ

;ill';;;;;;il;

"""H**_ spectro-

MrleounNr Olspnveronrrwilt conffue I?^-?:L* I&lg,wif, of . Metbourne Observatory, ,"a'i"l*,ity li:3rj",l,jfl of ,the ll,l1" :l*sdgarion of the di.i" il""t"i# :lt:fl solar pho;g.;i;J ,ii'iul"X i"rHl",lil :-f^S-. I*hl "o,ora,-"ri"g n;l,t ::?lT; j,h"-li'fl"i'^I:ilq-t 9i.;;;,- "J ;t? i;;."ii.ffi"x'io ,u" ljl,,k"t"l"r:t:-"y::*;*-r:.1^r".:,:."""iq,i.J.-AiiH;;"ii;;ld{ti,"i; is also being ,rcpareo to" ,ru *itr, 'u o"jori"i i" photoqraphino -pr"parid ror ude wtth a cclostai in thi green anil higher regions of the coronal sneitrrrefrhe co,onal speirrum. f[; p?oil;;;e';] 1isro.'1s c d ecrr n atio, p"; ;; ,H# *:,T:^11i:l,.Magnerism of the Carnegie'ialtiiiii"J ri, Temestriat "lf, lae"neti *iji u'"lfiX'i ,"r.

il1; ;dffi

;i

t2

Cooke. of Sydrey Obser.rator,.y, wil] tesi , "Einstejn tor. effecr.' rrLd also phorogral,,\ rlr" bcliograpl. bclrograph. iu addirior ro obrainins a .lull positional l,;.r^"- .ir ,r"^ "o"oo*,*;tl'r'pno,o_ ,iu eclipse. Obserrarions oI tbe sbadrin bands and photographic 6f the. "l,riiirg"?, full nosirionrt historv --.^-.t n}ofoorq-Li. or lho rDtcnsrry ot liglt duriug toialiry will be takclr. aud the recorcl be widfl,
rb-e,

(8.; ?ro.fessol

SyoNBy Orspnv-rrony_

W. E.

OI lhe tr]oon's shadow alo"o rha-'l153rd nieridiau ..r^ aloDg the i:l?.t -,^-;.r^.. detenninecl.
r")

Sroroy Uryrypnsrry. Yolwiller will photosrapll the ,,flash spectrum ,, f "I,^{::"^ll^O:,!. 5t1l":":llrS,:phcamera,i"rd";i;;;ff #it"1"l"11"iJ,iff iJa*, ot thrG eranes.ent o{ this eyanescent pheaomerou. Ee rill also ottriu u ,p"i"rrl -ryp;;"i";;"-,*0iili"i,." -r*rr."of tt" Tw_o 1"131,ol trIre l"ilb a histi dispersion. T"; types of photo-el6ctrie measureIIPDIS tolal *,X1- mtelsity of liEht rishl.*Lt,.i'"!: tI; .".r;"1 o-,-r ,^,^r pr*", 3:,?ti^"ll\"^ Spe"ial atie*pis-,.ifdrrlilto.r]a p;",ffi ""a',J,ii '-L^^ will made. iil:1iij+, 6-;il;"!""1r'f 'li
.b-e eorona.

;;;;i;

"*,"*

"

^ (10) Mr. D. G. Colcoau wiJl obscrve the magnetic elcrrlents at UooDgoola acc_ordirg to the proglamme oI the Carnegie Institution, I)epatiment of Terrestrial Magne"tism. Bnrrrsrr Asrnorot{rcAt AgsocrA,rroN (Svor-er.). Mr. .W. ,tr'. Ga1e. and members of ihe British _{sironomical !1.1). 1ill,pholograph th" G;;l-.;";;;;"",#i1",iij, i'i,i *m iii"'ii1"J,1"1"' r*" 91y"9 th" shadi,w^ b;ds- ;d-""1,,;;; 12-in. mir:rols of 10 feet ro""t r*gih'";" i""r,,i"d" #ii""lqr]i".i""tl Aueloauerro Wrnrlrss (Aostn,rr,esre, trrlrrreo). (12)- Mr. J W. Eooke, General Mauager of Amalgamated .Wireless (Australasia) !uu,, wilt. oir b"hafu of ibo uommonwealth rstralasia) Lrd., wnrt on_ oel]alr--ol 10 Meteorologist, ]:::"'.-,1*./ ltd., will, on behalf ,f ih.B;_;;;;?fi*il+;;;:;1:",

O-r.nraera INsrrruuo*.r,'lyesanveroN D.C.. U.S_A.

#::l,ll'l

;'"*"

:il;:rx:: ionizariou or the aruospbele due ro rbe passagJeI rhc r;;'p;;;;"'"[ ,ir'"'".1iiJ'.il"a"*. ec'iipse shadow. Tllrr-11:" of rhe aimospbere dr; rae varrarron *J*":l:::trl:l:,wilt lisien .[or ro measure tU.rD srsrars, and tLo lalg,, e-rperiuenfa I pla n I , .will bc uspd "r.*ffin'#'it" 1r"r"r, l:1]:"9 9.totle aerial iq addirion ro derermirring , "'y" "t",,g""of"*rr,,, front due the eclipse.

fi fr'Jff fl

;r,"3i;:tdT#f,i:-.i:;il1fl "lil;?dl:nl:;l;p*::,"rJ:n;:rlt: il:,:',ff fJ:-.iililifl "li;:Junl:L"l;il$:i,_rf

Couuolru,rer-trr Mprponorootclr, Dr:plnruorr. .(13) TIe C'omrnonwealrh J\leteqre]qgis1 bas supplied r6e Wallal d i Erped.il ioos rb a)t rFc.ssar y aI"iulr"rlgi* t instrui.rt",,, 111.9 "g:il*jf .roi nrents, inclldirg- special ..quict-ru, " Or"odui,U. rrenrs! rDcllldrDg spccral,,orrjck_run.".barographs l;";il;tb"ermograpls. and M.ete-orological 6bse"v.rs alolg r,he limits of lhe shadow wleleorologrcal observcrs along ri"rits of'rh" Ianrl asked to. report the actual boindary "hlar*'iu'"i"iriff U, th;;;";i;;;" ..l.itij"'*rri"il iotalitv is observod and to resord any"f totality r^+^^-^r^-:^^r pho,o*en". ed, a,,l rn ran^..I .-- meteorological -a-

Notes on the Total Eclipse of the Sun,

1922.

2lst

Septernber,

By C. J- Llerf,eld, F.R.4.8., Chief Assistant Astt onome.t., I, ictoriu. Duting the afternoon of Thrrrsday, 21st -septeuber, a total eclipsc of tle sun will take.place. rlr" oii*r'ec-l$s"'"* i"il"rjt"a i" uppotzers I onon Llet ltns[ernisse, and numberod i{5g_ "i"-e"ts

I3

.. The eclipse begins on 20th September, at 14 hr.s. 4 lciu. Greenwich ,"ii .Tint t!,Slds at re brs. io..,rrins. rJr ,h;;;;b _;**y;:" r.0 wrrr ue vrcrole as & partral eclipse

tr il:, tr1 #ry"of

iitauds
.the

ro,l",

for the -,
o

o"tu

Tas_ i-whole iil [iia";;* ro", io,i,

ot-Austraiia,

, ;rrL to tbe north of New Zealaud. of ihe tine marked out ry th" oi tr" 91"":Llr:**""-11._position raoon's shadorv as it passes over Ausrralia. uuuua srraoo'w rt Tl_ris w.ill be total as geen -h'om plaees siiuated wirhrn s zo.o tuIi"t eclifse .^ wirhin a zon. wlich --,^-r^ ,o-u di.tuo,." e;re;J; ^ -1: cent"e ri"",,t'w;ll;, gradually to Bt :1jl :,_d"*-"$, jhl :l"ff,,l;,:: 60 miles

iX3;,r"",1r" south orfidia l:1,,0",rl:,1,:"^,-y:lir.;:""",u!""i'i,lil#,u,Jrjiilj'd.il'j; #:i,:g fT tl.e Dlr th-west and.;il-t,h;i;r b,ffi;l;; ffi1il'i;,:l,ii::? ";;,1;.;1d1ffiH'rlT::,ij q" Yqlpl,' in New $2.lhDa, ";;,; ;f ffi co-asl, eudiug lorgitude So-uth Walcs, ou ;f T#,ilr.,,^ffi in ]onpit,.lo .,zqo vvarcs on r-be east coasL, eudius l^+l* ir f"{: laritude B0; 1dlxq l?2" 36'easl, and south "

touphes rhe Tl"^Tr:_.:{^lOr -"on)s shadow.first j#;ilid"?B earth,s surface at j,JJiiiilfll *,u" tr-e,1 u po;; i" ""?z,l l,?rlT;9,;:"::-ilo

ji:

*{iIl

;;

"J

mid-Lotatii-v being about is not intended-here to outline any.programme for the professional 'onom"em, wbo will_be welt equippeo tDwer equip most Tl:9:,o-""*r, tbe wil _be well r.nurppeq rn mosr cases with insrrDh*+" instrumeats suitable for j".;," i,1"'-""'" several problems'f6r wbich tf,""

"i"l"fti"". ,0,.T,1111'"-,'Jl X""lX;,ffi} lT*iil,"t.otserving srario, in Ausrratia. Atr tflryill" 5 m' t9 d" tue altit.de oi tIe sun ar
ft
they desire data.

;i*i;i:f;ffi

I1:"t{r^"*:r:::_ irovided in rhis,boo}ter is intended fo. the mouii quu l*,^,*"r*f-_=l1gy-a33,0u,.-er"a".a""ir"",i,?#"i,"iil";,i",#i#.i,1 rn science. l{everth"luss. tI""" i" erlain informatiou !a(c au rnr'prest that will be of use nh.t i.+..-"* to the --^r- , , " and interest +^ *r.^ professional also.
W-onx caurera

wrrr

Onorrveny Caarnnes.

rne

.,.-.Xl lrd,ou", -provided wirb a leus of the anasrigmatic or leetrtrDear iype. not less than ihree-quarter. r" i""l i, ip"it"", ura ol focal length g inches or Ereat -ruo", -oi "f

lens of aborr l6 ro J8 inrhes i""ri"r"rg-"rr,,'Jra moou neartv rro-rentls of an ineb in "d.iamet.r. st.reaoers lbat become valrnhli rceords. phase are of little scientifc value i::l,S. Tl"u iii r'" p""i"",!al-.fu"
combrnatroDE

blt

'il ;;;;i":;#"L

13IJ'?u*'

;il.t#:;'J"*jl1il
t-i'"1r"ilr".,"#
i[""'lru"uat

i:fl'l{.}ff l,;"p::iidd

under certajn conditiors, will give use.ful

*g"il*, ii ,il_"""*i" "lti ,^a pi;r"g;";hr';"I

are,useful.

as desired.

*"j*:1,*

l*,:1":i: &.ilS to obtain ncgatives or rhF coroDa. aud exrersions. Thc resurrs lrom thrs tvpe o{ lers a.ro certainly of. srie;tifc ;;il'if i;e nampla be -rnouoTpd on aD equatorial stard as"used fy-r"r-"#""r. ,ra if be provided,"ro cbmpensare ro" ib"'*o1i&i]'rn. axrs qheir oxposures of coosiderable lengtb can be made. ","",i ".-ii, The lens may wifh advantaEe be s tr'.11 to tr'.16, aod e*posu,*s ,r i tr.16, and exposur.es -a-oecond f:T_-:_*,1t":,11i 11 ??, to a or tlree seconds civen if th..; mera is fxed maximum of aloui two m^Dhr-,i -- explained above, then r ,1 exposui", ,i ,;yff lle canrclg ('au 6a ^--r^:-^-i a"i"rii#-"u'ilUJ

IjLr"iT":{q:-"j lens; rbe Ado.n. {or example, ean be used- wiib'i-n equi_ rarerr ropal lengrtr ol 40 to d0 inrles, gir.ing images o-[ the -tour to fivc-ientbs of ar incb. rl"r'uio"."i ,r"'t ignly moou;i ab' ut *fr*?""ria"a ,"

Ii

is quire po.sibt" io c,btuiJ giod'd.';rl,io,,

B:m,"dru:,lel:1,#,t,*,:;t,lj

:i:*:fi

r,u-,lllli*

*"an

t
i+

,l

to tlle altitude of tle suD at the tirDe of totality. ll'hc direction ancl altitude o{ the caruela eau be tlet"rmincrl the da"r prior to the eclipse hy arlargiug the carnela to gct al iroage of the sun on the grourrd glass screen tt the t lne calculated for totality on the day of the eclipse; the carnera should thcn bc l,llpfuliv l'rrotncrpd oIor njgbr r,irb s,,,n," corcriDEt. ',uirabln Such plecaution can lre r;oidcd, ]ol.ever, if the 'r'are|proof pror.ideti camei'a is rvith a finder which is accurate erough to use with a long {ocus leus. The locussing mrqt be carefully done Iy gettilg the image of somc ter r- diqtant obiect on the liciving screen, and using a magnifying glass to examin,; thn imxge to sce that ir is quitc sharp. A rnore seicrtific rnethod is to uekc sclcnrl obselvations .o*" doyi plior to thc eclipse. T{ l'e takc seleral regatiles of the moot or othel briqht obicct, ii is possitle to socure them on the same plate lrr a sma'll alteration in the directiol tol'ards r,hich the camera is lacing betrvo-"n eacl exposrue. At the sume tinre, r,i'c lal,y the distance betr.eerr the platc ald lens. nriling )rutes xnd tndrks ol the bedplate of the camcla aieach exposure, ivhich can be lr:colcrccl rvithout di{lictlty. After the plate ha,s beeu der-elopecl, fixed, rashcd, and dried, ir-e care{lil1- cxalrire t}e several inages of tlrc obic3t acloptetl for the experiment. Hatirq 5cl.-g1q6 1h,, image ihat is sharp lnd clcar we set thc carrtcla to the rnark correspondi11g to the exposure. The exposures for this opelation rnal bc arbout
three seconcls duration

Ilauy of the gr.dirrary stalds suppliod 1rith,larDeras are ehno$t use lessl sornc ean, holve\icr, be made available. It is befter to clump the caDrera to a stroug piocc of timber alout 12 iuches tide aud 1 inch tliick of the lelgth neccssary, so arraugerL that it can ibe devated

if

the moon is photographerl.

Another accuratc method of iletermining the {ocus ean be applicd At the approximalc focal distancc insert a plate making ar anglc of 45" rvith the axjs oI t}e carrrera arLd e,rpose it rt Dight on the south polar reqiol of the sky. Tlie lcsultirg star ilails qill be sharply clcfined oilv alorg one line across the platc, and that position malks the focal plane.
when a box is used in place of the ordinary camera.

The usual photographic plates oD-thc urarkct ma)' be usedl special plates are rot rcquired. Thc trade emulsions haye bccr tcsteil on mary occasioDs alcl forrud to be quite good enough. Sperial rapid, orthochrouratic, ol pauehromatic plates will be Iound quite srritable with speeds, say, 250 to 400 I{ tt D. Arr excellent dereloper can }e prepared by using 240 qlails soc'liuur sulphite anh)'drous, or twice the rveight if il cllstals, 24 grails of arniclol dissolvcd itL 20 <tz, of r.ater il the oldrr gir.en. PotassiunL blonride is rot to be rrsed; it is unnecessary, and lends to dclote filc dctail ard gladation. Develop {or a period of aloui six to oight ririrutcs, keeping the plate ir the dish cor-ered l'ifh a piec:c oI cardboard or aD-y opaqlre ir:thtalcc, arcl aloid handling the log,rtive. Th. timn {or rJer:clopmcrrt uali be reducecl to a period of betreel four to six mirntes if the temperlltule exceeds 70" F. Il thc teurl)cr&turc of the derelopcr rxuch excecds 70o, it rvili be rrisel to :rwait cooler conditiors. or use ice in thc sevelal operatiols, in order to avoid flilling ard othcr tr'oubles dre to rflrying tenpcratules of the liquids rrccessary for completing the rregrriir.e. Fix ir hypo. 2 oz. to 10 of u'atcl, Th(,u s-asl thor.oughl1.

l5
The following conditions are important :1, The ca-mera should be firmly supported. iOrdinary stands usually supplied with cameras"are g"r"r.tty *dt",.]-*"

as

2.

It

maX be desirable to have some form of flniler attached to the camera,-if-ir is not already providod with _,. ,-_.''" so that _:- image, Iormed by th'e 1ens, ,qry ue " "Jiff""."". so that the rnrage, forped by thelens, may be correcr,lv Dlaced ru4bw, rvr ulu uy ulE rEusr .rlray l" corr"ffi rrlaced correcllv rl,rthrr the area o-[ the pla.te used. Tliis is especiiti" l_portant where Ions foca.l leagths qra rrqp,l whele long lengthq are used.

The correc fo-cus may be obtaired (a.) bv carefully viewinc tl,., rrnage oI a- drslaDt obje..t oD the grourd glass: (6) bv ta-kinE a. senes oI phorographs of some celestial obiect 'at'varvin!

dlstances betw_ecr plate a1d lens and markirg the caieri Dase a(cordrugly; or (c) by the sloping plate -and star-trail the orrentation

c.

of rhe solar axis may be d del,ermined' {rom s perpcndicular-line through the image. This -uy be accom] plished.iy taking or pnshed-.bJ takrDg oD a separate plate a pholo-qraoh o{ n itrt" u pUor.,!""p['-oil ptuur0 true placed some 15 or 20 -[eet distani with-ouf movino l,be. eamera from its position when the neqatives !r.e. camera rrom rts positiotr nesatives o.[ thE t.he crlpwu sull were eclrpsed sun vere raKe[- tbe lers ]eing stopped' dolvu foc tens bel[g stopped to FB2. -[aken, Or th:e top side--of the iaurera back fay b'"';;; h#;;i by using a small spirit levei. Wben.placing the photographic plates iu the carriers. make a pencrl mark_otr the emulsion side in tlo tor, risht hsrrd percrr mar&.otr euulsron tho top "iJlr I",,a corner. W-hen the plato is in the carrier tUis f,r" at -'r"t i"iif be ll the top left-hand corner of the carrier ;il;i; ;;ffir side of the plate faces the lens. This mark will h;.-" side plate -ill be reailily "i;jplatr seen on the plate. after deyelopme_nt, and gives i;;;;;; piece of iuf ormatioir regardin! tn"' ori""iaiio"?:ili"roo,, "" image. Notes shoulcl bi of thl- act"ai-ii*" tili er?osure wae made, or it should be refelreil to the duraiion ^udi "*r, o{ time from tbe beginring of tomi;iy. ----*

It is importart that ibe true

vertical should be known. so that

made.,an{ attached the l{^"-1,"*^hl"b:: }: tox to ue so conit""Jt"i L"i".':91::,1h" in position a plaie c-arrier.

a Trlrscoprc Or.racr Gl,l.ss ron protoereprtc punlosrs. ,an ordrDary tclescope An ordinary telesco may b. used for obtainirg phoiograpbs. Tele_ scopes oT oblt-cttvcs 11,itb ,? ro 4"inchee nn.l 1o""." or obtt-ctrvcs 11,irb 3 4 inc}ps and largii aperlur"s, r-^..:-"-.*__- having io ElleeIr nnes tbe aperture may' be ,fgeal,Jc3Stls of fronr.twelv-e i,9 ffltegl tiT,es the. ipertire mav be usetl

Usp or

lh"-:f,S:

i,

oct#",'"ilirlL"i"a t,
tti,i'ii'riri",ipp",,

i""#'"til? :ii:.:g lilfl.rh" l-ar,rps wrth rhe refraclive index of tJre gtass l,:I"il'":: ,.i.,: :lIl::,igl that -forors the objert glass. -As au approximatlm may placeil, at a distance ofr-goth to 1-40th';f ;t; focai il. ,fri_'"_, be d israr ree or- r -so b t" r_40r-h' ;i the ;;.ri r*i,[' r]',-u" !1i:."-!, :, ule rearer to.the object_ glass than the visual fil" i;. - ;i';X;;-"i he lens, vu.lF,u crass LUar r.trc vlsuat locus ts. .\ series oI pholo_ ncleerial objecr _.n.itl "r;' b. ;;"";;r;.';."'"ffi;d; flig"b..:"if .so.me au apertul.e cxptartrect. usrnq cxplaltre(l. usrng apertur.e of I.16 or lpqs tha +alo"";-. .,.L^ L^:__ F..l6.or less, the teleseope tub" Ueiog permancntly malked to correspond with the sha.pest ,irt til;h;;r;.i;;;"';;;-,, i.;g"";t;r;;;; ^the uegative.
r

taken as ID uncorrected teLs, thal is, one in which ih6 visial and entinin f^"; llr uncorrected rhe visual actinic foci ,coincid.ent. Air allowauce has to be are nor ;tr;"] ffi;,""; ocusSrng ser,siti\.e plate ;oto tUe ptr,,"-oiiti" r.ti"t"

From a photograpbic poirrt of view rLp objecr glass rrray be

;;d" ;il;

16.

Another rcerhod is Io ptace a lceak lens in lrort of- the wolking )errs while focussing by visual-mearn, anil removrng it before -tLe e-xposure. This correctin-E lers rousr remDorarjly shorteu t.be {ocal ]ength lo l}e trecessary degrEe. It is mrrch ietter ind easiei', however, lo obtain rhe aetinic iocuJ bv ihe trial and error method explained above. Alternatively, if the image on the ground glass is fo;ussed rvith the object glass at -tulI'aoerture aui tbpn stopped dorvn ro, sav, F.45 or F 64 when used to lake a photograph, salisfactory results ma; be obtaine,l; but tlis method is nol, so strorgly recommeoded. YrsueL OsspnvetroNs wrrrr Sta'r-r, Tpr-rscopps. is stated by Mr. Maunder, an asironomer o{ conside-rable eclipse experience, " thai valuable work can be done with portatle telescopes, ofmodorat" aperlure) on tripods. or with the uaked eye." Providing'the observers have had some preliminarv training or expbrience ii' rapidty delineating natural objects, -this-may-be -corr-ect. bui the results oLtaiired at many- eclipses seem to be of doubtful va1ue. Ilowever. the iDstruetiors and merbodi of Mt Msundcr are bere quoLed (J ournal ol the British Astronotruical Associ,ali,on, YoL. XY., No. 8, p. 3t 7f ). ^ " Distinctlv the nost important observatiol which the worker with such a telescofre (from 2 to d inches aperture) can make is to draw,-with -higi1 a moderately " power, the etructuie of the corona in some small and deflnite rqgi.on. fle sh;uld perfectly prepare himself. from the 6rst to entiroly'ieave on one side thd idea of a generat delineation of the who'le "The attempt to do so would be-doomed to-failure, and if any "o.oon, sketch were made ii would be perfectly valuelegs. The obserter should have fullv made rLp tis mind before lte eclipse as to tbe region in rvbich he orooo"ses to work. The regions most Ukelv to be fruitlul are ('l) ,orid iiLb"" of ihe solar poles-; (2) in'the .neigbbourhood of a bright orom.incuce: or (3) at thi rooi of some principal coro[a] streamer. ' " For the bptter'performance of this tind of work. the eye should lot be fatiEued bv observinq the progrois o-[ the eclil,se before tora]ily. rhrouEh- the t"lesnop". Thii niay-be dore, iI de.ired, by an assistrnt .,.irrs"a DtoDn" dark slass befor. ihe ocular', ald be may also undertalrn ro u"noo,ioo" thc timi of approaching toralit,r. lt is rerv imporlarrt to preserire the sensitiveneis of the eye for the observation of the

It

ecl

lf observers orovided with telescopes could arrange to work accordirrg to a preconcerted-plau, difrerent parts of the corona iogeth;t".o""rl co;ld be apporti;ned among ihemselves iu such a manner as to give, bv their asereerte reeults. a nomplete representation of ir." ' A suita'L']e suldivision mav be efipcted for rhis purposo by- r"folence to the tliagrarn No. 4. The iun's tertex may be deicrmiued by observins a nluirb line. anil is necessarr i:r ordet'tbat tho drawing may be pr-operiy orienteil, i.e., n'c5 bc subsi'queully tjcrred nith tbc lruc rerticrl in the correot position. Yrsuar- Osspnv!'rroNs !!-rrn tga {Jx-u.rpnp lvo. . The observations which can be maile rvithout optical instruments mry bq.gtouped in rhe foJlorting diviqio'rs:. i,r' ,, (1) Skeiches of the 'r corona."
and stars.

ipsed sun,

it

"/

Srorcqps ol rrrl Conona. " The sketching party should consist of about ffve persons four lr.r draw details of single quadrants, and one to sketch rapidly the gencral
features.

A convcnient scale is a disc 9 incLes in diarnctcr. to rcureseDt the black disc o{ thc moon. Observers sLuuld he plovidij rvil1r'1 s1i11 piece oI bliish-coloureil paper about the size of foolscap, rv-ith a circle 2 inchcs in diameter in the micklle, the firlucial linei, as sholn iu diagram No. 4, being faintly marked thercon for tcfeleuce if desired.', On thc diagrarn sLorvn the coucentric circles are at a distarrce from each other of onc-fifth ol the noorr',; radiue. ard ale irrtrtDcleil to he rrsed as a scalo for the drasing. lnterrals of oue-quartcr thc moon's ladius rrrigl' Ln rr"erl iI tbaJ frcnrion iq morn lpcdil.,, a1,pr,,nirLnd brLc , r-". TLc lpr,'ircl an,l borizonrrl lirres d,,tirro rh" quadruriro, Fo rbar ibe tot, of ihe veltical lile agrees vith the actual apex of the su* as deffuccl ltl.a
pJuLoL

line l,rojP.r.d rpon ;I.

Dagram.

ruhite chalk ald one oI thq srnall blrrckl,oar.cl: corlrlorrlr- used bi school ,,hilclrerr, on rrhich the black disc nf th,,rrroorr n,ighr Ir,,i.prr,sor,i,,cl br a

,\ corl'elielt outfit for. sketlhirrg lh(

rololrtL

ir

uirld be u trirce

o{

c1r535..2

l8
cincle 4 inches in iliameter. .These articles give an ailvantage over paper ancl pencil in ttrat the white chalk is a tlirect anil not a r-eversed

(or negative) inilication of the luminous corona. Moreover, a little manipulation with the ffngers easily procluces ffne gradations.of lighi and shaile. A pioce of dark-red chalk might prove handy for marking in any prominent parts of the chromospheie. The board shoulil be sup. ported with the groater length vertical.
Ogsnnvauo.us

or Sseoow

BaNos.

Duriag ihe progress of the partial phase tlere is nothing of very until the sun ie almost covered by the moon, although before that time arrives the shailorrs cast by foliage begin to have a
special interest

peculiar appearance. The sunlight, shining through every small

space

among the leaves, insteail of forming a litt1e circle of illumjnation on the surface of the ground, shows a small crescent, an image of the partly covered gun,

Some teu rninutes

ilarkness tbegins to become evitlent, the remaining light, coming as it tloes from the edge of the sun onln appears to be mush altered in quality, proilucing an efiect very like that o{ calc.ium light, rather than sunshine, as stated by Professor Young in his treatise on general astronomy. Animals become perplexed and unsettled, birds seek a resting place as if it were nightfall. The temperature of the air falls a few degrees, and a slight dew has been noted.

or a

quarter-of-an-hour

prior to toteliiy

the

the upper and lower edges of the shadow cone may be seeu by an obselver outsidc,the area of total eclipse, and the angular distance- of -horizon these boundaries &om ihe zenith and should'be noted. Stars may appear in the shadowed portion of the sky. The sharpnoss of the shadow's edge is rrorthy of comment.
. Ol every .hite surface bands or fringes appear, ahernately light and darkl these ibands are waye-like pulsations of light and shade, and ruay be observed for a few seconds, not exceeding alout thiriy, just before and after iotalityi at soiue eclipses they har.g not beerr-in evidence. Theeo banils haye been compared to the appearauce of sun'light reflected {rou the rippled surface of a poud. o{ .water on to the Jurface of a white wall; they are e few inches wide, and from 1 to A feet apart. Th-ey_ seem to be gelerall;r parallel to the edge of the moon,s shadow, aud trhe rate of moyement is someihing like 12 miles per hour. The ptrenomeuor has not yet been fully explained; thev Irlay be due to atraospheric refraction of the light coroiug frorn the rer;, uarrow strip of the sun's limb iusi at the time of its disappearan"", o" posiibly i : diflraction efrect at lbe edge of the lurrar tlisc. - -

ff the observer has a clear view of the western horizon. he mav note the arrival of the moon'e shadow. It may be seen approachinq,"much like a heavy thunderstorm. ft adyanceir with greai-iapidity uutil it completely euvelops him. The axis of the shadow will approach the observer situated in Eastern Queensland from a point about 9 degrees io the northwards of the due.west point. Ifniler favorable circumstances

r
I

19

. A convenient method of determining the directron of motion of the bands consisrs iu placing a *hite .heei'"o"olt ;;;t"il #*iil""'e"orro ard, secu.rrng it ro wooden pegs placed at converienl places.- Tbo oDservalrons,consrst tn placing a long straight rod or Iatb parauel to the drrection of the bands; the aziuuths of the of wood rods or '"f laths ll"-""*pi* f-*ur.."t ."a"t""_ -(i.e., thoir relation io the points mi"ned after the eclipce. Several'rods .lrrfa l" pi""il"trXa ,urf"a qrrererfly, so that
i

muutes be[ore and again after totalily. Even larger parties of four or more may with advantase work *'io" o ; togerher, ernTr havi"o a single ,l-6-i+^ 1,..- to'p"iioi.. ' Totio"*io" Ither- eac[ having " .i--1. a"nriJJ"iy "it ;l-."J"t i^'.J-*";with these observatio-us of ihailow bands. it is important to ascertaiu bands, very care.fully the direction and force ot il" *ioa_' e"ltt"tii"-ldrt De nrade the bands, this h;" l:r*1*, to photograph tLe band6, as tii.' has Dot _yet beu succesofu.hv
aehieved.

the shcet.in a giv-en time, say ten scconds, :lil-,"."9* a nxed,pornt onpersor.s stlourd be coun-ted.. 'livo m,ght coubiue their iflorta jn oDservatron, It rs quite worth while Iooking for these bands a this few

they may be ideutificd. The direcrion of tbe bands cxanges a ,er the time of totality. -A. foot_rule should be placed on rbe sheet a.[ righf angles ro tbc ianrls, ,o tUri Jirrri"J iirr""o them may be^ more readily estimated. tr'urlher, the number of bands

*"

",

;;;'y"t1;;;;#i,iil

or ?r_eNrts ewo Sr-els. Duri-ng the inter"val of totality stars bf third m-agrritude and brighter usua.lly -become visible to the uaked eye. It is a"ilrrlf" to-iu-t.t tU" sky in t\e vicinity of the eclipsed eu, io" th" J"t"-"iio" o] uor'ri"Lr"*o object which migUt ouJeur wrucn lutgtrt be wrthln the resiou. It may ho meniioned ,r.-withiri lhe region. lr msv be -""i;*",r col,ets lave blen seen ou such oocasi"one, for instance, l"-th" '"i, i" that i"st#ce. in the years 418 +r* Td i8.q?. lf an unknown ob.ject !e."*, th" obr""*"- rUorla'"oiinrut"
OssEEyATroNs

la retat:on to known objeers thar are a]so visible. using the diameter of the moon as a unit of" distancerrs posllron

3, wlich, will be.fourd loose in the pocket on the back cover, h,T n&g been prepared t^ assiet- i- +Li- .l-^- of-observation. 'Obr;;;;J "--Clh-11t Drenerp.l to oec;.+ in this class ^a-^L^-----:Pf"" sootr.ld Inake therr1sel'\'es well acorrainrod with rh. positions acquainted wirh the ^^";+;^-- ^, t.-...._ of knowll be,visibte abovJ.the **t""J"ri,""""i" ;H Pl,:"^ll;:h :,11 :1,,"hg*1. ^.At.Goondiwindi, th"_;1;i;"d";i th" *ri",#,"," be about 21o ; at Stanthorpe ard f,i"t""n"ia, uforfZiil

i:l*

#sf,ffi; *iI

The.. chart _ .which should be piry,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,e{ up. before the ws the, positioas.of Juprjer (zj, s,t","irrl,-iu*""iy observer, positioas,of Jupiter (z-i, sarurn'(h). Merc;;; f$i,'"f"" :l:*: 11". mrgn(ude star -Beta f $i, the second magnitutle star^ Beta (p) Leonis, Gamu a (y) Vjreinis seco-nd of tbe r,hird magniiude, and r"h"l' (g)'Leonis. f,rrf G,'1' r.,; Tbera (0) .:h:9-::*lt:i,',,:-"j of about tireLeonis. " t,r,i" [""'i,i b;'i';h;;."; other Btars are.indicared, otber stars aie indicated, aboui rhe f fo"rrt, magnitude, *jiii a con-r"";r.,,,1" within the po,iti;i;l:iul, :il*1,!1"-:::1.:l the sky surrou.rri"s the chart-dur.ing ,,"-""i"y "r these stars visible mar be_ ma lnese stars,vrslbte mav 6e marked on chart iluring totality. Tireie iLe;; san be no doubt that the i:iree plaDet6 shown will [e readily can io ree detected, as also Beta (p) leouir, and prolably Cr.l*, tyj^'ii+ri"

Mrscrr,lar-eous Nexro-ryr OesBnve,rrows.

I

withiu the zotre of totslity uight watch the aporoach "i""iilltr.ou of the lunar shadow, making ,iy that may appeal to them at the ame. "3t". "f
-Obser"vers a-nil departure

20

Those situated at elevated stations, and having au extensiye view of the sountry to the rvestward and eastrard, rvill "have the best opportunities in this connexion.

of the moon,s shadow of its ierrible rrrenacilg aspect, like a-hulncane rushlng olrwirrd lt a speed really frightful. ,llhe detectior of the approach of the shadorv ol-the earth-,s sniface is more di*Iicuit. The time at rvhich the shadorv r.eachcs ihe obserr-iug station, ancl agairr leaves it, should be toted. Er.el obsen ers ouisiCe the zorre of_ totalitl may uote the shadorv cole irr the skv as the withdrawal of all scattercd light renders the stars visiblc. Such aD observatiou was made at Melbourne in April, 1911, irrmecliaiely pr.ior to the shadow :ltliking the ealth fullJ- 200 miles further east, on the coast of Nerv
easy to dctect the approach

. It i.r-cornparatir-ely in,the.sliv. lhnv

observers speak

Sou

t.lr Walos.

_.-Colours also ua.y be lookpd for on thc clouds, possibly due to the diffta, rion of ligbt ar tbe pdgp of thc Doon. The colours of the sky, laud, or sea {urnish anoiher class of observation especially suitable for those rvho have had an artistic traiuing. These ohservers, aud those uho are rvatching the shadow, rvill find it to their advantage to adopt the same precautionl they should mark out the north-south and east-west lines, further diliding the quadrants into se.ireral equal parts. If many obserrers are alailalle, thev should divide the horizon according to their number. Thlee observers to each quadlant would be a conrenient arrangement, Each obcerrcr should record his observatrions under the three time divisiolis-bef ole totality, during toiality, and after. totality-ard under the four heads-land, sea, sky at horizon, and sky overhead.

.\nother observation that can be carried out )y a party of observers situatcd near the,Iioundaries o{ the zone of totaliiy is to distrirbute themselves about half-a-mile apart on a line approximately at righi angles
obscured

calculated position of the boundary with that olserved. The position of thc ohsorvpr sLould hp nored in rclrtior ru rhF larrd l,uurrdaiins :n the vicinity, the corner) for instancc, of some surveyecl block of land or road. .{ railrrav station or post ofrce rvould also be an easilv identified locali t1.

to the direction o{ the boundary, and note if the sun irr completely for a {erv moments or if a thin liuc of sunlight is visi}le along the lim} of tle sun. From this data it is possible to compare the

Grafton is a suitaible place {or these opelations oll the southern Olservers might distribuie themselles to the southlvard at valyiug distanccs. At this tovn, totality begins at 4 hours 1.4 minutes 55 seconds, and.the calculatcd duration of totalitl i6 about 21 seconds. Each olsen'er should note the duration ir secords of time if the total phase be r.isible. Ou the northern boundary, somc 7 nile-c to the rrorth of Cliftou, sinilar obscn'aiions could bc made.

lirnit.

Obsellations o{ this uature, if conducted in a svsternatic naruer, sorne consideralle scientifir: -r'aluc, and may be readil;carriecl orrt bv anr ole having a timepicce that kccps a fair rate rvithout

lould be of

2t as it is ouly necessary to note the duration visible, l,hich can be clone rery rvell rvithout optical mears, as the phenomena of the begiurLing and encling of totality a knowlcdge of accruate

of the time of totalit;,

if

tine,

arc almosl inst rnl adeL,rls.

Puotoon-ltgv ol rfl.E LA\Ds,.!pL, Erc.

-t\ scries of photographs of the laldscape Iefore rlrl flItcr totality and one at uid-eclipse may be takct, and rvill scrrc a uscful purpo,rc. lfhey could be used to test the questiorl as to the cllficrcnce in rapidity of the coming on and eoiug ofi of the darkness }efore and afiei' totaiity. Any ordinary camela rvill do, plor.idcd that the cxposule shutter cari be

carefully timed irterlals, and subsequently dereloped under exactll sirnilar conclitions, the dif{ereuce of derrsity coulcl be mcasured rvith a photometer anrl anl difiererce leadii"v dotectod. The more exposLlres made the better. It is specially recomilerrded that t$'o, at lcast, be taken in the fir'e miuutes immediate'l;' prcceding and, follorving totality, say, at fir'e ruinutes aud at three urirrutes befole and after respectively. It is essential that the plates or' films be ol the oue kird and cmulsion number, and carefullv uralked in some colleuicnt rray fol identrficatiorr. Those taken at coiresponding interrals prior to aud aftel totality should Ie developed in pains in one dish, in oldel to make the couclitions preci:e\y similar; use fresh dcr.eloper {ol cach pair" for a perriod of abott six minutes, provided tle exposure is iust sufficient {ol a normal uegative ritl the plate or fi1ur ald aperture used. A siock of cleveloper should be prepaled sulicieut for t}re batch of plates, slicl exacily thc same amoult taken for each pair. Fix fol tcn minutes iu hvpo., 2 ozs. in
10 ozs,, then rvash

trusted to rvork acculatcly at the same speed for each plate. With a series o{ exposures of a portion of the landscape, taken at equal aud

iu the

u,sual r:a-v

for about

one honr:,

The portion of the landscape selected should ):e iLr a south-casterly cliroctior, .or arvay fr-our the sun. It is dcsirabtrc, if possible, to select a sccrc u.herc foliaplc ie proiected agairst tle sliy, as the riegatiles till bcttcr indicate thc lelaiire dersit.v of the platcs.

A stiil more accurate rr ethod of tcstilg the lalying actinic value of thc light nith al oldilaly cantc'La is as follows: Facing the sun, plaec in a leltical positiot a sma1l squale (6 incires x 6 irches) of l-hite card ol papel agaiiist a duIl black }aclgrould-a black aprol, a photograp]ler's head cloth or a piecc of lelret lr'ould serrc the ptlrpose. Nour, focusscd on thc'sltite squarc anil ollv a short distance witL thc "anrc"o away, take a series o{ photoglalihs rt regulal ilterrals. In the partial phase }efore and aftel totalit"v gir-e 1-100th sccond cxpcsurc t'ith suitable srlall aperturc, ard duliug totalit,l' the loDgcst exlosurc {or 't'hich tlle slutter: ie ratcd, say, ole secord, rvith the urost ollen aperture, as the coronal h'ght $,ill be of thc ord.er of 1-30,000ih part of the irtensit.v of frll rurlight. I)rta for the comParisorr o{ t}rese tl'o se' irs is obtaired by exposing plalcs altcrrrately fol tlre shortci' aud lorgcr i:,tcrliils irr full suuligl'.t with the srnaller aperture plctiouslv used. Liliier utriforrn conditions of developmclt the relatile densitv of t'Lese test imagos shows the con'ectiot nccessarrr to make thc cornplete eclipsc scries corrparable.

I
:

2I Orsonvrro run Truo! or rqe Spvl:n,rr,

- ,.The \rurte scronr,

Lnst merbod

3 or' 4 irrclres cper.tur.p.

ol.tttr Ecurst. ol ,loirg Ihis i. ro 1,r.oje,.r rhl srrn.s image on to ir atianlLpd 1o tllo or.rlaL. ol e;epirr.c err,l of I rj.aaara a,.
Crnc
r;

rrsr.rxct:s

FIDUCIAi ],INDS FOR IIOIIPSE .{,I (iOON])I\[INDI.

wiil be couveniently placed at such a distance behincl ,ocular as 10 gile _an _image of ;b;ut B ,; ; i;A; ,ii"-"i"i.' ru" angle of posilion at rhe beginnirg of rho pa:.rial pi,rrn, ri *"li'u, rfrrt roratiry, s}Zltd b. markecl'on rl," ii""i" oi;ljo.iinrioo. :^{ li:..1,!l,C:t !u LUa[ tlre atlcnrron can he dirpl,ted ro t]ese points ai t]e proper timc.
the

The ecreen

"r1:h;,J;#;;, be uo cd. I1: -i,-.," ."!: d dsoD1o lnll by -cou, fu , b;-;;.ir-';i lxPU(lng lrom rninrrto, oI bv a stoprvatch lhar Ias tborougbly
r

r,i

tested anLl found reliablo.

"" been

,,,^f",:T:::lf:.I or ,lh*,", obscrrarions can be obrained bv making ll tbe irps f;,i,y^-r.::i"ll,,o,',. tlvo observersof rbe cres("nr at srared tirrps durrug tJrelartral phase; are required,.!vho st stated times ur. rlre srleell tne trps ot thc crescent at the same instant. marii These wir} lhe rirnes. can trp.used un,f'.o ,""rng"J'u. to g"r 1r,l,lrl.:::""till.r..d oI the lrmes q.irh mueh greater ai"u"rnv tlial l,l: Dc donc -cirrur,r,,t,ncns raD":"*,r, by a sirrg.lp observation.

r_e,

23

l
I t

Gorqon-r.l Rplt,lnr<s.

BEWARE OF INJUIiING YOIIR EYES. See special varning

opporite the preface. All persons taking part iu tlie obeervations should carefully compare their riatches and oltain a good knowledge of the accurate time, in ortler to be able to give the couect iitlre of any otserved phenomena.

It r's recommeniled that glass coloured green be used in coniuuction wilh [clescopes, opera giasses, or the nakeil eye lor observing the progress of the parrial plasc. Neutral tints come next in value. Reildish tinis are unsuita,l:le fcr eclipse observadons. Those rvho are unable to obtaiD coloured glass may prepare a piece of cleal glaes by darkeuing it to any degree oI ilensity requireil by the smoke ot' au
oil. lamp.

It is well to emphasize here again the uselessness of gazing at the sun iluring the partial phase of the eelipse. Such action onlv destroyseye observiug the sensiti-vitv of the retina and unflts the eve for observiuE the total sensiti-vity "itina phase, in addit'on to incurring the risk of seriou,:tnjrrrp=It is interesting to compare the genelal illumination at 4id-totality with that of twilight at a given tiie. Observers may obtain ':uitable and easy
information in t[s respeci by carrying out sone simple experiments. tr'or example, they could determine on the two or three evenings prior to eclipse day the laiest time wher they can read certain oI p-"irrted matt& held at a fxed disianee froT the -cyor, sg.c} type "ires as is found in one of the local newspapers. On the day of the ecl pse use the same issue of the journal fxrd at the same distance {rom the cyes. The diminut'ou of temperature, personai sensations, behaviour of aoimals, wild and domeatia, and var-ious other pheromena known or unexpected may attracl, atlel]tion, In conclusion, I cannot do better than repeat the-words q-uoted !X Mr. P. Baracchi'in 1910 :-(' It should be Lrorne in mind !l liose wLo will be favoured by a sight of the eclipse, the grandest of a1l celestial phenomena, horv extreu"ely rare are slch opportunities' -ft is ouly fair to e-xpict that thev oo favoured shoull make nbtes and record at least someihing that may be of interest or value to those less fortunate than thernselvcs. For the ureoaration of these notes I have been much indelted to a orevious *"itet. f desire to express mv appreniation for the help I Lavc received from consulting t[e pamphlet issued on tbe oceaoion of the Tasman'an eclipse of 9rh Maj, 1910, by Mr. P' Baraechi'- who was at the time Governmeni Astronomer of Yictoria and in tharge of the operatione at Brrrni Island.

Exrr.rtl.rtox or Cs,rnrs eno Du.enlug. Clarts t an4 2 bare bcen prepared for the pulpose of assisriog observers and others who desirl to oltain the times of the several

'

circumstances and other

ordinarv work. the times cau be found with all the accuracy necessary) and. in'seneral. to with n less than ten eeconds of time. }'or a rigorous of the times it will be necessary to solve a system of "omnutitioo eouations that mav be foutd in malv workq oll praclieal a'tronomy and iu somc National Ephemeriiles. To assist the comPuter, the socalled Besselian Slemenis will be found in any of the Natioual

ilata of ,the eclipse without calculatiou. For

24

sa1'e

a lalge auouut of calculation

irr

bcgrnuing $.ill ,be ar somn tinre b,"t weerr aud B l:::: .r_Ll,:*sntus (0.+ .hours"r0 .l;,i;;."i"- r,.'il,ii"ii "*irr u" ,1 llillli -"*.i,,r':, X linee b"iog "iflo-ro.l,lo" rr1or"\'rI oI lrLre bet.\repn the frrll 1 -i,,,i.r'"" i"l"".JT'*ii'r,J., ,0" S *.rur"; J , a of Sydr'oy i. O.-tr of tbo distance fronr- the 5 houls I -inIu"r""rii", lfr" I::ii::: b:j,5,"ltained with.iiaa;..se"r" "i l,""f,^"r"r-ai",fiJT.,'o,,,,u". by usirg rtre-dorred curves #iri-[" ,rv !uuurps ,0,-p,,11",:.. -r |(0.85 X L"i,r,"")-.""q*i.,''l,lr, j 1,.;tit y. -5 r0tnutec), equals, 12 qirrrtor. Theso rioj,s ag.rer wirb tho"e p;btiBfr;; sal, Iours ;n"ii""Oir;t;st, t\ au,ticq,l Almandc. Ir w]ll b"e n,r ,rre shown, rboso rerer ," ,1" ,*;il],T1ilii:,1',""*^ *:.Tl]"'l,es:,urrbers rre s uwrl, ltroso reter to tbe nositlon a-ngle of the poilt of co,,tacr'f.or, the rortb point ol tbe sun,s ,lis." al .The comnreDcernent oI tbe nartia] esr imal iorr, b. ;;;;;,1,;;; 1[,::".I:: sl9 :ly ir ca n. bvn;i;,;';il;';;i'j;'01'l -i ;."i0!1'#i *""" rhe posirions gi,,.i 1o. rt;. ':.'Yi ,^I,"1,:l::::9leaTe,t arc zorrp r iru,. 16f.,,i6 io ,il" .".ia,ri, ol.iliil jb l*l oI Grr.eowic}. i.o.. ,"rana,"a rin; i;,. ; b"'b;.1#, 'S",r1'j.]' t,ur,* east ,r. secord exampJe, take Sourherrr ( roos. ir Iv.estern Austlalia, lo, 119 " per.tb.- e"iip." i,"gi,,. ,,i"f",1'l?siji,,", ::r"1i:,j :iq4 p lt:1., o.r a,nd erds at hours 4? -ir"t"r,?""1""5ii;;"fi"h1"";.""".r"#'Af:tHS rl:"dtoc .,v"-i.,tir""t'i 'ho.,", lo*..,t1:: above iimes. -r."" 6 hours zone U-", _to ,s",,tr,"*"6i'o.:"il froir ttre -::^,.:^. Ht;::i\iIi f"_..l;T: 'Weste'r lours l?**f_.lr^11_lt:s arrd end.at znr*i 4T *i;i"te,-i; ,tj'ril,]i u,"a iu Australie, tlr" ,rgt" "i "";ir#;'"i; di;":"' I{,,1" tirres of the partial p}ase are desired fr:r South ,. ;l r u",,."^.". ;; ;, J;ii; :,, 1Tii,1l i " flonr the ebar.i Io eo,Lform roir} tbe zouc ,i*" "1,i'ii3,."in "':*.^Hl];?l:t ra"pi"a ;,, S",iifr'"t"rli*fi, rlgi{ rroudirrg tlre chati wirb- rhe oa,n"s of ro,ors, r.L,"y . , To. ure Lit:l?,::d,*]":-lhey may rcadit.v be .[ouud b., rr," ,,,,,rr"".. lirtr"ii be uoted

, Chart 1.-This clLart giles the ortlined of the moon,s shadow on br srrl{2 o1. .yurr'al;a a t i-}o L"sirr u i ng ,",t urd i;; oii;;'rr#li'rt "" ,[he euryes giren irr lull lines irr-r Ilcale lhe ttme ol llc bcgjirning, tlo.e "*. rn rio,ro,r ri,." -i..^ ,r^ ^. -!:. cbar.t is rery.eas-r ro . ,-Tbis ar ,,xcmlle. rbe rimes rr"e..and ro illusrlarp irs applicariorr rve take. !s of begirroirg and cndiug di ini ou",i"t pha"e at Sydney. The tinre oi
r

:l

:l l:::

i;;;;";,,:i;;:"il]l""#ii::li i'r,",*

and parallels oI lrr.:rude: bv moaDs. of rh"r" poinr". lonatq4 thr, rlr" roL gilen in rbp rrst. ",f

trat ,"i.u .io.*Ji"aiJui;

&ffil":i#""i::Tii"". #rtii"l:
,nr:'i"r"""'Jiry
U,

Cortrspororrc

to

Nr;rrsrRs

or

Crrllrrs-

Bega
32a

Beralla
Blaynev

.. .. .. .. .. ..

64 31

Borirk.l
Bowe, Brewarrina Broken
Broome

Branxholme ..
Brirkwor.th

gB

IfiI

99

99e
103

2b

Bunbury
Bundaberg

Burrundie
Byrock Cairns
Camperdorvu Canberra Caubroo

Carnarvon
Casino Casterton

Charleville
Ohinohilla.

Cloncurry
Cobar Colac
Cond.oboliu

Coolgardie Coonamble Coongoola

Cootamun<Ira
Cunnamulla Dareel

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. ..
.

"IHh:. . 115 Karara

'rown.

I)artmoor Darwin Deniliquin

Dimboola

Dirranbandi Dongaua
Eden

Edillilie
Forbes

Fosier
Garah
Geelong

Gingin

Gladstone (Q.)

Gladstone ( W.A.) GIen fnnes Glen Thourpson

Grafton
Gundagai

Gympie Ileathcote
Hevwood

Hillston Ilopetoun
Eordham I{ughenden

Ilumula Jerililerie

Julia

Creek

Kalgoorlie

.. .. .. 60a. Murwillumbah .. ?0e. Muswellbrook .. .. 16 Naracoorte .. 104 Narrabri .. 65 Narrung .. 96 Nerang .. 52 Newcastle .:-84 Nyngan .. 30 Orbost .. 78e Ouyen -. 110 Parramatta .. 10 Peebinga .. 103D Port Augucta .. 40 Port I{edland ., 73 Port lincoln 29 Port Marquarie .. 63r Quilpie 72l' Quiriuili ... 19 Rockhampton .to fioma .. 50 Sale .. 69 Serviceton .. 70r Seymour .5 Singleton .. 63 Southern,Cross -. 60 Stamford 4 Stanthorpe .. .. 774 Stawell

.. 116a 11 Katanning .. 702 101 Katherine 36 Kirfia 8r Kingston (N.S.-W.) .. 62 .. 93 76 Kingston (S.A.) .. 116 63c Kondinin .. 83 777 Kommburra . . 106 103c Laverton ( W.A.) -' 19 lismore ?4a. Lithgow 13c Mackay 13 Maitland B Maleolnr ++ -i\farble Bar 17 Maryborougl . . -'-..--. .. :{.9 -, 57 Menzies 113 Merredin .. 105 37 Mingener' .. 13s 75 Mitchell 86 57 Morwell .. .: .94 14 ; Mt. Gambier 18 Murrayville .. .. 67 .. 48 ., 74s . Murrurundi .. lu 100 Murtoa -. ..
22

..

25

47 92
a6a

.. -" '" -.. ..

..

59

2\
49l
45 90
o6

.. .. ., ..
..

D'A
66 98
103,r,

95

46A
+3

..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

13e
88

91 80
48

772
6 27 77

la -.
I

Tamworth
Taree

Tenterfield

Thallou
Toobeah
Toor,voornla

Townsville

lfraralgon

Tunut
Urana
trYangaratta

-. . 42 . 46e .. .28 .. 17 .. 31 .. 20 .. 8 .. 87 .. 63r .. 61

.

Numbcr on Lharr!.

\\rarlagul

War.rnamlool . . \trarwick 'Watheroo

Wee Waa
trYeiniby

Wentl'orth Winton
\Yood{ord

'Wollongong

.. .. .. .. .. .. ..

..

6) 76a
26
109 38 58 56

12s

Chart 9.-This chart shows that portion of the zone of toiality of palticular irterest to those in the eastei'n States of Australia. The times ol'- mid-r.ora liL y are indicated by slopilg lin"s a,.,ross rhp zoDe. tbe iiLn(. bc.rrrg giren orr rhe boundarjes of rhe shadow bclt. The durctiorr oI tntality at thecp- point-s- i_s_ irLdicated Jry figurcs on the centre line. The doltcd curted lines give tbe orrrlirre"oI tbc sbadow al fhn beginning oI thc partial pbase on rhis chart. Tcke an example to illustrrte the use of this chart: It is desired lo tind the r.irrumstaucps of rhe qn'lip5p ar Grior,di\vindi. Tbis town i, situated bctween the curres 3 hrs. S hirr. llcl 3 hrs. 10 min-, beiug one" tontb of thp disrancc bclrrcen rh,rrr frorrr rhe 3 Lrs.; min.'liie. rhe rimc of rho bcginning ol rhc pa.rrial plrs" rr iJ) tbprpfole be 3 h"s. n mir. plus 10.1 x 5 min.) equal.3 brs. i min.30 see; rbis agrees rvirh rhe calcu_
lated vaiun, psing the Besseliaa elpmeuts.

I I

ui.ndi were_orr lbe cenrre iine. tbis durarion of rlm. requireJ ro be mulriiactor which depends on its distance from t[e centre 1ine, and whrch can be fourd from the {ollowiug table. I,et t}re distance o? the plu."g fioT this line be represented by the letter ,,b,,, and the semi_ width of the zone by " a,,' then the argument to the tabie is ,, b,, divided by."..r,' rn our example it is 0.10 ard the factor from thc table 0.gg, u,hich, multiplied by 3 min..B1.9 sec., gives 209.8 sec., nrtt tnir'qrrltit;i srrbrracred i rorn rnd rdded to 4 brs, lJ ruin. 25 sec. giles r1.,. b"ginri,,S of iotality as 4 hrs. 11 min. 40 sec. and the encl 4 his. 15 ,"i". iO su"., rvhich agree within a few seconds lvith the times obtained by a p"ecise calcularion.
pIred, by a

-i". B min. 33.5_sec., gir-es 3 min. 31.9 sec. is the-duratiox of totality if Goondi_
sec.. the difrereuce, 4.1 secs.

Mid-eclipsc .rvill take place betrveen 4 hrs.. 18 min. and 4 hrs. 14 min., qr moro exactly at 4 hrs. 18.42 miu,, say 4 hrs. 13 min. 25 sec. The duration o{ totality at the line 4 hrs. 13 min. will'be 3 urin. 83.5 sec., and at 4 hrs. i4 ZS.+ -i".'ii i. i" multiplied by 0.4 ard subtracted lrom

second ,,xaml'le. rakc Tertrr,field 1lg). Ilicl_eclipse ut J 1r,", spc.: duralion, 3 ain..29.4 sec. mi0us (4.9 + 0.b3),/ rheu ,T,,1: 11 llrlrtlrplre,i by lhe facror corrcsponding to 0.i. namelF 0.g7, gir.es'l 6ia. U.2 sec.

., -\s i ,n

, , TotaJiry, tLercl'ole, r.omlucDci.s at + llr5. + nrs. llj l tn.2 sna.:rr 'l'enrclfiold-

l;l

rrrin. 2 sor,.,

arll

,,nds at

27 tr'aoross FoR, Co&BEcrrNc rsE DuBAtroN oF TorAury wExlN TEr PLAoE IS WITI{IN TEE ZON!, BUf NOT ON TE5 CENTRE I,INE.

TA3LE.

b/"
0.0

'02 1.00 0.9s

'05

'06

'07

'08

0.r

I.00
0.99

0.2 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.8

0'98
0.95 0.92 0.87 0.80

0'98
0.95
0.91

0'5

0.7I
0.6J 0.44 0.00

0'9
1.0

0.86 0.79 0.70 0.59 0.41

I I I 0.9r I 0.85 I 0.78 I 0.69 I

0.99 0.98 0.95 0.57 0.39

r.00

r.00
0.99
0.97

0.99
0.97 0.90

r.00

0.94 0.90 0.85 0.78 0.68 0.56 0.37

I 0.84 I
0.77 0.67 0.54
0.34

0'94

10.9s10.09 I099 10.97 10.97 10.96

r.00

1.00

I i I I

0.91 I 0.93 0.93 0.89 10.89 10.88 084 I 0.83 l0'82 0.76 10.75 I 0.?4 0.66 0.65 I 0,64 0.53 10.61 I O.49 0.31 1 0.28 1024

1.00 l1'00 10.98 10.96 10.88

I 0.92

0.96
0.92 0.87 0.81 0.72 0.46
0. 14

098

r.00

l0'8r
10.47

1073

I 0.63 .O:6I

l0'20

Chari

3 gives the position

of the stars and planets which surround the

sutr on the date of the eclipse.

orieniatiorrrill be approximately correct. The horizon line for Goondi:-windi is shown at the left and lower corner for tholime, 18 h-o.lxs, ----.\ G.M.T., or 4 p.m. standaril time, and should be horizontal wlei the chart ie held as indicated above. This chart is approximately correct for any place in the easteru Statres. Diagram (1) shows ihe several lines of position useil by astronomers to orient the eclipseil sun at mid-totality. This iliagram applies to
oondiwirdi. Diagram (2) shows the circumstau:es of the partial eclipse {or Melbourne, anil indicates by a shaded area that part of tle sun otscured at mid-eclipse. The moon's apparent path in the sky is divided into a scale of times. If it be desireil to flnd the portion of the sun obscureil at any moment, it is only. necessary to place one leg of a pair of dividerr on to the time and describe an arc of a circle-vrith a radius equal to that of the rnoon; this radius can be found from the diagram. Diagram (3) is similar to (2), bui for Goondiwindi it is used in a sim:lal rvay. 'fhc hatched dise sbows the moorr ar mid-torality.
G

By hanging the chart at arms' length by the top right-hand corner.t[e

Diaglam (4) is for use in connexion with

sket'ches

of the coronr.

The following information has been obtainecl by direct calcu]atiot, places within the zone of totality, The particulars {or t}c ,.apital cities of rhe Srates of Australia are irrcluded:-

and has already been refet'rcd to,

for oertain

of

lirct

h.

m.

Goondiwindi
St6nthorpe

GmIton
Wa,lla,t

..
.

3
12

5.5 7.5 8.5 3.4

59.5
2
7

h. m. 5 15.0 5 13,2 2 5 5 5 5 6

,93'
2920

h. m.

Toobeah ..
Melboume

Coongoola .

2 3 3 3

15.0 49.9 13.6

293"

14.8
6
12

Sydney ..
PertL

254' 294' 312'

3020

411 40 1415 412 57 l4 tB 4 14 55 I 4 15 r 27 30 I 132 J 820 4t2 4-11 33 I 4 15

B.

I h.

m.

l0
24

l6
49

4
6

.-____"-_

Brisbane .. Adeleide ..

87
22 14 7

15.5
40
1

2
12

4
2

290. 310' 320'

E3lipse not total.

Eob8,rt

--

28

-o 'o

z
ii
d

NS

{o s

Fi z.

ri
!r

F
E

.94 ,) ti

_t

hi

n\\ \l

q{

-==-

7
t
I
I
I I I
I
,l

30

the event. The wet season opels carliest in tie easterl tablelanile Goondirrindi and Stanthor.pe towards the end of Octobcr aud irr iYovember betweeu Goondilyindi a;..1 Bollon; lr'catryard righi through t"..Wrllal lhc soason alors ir Dr+pmbpr, exnolrr for a Jiihrly .a"li""r irrrideuce on the LigLei grorrrr.l of rbe cenrral lesiorr b;trvcrn Alice tiprings and Charlotte 'Waters. Nowlere, howevir, is thc probable lainfall a serious hintlrance except ou thc highlardi ald coast frour Goondilindi eastward. The mdan diurnal iinge o{ teurpelatule is cr.eryivhere considoral,le, and varies only frour Bi in the h'eart of thc contlne{t to 2E" at ilte extreme coastal ter.milli, nith a {url]rer fall to 960 ou the easteru tablelands about Stauthorpel oD the Dorth-.west coast aud irr the ccntre the e\treme l,anges ua,v be ;0 per. cent. higher, and or.er the eastern half of the tlack rnay be nerrly rlouble the mean range. Thc absolurp huurirlitS: Lpurains rorslaur. arrd the r.elorile pcr,-1pa1lJ: r-nfaFF drspla,\'s the rrolmrl diur.ual flurruations rr.itb a Lnirrimum iu thc afternoon except oD the north-west coast. Conclon is the uearest c]imatoIogjccl sratiorr ro Wallal, arrd is oimilarlv situared n.i.b resald ro lanr.l r,rrd sca nr.crs. [lcrc rhe ]umidiry rargi is 2b,,s..,r1, rhc"drr offg]orc ,rirrd of-tle nrorniirg keeping rLe g a.rn, rilues, bor,h absnlure anrl rplarirc, l,,lorv tlre 3 p.$.. \;hicb arJraispd apparcnrly by rlc sca bleozc. - Chlistmas Island, t-be only possille station l.ith a great6r altitudc rrf the sun-7Sio-corrpared with 58" at'lvallal, sullers in shorter dura_ r,on o{ torolit;-31 m irr u ls-comparpd wirb i i urirrures ar Wallal. The island has also the verv serious disadyantage oi a heavy ald variablc rainfall, ranging in Septedber up to 14.06 inch-es in 1909, ind il October ,,rp to,22.91 inclrs i.n 1910, rvir\ l 24-hour. fall of 6.1i irrchos.rr Spprem. l,or. I90C. At Wcllal, i,orrerer, rcirr lLas orrlr osc,,.dod 0.'i0 irrrh rwicc ,tr Soptellbpr alrd orrce itr Onrober il 23 yeals. CLriorrnls Isllnd, rnorooler, exhibits a ,.urious inversiou of the absolute hunLiditr. lapse rate o,en at lorv altitrrdes-an uDstable coDditioD erssociatcd rrith cloud ancl laiu-throughout the last six months of the year. . fr Certral -\ush,alir, uLere the sun,s altitude is 39o, thc certlc of rlr. l,arJr erossns tlc orer.larrd tplnqr0l,b Iir,., 9U Lrileq N.N.\\'. of rht. Charlottc l!-aters telegraph station,-bui tle centre rolld Ic mor.e directlrleacircd aLout 60 miles N.N.E. fronr Clrllotte '\\-atr-r., u hich is ol th'e routireru edgc olj thc belt of totalitr. Irr both 1,1atts, horror.er. a suiralle rrur,,t 5rr1,pl,1 rsoul,l Lcr'" ro Le,lornrr,rirrcrl. Clrallorr. \\'arnrs i. ahorrr li0 rnil'- from rhn lrrrd of llrc rail ar Oodnndatra. ft Westen Qteelslaud the raihvay is available as {al rvest as Coor1, goola, on 1hc rentre-of i}e path where the s,ur's altitude rlill bc 26., alLl thp duralion of totalirv aboul 3u.4;s. C.olAoota i" 12 uiles rrorrb ol Cunnrmrrllr. n to'rr' of 3,000 inbrbitrrrts.
Letween
r

rainfall. Thence eastward fori 2.U00 miles across the continent there is but sliglt iucrease in roulal cioudiuess till the reacL"s Goordinirrdi, ol rbo.lorvol ir,llnd flairrs of rho Darliug "ltadow lroqns.. in soullL-easterlr qu.er'slarr.l. Ibc wholp belt arelaging 20 per ., Lrt..of. possible nloud. Orcr tLe 15[]p1614" thn qlor4 i erea"sos"sliglrily. l,ui fal)s aglirL oL lbe coasf. TLp irrcidcune of tLe rr'*r scason is nol synthronous throughout, but the eclipEe tracir passes thr.ough terriiory having the milimum of the aunual rainfall curvi just about"the tiure oi
rrkies and the lowest
rr

Climatological Conditions along the Edipse Track. 'Wes[ern Australia, rvh"r,p rbo crlipsc parh srrjk"s rLe ,rolrh-wesI coasr rhere qril] be rhe bappv combinariin of rhe Lesr astronomical and moteor.ological cord.irious; tbe joLgest duration oI Iolality and grearest alrirrtdn of the surL coincitlir_rg ivirh tbe.rlear.sr

,\t Wallal.

\
3I

Notes on Observation Sites. 11lrr,1.,,r,, Nonru-rrrs'r Colsr, \Yrslanr Auslrlr,r-r. Wallal is a teleglaph station sittatcd ncar a Goyenrmont rvell ard reserve orr t]re stosk routc bctl,een Roebourne and llrootnc:. It is about 200 miles from the latter port by road, but somcl\'hat lcss by sea, and 150 ruiles from Polt Iledlard, .\lthougJr these routcs har.e }ecn trar.erseil
by motor cars, they arc lathel heavy, particularly that to Port -l{edlaud, vrhich ineludes Ioug sand;. stretches. The usual method of travellirg i,s,by schooner', which in ffni: l'eathel urakes a latding on ths opgu snldy beach by running in on the high iidc aud remailiug high aud dry l'hilo being ulloaded by the aid of tlonkey teams. The spring tide range is about r0 to 24 feet ou this coast, arrrl the waterl ruus out more that 200 yards at low tide.

Mr. J. J. lirey, Distlict OIliccr, lighthouse Service, Iremnntlc, says:-"'Ihele rvould be no dil!(ulty irr landilg anywhere along this coast chliug ther south-easterl;'selsou, -\pril to Octobe5 but durirg tlr" westerly seasor, ot'irrg to the }eary sn'ell, it is or'ly rarelv possible."
llhe prevaililg rr*irds on ilis coast rar'\' froru trorning to afteruoou sea li'eezr,. Lr ,\ngust ard Septeraber', 69 per cent. blow {rour the east ard south-east (ofi s}rore) at I a.m., and 68 per cert. frorr the west aDCl north-$,cst (sea bleeze) at 3 p.ru. These data, delivcrl frotr the fire years 1915-19, iuilicate t]re suitability o{ the mornilg hours for uuloading. \[inds othel tiral sorth-east cause healv surf, rrhich hindels unlor,diug per tlingly aud aboligiual carlier', ald {or this leasoir all orditnly stoles shorrld be put up irr packages of not moLe than 50 lbs.
with the advert of ihe

Thc south-cast tlacle rriud, the prevailirg winter wind, usually blows itsel{ ont earl;. in,\u1gust, arrd the lolth-l.e,st uronsoon wirds talie its placc later. Iu Septeurber, Iight ails and calurs rnay be erpected il the early molrirg, altl lvesterlv bleeze usuatll"v cornirrg irr 1'rorl sean'ard about 11 a.m., aird fresheuing il the eall"v a{teruoon. but dying away aftt':' su11set. Moderate rvinds mar bc cxirected, lrrrt frorn sean3rd, ald the chance of dust storms is remote.
Churntic colditions, except lol The Posturaster at Conclon lvfitcs -" atr rright, can haldly be inploled orr from trilay to Septembcr', itclusive. Octobcl is usually r.ery ltalm, but the clclorc and-i(et seasol ,1oes rroi commelce rurtil NolelrLor or'later."

[eavy dew

Thc ruonth o1 Scpte,rrrbcl is gelelallr'- firre; ligirl fog ma;- ocour il t}c eally rlorlirrg, btt br. 9 a.rrr. this has nsrrall"r erapolltcd, aud the Sep teurlel clay is firrcr rrrrd cloucllcss. Only Mr. E. Il:rlrrett, Postruasier', t'ith his rvi{e ard child atd a linerrar, live at the teleglaph statiorr, rvhich is uear the l.ell, but abour 3 ruilcs distart fi'orn the " Wallal " shccp statiol, 'Ihe coultr"v in the l\rallal distlict is urrdulatirrg, sandlill and plait. lunnirg parallel rvith t)rt: coast, l'itI pniches ol stunted timler'1 no nrclshr lrrr,l oxisi. irr tlri. vicinir'. lltirough solrc\\'htr iraccessiblc bl. olcliraly uiearrs oI tt'alispolt. l\ra11a1 enjoys a rvcekly pa,"selgel aud rnaii serr.iqe bv aeroplane to Perth. 1,200 miles clistalt. rvhich can be rea,:hed il li3J hours, includiug a stop or.er of 14 }orus at rright arrrl lll }ours iri othet heaks of joume;.

Coeor

rro Dorlro, Sor.rn

.Ar-srn.u-rr.

- Cordillo Dor.ns (approx. long. 1400 40, }]., latitu.dc 26. 43, S.) i; tl'e sitc of the proposcd South Australiau ncLpse Xxpeditiou. I lies in the north-east of that State, near the bord.ers of Queeuslald,
wceks Ly camel rraggon.

rbout 280 uiles N.N.E. from tr.ariua. on the Great \rorther.n railr'ar-Tbe jorrrncy lrom tle rrilwaJ occupies fou lays b\ nrolor') or si\ Cordillo Downs lies alout midn'av betn-eer Charlotto Waters in

1he

cast and Thargomindah on the west, and as the tlimatological data for these trvo stations abo[t 570 mi]es apart ar.e almost iderrtical as regards places, rvhich cro entirely favorable, conditions at the cclipse camp site.

tcrxforatlu'F, humidity, ard cloud, the ureau of the values fol the tno rvill be a leliable estimate of the

-'

Errruots rnou f,oc-q.T, Nor.rs or Sur-rt,uoN or, Srrrs rN Ausrnlr,ta. -By Pnf;1,T. 8. (idli- lI.A., Goternment Astronomer, Neu SotLth
Wal.es.

Thc eastem eud of the trach intersects four laill.av lircs, thus indicating four loeaiitics of coilparatilely easy access. Thesc rre, irr
,11,1o1, '1yp5r

16 e1;1

(1) Coorgoola-, on the l\leste'rrr railwav of Queenslancl. (2) Goordiwildi, orr the SoutL-rvesteln railrr'av. (3) Sialthorpe, ou the mail Brisbane-Sydrrey line. (4) Casino, ol the local North Coast railvay of Nev
Wales.

South

_. Ng. G), (2), Dividing

jn

and (.3) are r-est of the rlairr coastal ralge (t)re Jirrrge). anJ Casino is Lrlsopr tlrp rrrge nr,LI thc "eu. Speakitg generally, the conditione improt,e, both meteoroiogieallr.and astronomically, from east to n'est, so at frst sight one rvould raturally ,relect Coougoola. Other conditlons urust, Lorier-cr', bc takel

io

eorrsjderation

As to the astlorromical conditiols, the dificrcrccs are not \.erX gleat. Thc {ollon ing shorvs them at a slalce:-

Coongoola .. Goondiwindi Sia.nthorpe Llesi o

r

h. m. s. 35354 415 14 42226

\. it.--II. rborc
are

349 330 328

zone

rot srandxrd or

timcl.

Coo-r

crnll.

Near the ternitrus (Cullamulia) of the Westclu llailrray of Queerslln-rl-. There xre t\ro tl'airs l,er {.eek, lear.ing Blislraue or Ttesciay ald Eriday at 9.5 p.m., and reaching Coougoola on Wedlesclav arrcl Saturday at 7 p.m. .Tourneying from Sydrcv one rrould lealq e c111. endi6r',

33

at i-30_p.m., cba0gc r,ains ar rbp bolde. sratio0 (Wallarearra) and t earlr Toowoomba at 2.20 l.tn. Tboncq i.i, rle Wesrnir Mail as abovc, lear-iag Toorvoonba at 7.5 p.u1. In ihis case one should secure sloepers from- Toowoomba to Char.tei'ille rr,-ell in advance, booking by posi flom Brisbare to make eert&ul.
Coolgoola itselt' cinsists of r rer.Ji sruall galr.anized-iron railway sration,.and a snall galranizod-iron Lo,cl, Noth-ng else i" jn vien except the lorelands homestcld, over 2 miles.back aiong the rails.

., li ng ac.or,'modajion oI a homo]v nhilrrnrcr rrould bc provided b5 Mrs. Krunk, landladw oI rhe holeJ, if icasonable lotice is.tiien. Tbple are sevelal-bcdrooms, ard other iooms which can Le temporarilv converted. -{ltogether, auangenents can ibe made {or p0 to-80 guests.
Goor.rorwrlrpr. 'I'Jrer.e is ouly oDe p ssengep*rain r-eekly. T,eaving Brisbane on Wedlcsday at 5.5 plm., Goonairvindi is i.eached at

eoriveniently reaclted fr.om Br.isbanc or Svduev, the former . . Can_ beeisrer joluneJr. l)crrg the

?.30 a,lr.
11.5

Brisbane line at Warwick. Thele ale ter.eral slor\. uixed "traiirs between W.arwick and Goodiwindi duriue the.rveek, and a dailv mail scrvice belween oirhpr Brisbane or Sydr,ey and War.$icL. Journ.ying {rom Sydney one rcaches Warx.ick ai 11.55 a.m., ard then must eithei catch the night train to Goondirrirdi at 2.5 a.u.r. on Thursday or go on bS one of tlrp slow roixpd rraius. As rhore js no publie warmiig place, ard tle rrights arc very cold, the latter aliernative is recommendcd.

oue leares Goondin-indi at at 72.25 p.m. on Saturday. This line.-callcd rEe Soutb ne"rplrr, brarehes frou ihe main Svdrrc!-

t -.

orr tr'r'ic1ay, and reaches Brislaue

ol Thutsday. On the retrirr

- Witli regarcl to this torvn it should bc Lotud thxt thcre is no cpecial advantage accmilg to visitors clou rlirg the locaiions of scientific parties.
The total eclipsc Goondiwindi.

will

be visible

for

60 nriles both norlh and south of

it

The environmeut of Goorrriiilirdi lesembles that o{ CoonEoola, but is not so lcrnarkably flat.

Stertrronrp.
This is ol the main lile }ctrleen Brir;bane and Syduey, and so is tle ruost accessiblc of all forr places, It is on a plateau on the westeru "idc nI rbn Diri,linE J.-cr,ce. Tho height of rl'. railway starior is 2.656 leer, Leoritg Sydnev orr auJ dal oxeept Sarlrday, ar 3.1i0 p.Ln., onc ::eaches Startholpe at 10.!? a.rn. next day, changiag trains at 'Wallaugarra at )r'eakfast tirne. Or leavilg Brisbane at 8.5 a.m. one reaches Stanthorpe al 4,55 p.rl. the same day. The reighboulhood is slightly hiliy, ald thc to$,11 itself is lery straggling, the loacls r.unnirg anyhow. It nostly lics on a slope frcirg west, the hotels being orL a lower ler.el than the railway. lmlrediately abor.e the railway, and within the towu borurdaly is a rocky knoll whic,lr
would afford a leu. excellent sites

fol

srnal1 parties.

?,+.

Stanthorpc is r falolite srluuuet' resoLt fol Queerslanders. Aeconuoclatiou is eoocl at sevelal hotejs.. Stantholpe is a largel torv[ thar Goondirvindi,

Iut

rLot

ty

arrv means large.

In Septcml:cr, it rvill be cons'derablv colder than Gooudiwindi or' Cunnamulla. Thc cliurate dtlirrg that uronth is said to llre delicious. Undet uormal conditiol-o thc torvn is sitgularly ,tleau aud frec frorn dust or.mud, and this, cornlrined l,ith its altitude, gires it an advattage
or.er the other s-tes.

Marley. Ifs surnurit cal }e reached easily in 20 to 30 minutes from the cenire of the town. Facirrg u'est is an uldisturbed vierv to a Iolv range of hills about 10 lliles distant, which forms the $estern holizon. Although difiicult of access Ior heavy instrllrents, 't will Ie an ideal spot from whith to rierv the apploach of the moon's shadorv acloss the iree tcps and sce the eclipse with the nakerl eye or ffeld-glasses. The sight rvill be truiy ruaguificent, and the professiorals haurpered witl iirs+rumcniB r.iil d:onlltless envy those who go to Stauthorpe simpl1 to " see " the eclipse ancl are atle to vierr the phcuomerron lrom Mount
tr{ount Marley. There is auother h ll, higher tlarL this, on the north-'\\'est side of the to\\,r, known as Mouut Bauci. Ote would naturall;i.expect at even ffnel view.from there, Iut rftel climbing both l doubt rYhether the superiority is sufflcicn]: 10 !!'art'art the cxtra clirnb. There n'i1l pro]a]ly be ferver people, arrrl hcnce a glellet' choice of rantage poiDts ol Mount Banca, io p.olrabty thc more actile ones rvill select ihat 6Pot. I u'ish I could be there myself.
C,rsrwo.

On the outskirts of the torn is a hiIl. about 300 {eet high, called

ilstrurnents the {onner route is preferable, fol passengcrs the ]etter, though somc uray prefer the seu trip. Strriing lrolrr Sy,hLel at 3 hours 30 ninutes p.m., Teuterfeld is reached at E hours 43 rrr rrutes a.m. next day. The statiou is ovel half-a-mile outside the towrr, but uuurel'ous 'brrses are waiting to convey passe,ngers. Choose the most comfortablc' rnotor' 'hus rvhi ch is going direct to Casiuo. You will be rlriven first to the bookiug officc, and therr car obtain brcakfast. The'bus starts about 9.30 or 10 i.rri.-iime has ron ceasecl to he imlortant. -l. tery beautifirl rlr-r'c through undulating countrJ, rrill l,ring 5"n to Cnsiro rrlout 3 or' -totns)rip, n,istlilg il,t snmi-cilculat' + p.m. Casiro is a charrnittg bend of the Richmond Rivor. It is siiuated ou a lrlair. sulron ded by hitls from ll to 5 ruiles distarrt. fl'he streets atc siltight, rvide, alr'l ai right anglcs, apparentlr'la-i<l out !y compass, uagtretic lrorth and sorrtli, ard lo.de"ed ilrv trees. Mole compact arcl prolablY not qnitr, so large at Sta:rthorpe. I suggest that special arralgenlcnts Ue rund,'irL iL'h drr,.j" \'ith oir. oi the'liiior ,bus corupalies, sn-as to snnrtre phces. Ol my tlip, {or ilstalce, two extta passengers ltould hale beerl impossible, ol n'oukl hare eltailed a re-orgartizatiot of eoaches.

This is in Nerv South Wales, ard rrot corlrected with the ruain truuk lirre of raihvar. Two r:outes ale alailablc-either by sea to Ryron Bay or Lismole a,id tbnu , shot'r.jourtrey bv rail. or by nrrin Ii:rn f'onr oither Brisbaue or Syclney to Tentcrfield, theuce h;' ruotor 'Ius. Ior large

35

Casino is

in

s"p :1,:11-dl::1ll1, 1le,fi1,; 1i good. and tbr sco,,ar.v ,na "iirrl,r" reDDer esppcralv), delrgbilul. L'rrlorru]ratph, thc probabililv oI a .lcir uaw rJ(,pms to mp tps{ lha|l at lhc otber l,]aceq. Tbis 11ip, ]grvcve1, j5 aaigr,,ili ou"iing *;rr, lb-"^::tl, cnanne of a,ll. orlipsc narr i ol lllp arrJ for rhose.*hi ;r rclv Tatr " Le hnaltily rei.onllr;ndpd,

the heart o{ a favorite tourist

district. The

i;,

loads in

tt:::ll

"",,

Sr:uu,rny.
C

oon.goola.

Aclaantages.-Quictur,le and freedotr frou.r all iuter-fereucc_ Lorrgest tul.?:.-\1.urcTurrl. ard lre_ectotn troul iuter-l.ereuce. _1 :,:t,u rutarr$ url Dcsl I'oslllon lor sur. rheso ar{- ot g"eiiiv l:';'''*'Y' fro0r :l';i111 :] totalrtJ: aud bes-t.posiiion for sur, but theso are ,.,0t qr.natl} {lrffprenl rlrc oi}ers. Slig}tly br.rlel cLancp o[ 6rrp,lat.. ,-rP,':!.'..':'i,!1"-. Lorrq rrrorroro,otrs jortt'rrov. is,latiorr.ilrro srorps, Iabour dorht{ui. Iwo r.ains p",; ;;.}. raooul oollhttul, rwo 1r'atns prt ucet. su.cnrn, ii,'.;r;';;,"" if .rrnt ,lr:crrr ri ...,.- ,t...

.\reommoL]alionrlotrhllu].l,utpr"haI,Iyson,i'lllo||qhllolnel\.
G

;";;,;;

i",.ril:.

ctoritl

uincli.-

.lduonlogps. -lr, srnoll rorr,,. good .r,.cotnrroLIa.;or. sror.ps, cl..tric powpr. nsoder.atol\ cxpnlt and casrral assisrcrrcc. ob"ol,rirrg sirr, Eccond-best astrorornirrl nond ir ior,s, qooLl cba r,n."xcell"L1 .,;h";.' oI fi u;

Disadtantagcs.-Poor.

trail

serlice, possible dust. n|,orpp.

.e ttr

ALI oanta op,s.-ll e,.ght of 2.6j6 feet, aluost celtaiu absence o{ r)l!1. graU I ln Ioll llda tiolls. I orr nshr-p. storp:. a nd cssist, rnc. eleet r.i" dust or no,u"a, good srtcs IoI ol)Spt,v,.l!. trrain lrrPrk- line. rb.r,pIot,p naor, procur^lng slorej or. erDpfl< h,orrl 9y,1, ".n".", "nd ot. BIisLarrp, axr.ellpnt r-icw_ pornt Iorul,lrror( lr ol obaJon. cicligLrfrrl"-,, nlirrrarr., piatrrr,.squc ueiElbour_

hood. lavortlo suIIti cr.

Ieolth

rc5or,t.

Coongoola.

Di*tdru.nloor< -..{prs coJ.l irr Julv urrd August, aorronnm.cn) mproorologicrl conditions s'light|, inferior. ,o ;h;;-;r bo",,ai,',:i,,ai and n,,a
C

qs

.Lo.

lnt(.r',,-.rirrg rL,ip. cerrtre ol roulisr lcg.ou, rvirh dl.ives Lltrprl on. p\nolloIlf ol,snrvinE sitn. S.-9,rg)y 'r,e,.o rr rr rc L.lcd ior those rvho are onli. motlerately kcen iir Ar"- u.lipo ?i!"lf. , .Disoduuic ot s.--SJ ig} tiv llss far-ol,able astronornical and m-"teorologlcal COllClrho[S.
rrL
r

.ld"nn!:,f,,. . i,rct,T

l,tr Authoriir.:

Ar,lir,rR"

J.

f,t

r'r,Lrair, GoreInDlent pr'jnter, MelLont,ne.

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