10B Science Miss Reynolds Term 2, 2012

Revision Sheet
INTRODUCTION TO EARTH SCIENCE What is geology
The science that deals with the earth's physical structure and substance, its history, and the processes that act on it.

What are the 5 main layers of the earth?

1. The Crust 2. The Upper Mantle 3. The Lower M antle 4. The Outer Core5. The Inner Core-

Draw and label a diagram of the layers of the earth Draw a diagram of how a volcano forms

Explain why volcanos usually erupt

When rock inside the Earth becomes hot enough it melts. This molten rock, or magma, is less dense than the surrounding solid rock. Just as an object that is less dense than water will float on water, the relatively low density of the magma causes it to rise to the surface of the Earth.

Whats the difference between an active, dormant and extinct volcano?

active volcano A volcano known to have erupted in recent times, or which is likely to erupt. Examples include Mt. St Helens, USA, and Etna, Sicily. Dromant Volcano A volcano which is inactive but not extinct. Extinct Volcano An extinct volcano is a volcano which is not currently erupting and which is not considered likely to erupt in the future.

ROCKS AND MINERALS Whats the difference between a rock and a mineral?
Simply put: minerals are made up of elements or compounds while rocks are made up of groups of minerals, or other rocks.

List some characteristics of a sedimentary rock

Classified by texture and composition Often contains fossils May react with acid Often has layers, flat or curved Usually composed of pieces cemented or pressed together Has great color variety

Particle size may be the same or vary Usually has pores between pieces May have cross-bedding, mud cracks, worm burrows, raindrop impressions

List some characteristics of an igneous rock

igneous rock: form by solidification of molten rock ( lava or magma ) - will have intergrown crystals - minerals solidified or fused together. type of igneous rock: intrusive: underground's crystals, cools slowly, coarse crystals ( salt & pepper, grain size will be 1 mm to 10 mm), non- vesicular extrusive: above ground, cools quickly, fine crystals( grain size will be less than 1 mm), vesicular ( holes or gas pockets) and it will be glassy

List some characteristics of a metamorphic rock

1. Classified by texture and composition. 2. Rarely has fossils. 3. May react with acid. 4. May have alternate bands of light and dark minerals. 5. May be composed of only one mineral, ex. marble & quartzite. 6. May have layers of visible crystals. 7. Usually made of mineral crystals of different sizes. 8. Rarely has pores or openings. 9. May have bent or curved foliation.

How are minerals extracted from the Earth?

Mining is how the ore is extracted. Mines can be open cut or shaft and tunnel. Once the ore is extracted the "mineral" has to be removed from the ore and this can be done in many ways.

Name and explain some different mining processes

Mines can be open cut or shaft and tunnel

EARTH PROCESSES Draw and label a diagram of the carbon cycle

Draw and label a diagram of the water cycle

Draw and label a diagram of the nitrogen cycle

INTRODUCTION TO ASTRONOMY What is astronomy? The branch of science that deals with celestial objects, space, and the physical universe as a whole. What is a star?
A star is a massive, luminous sphere of plasma held together by gravity.

Explain how a star is born

Stars are formed from gas and dust. This gas and dust begins to coalesce and collapse inward by the force of its own gravity. As it becomes larger, it draws in more gas and dust. As the gases pull in further and further under its own gravity, the pressure in the center rises. If there is enough mass, the pressure becomes large enough and heat becomes high enough for the gasses to ignite in nuclear fusion. Once nuclear fusion begins the collection of gasses and dust becomes a new star.

Explain the processes involved in a star shining

Because of the reaction called "Nuclear Fusion" on stars Stars are "powered" by the fusion of hydrogen into helium. Each one of these interactions yields 17.7 MeV of energy per fusion reaction. This translates to 1.50123934 10^-10 joules or energy yielded per interaction. Now the fact that the sun is approximately 2*10^30 kg and, assuming that is all hydrogen available for fusion, that means that there is approximately 1.2*10^53 atoms of hydrogen. That's a lot of energy, and by comparison our sun is tiny. These answers aren't exact but I hacked it out in as expedient a manner as my attention span allowed.

What happens to a star when its fuel runs out (hint: different depending on the size of the star)
Depends how big/dense the star was in the first place and what it is made of in the first place. Small one like ours? As it kools it expands into a huge red gas incenerating everything up to (not sure if it includes) Mars. Once the red gas clears youre left with a small white glow before it burns out.Biggest stars out there implode on their own immense gravity becoming Black Holes.

Name the 6 main star types we covered in class

Explain the main characteristic that defines each type of star The heat and size of a star difines what type it is ( refer to above chart) What is the Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram? What does it explain? It explains that by identifying the color of a star from earth how far away and how big/hot it is ( the above picture is the chart itself) What is the Doppler Effect? How would you explain it to someone who has never heard of it before?
The Doppler effect (or Doppler shift) is the change in frequency of a wave for an observer moving relative to the source of the wave. It is commonly heard when a vehicle sounding a siren or horn approaches, passes, and recedes from an observer. The received frequency is higher (compared to the emitted frequency) during the approach, it is identical at the instant of passing by, and it is lower during the recession.For waves that propagate in a medium, such as sound waves, the velocity of the observer and of the source are relative to the medium in which the waves are transmitted. The total Doppler effect may therefore result from motion of the source, motion of the observer, or motion of the medium. Each of these effects is analyzed separately. For waves which do not require a medium, such as light or gravity in general relativity, only the relative difference in velocity between the observer and the source needs to be considered.

What is a satellite? What is the difference between an artificial satellite and a natural satellite body?
It is a body of a size smaller that the one it is orbiting (eg: the earth orbits the sun)

What are the 4 main types of orbits any satellite can have?
Geostationary orbits (also called geosynchronous or synchronous) are orbits in which the satellite is always positioned over the same spot on Earth. Many geostationary satellites are above a band along the equator, with an altitude of about 22,223 miles, or about a tenth of the distance to the Moon. The scheduled space shuttles used a much lower, asynchronous orbit, which means they passed overhead at different times of the day. Other satellites in asynchronous orbits average about 400 miles (644 kilometers) in altitude. In a polar orbit, the satellite generally flies at a low altitude and passes over the planet's poles on each revolution. The polar orbit remains fixed in space as Earth rotates inside the orbit. As a result, much of Earth passes under a satellite in a polar orbit. Because polar orbits achieve excellent coverage of the planet, they are often used for satellites that do mapping and photography.

What is a planet?
1) Is in orbit around the Sun (or star) 2) Has sufficient mass to assume hydrostatic equilibrium (a nearly round shape) 3) Has "cleared the neighbourhood" around its orbit.

Explain how a planet is formed

Most scientists believe that the solar system began as a thin cloud of gas and dust in space. The sun itself may have formed from a portion of the cloud that was thicker than the rest. The cloud's own gravity caused it to start contracting, and dust and gas were drawn in toward the center. Much of the cloud collapsed to the center to form a star, the sun, but a great ring of material remained orbiting around the star. Particles in the ring collided to make larger objects, which in turn collided to build up the planets of the solar system in a process called accretion. Scientists believe that many small planets formed and then collided to make larger planets.

What are the characteristics a stellar body must have to be classified as a planet?
In the traditional model of solar systems, a celestial body larger than an asteroid or comet, illuminated by light from a star, such as the sun, around which it revolves. A celestial body that orbits the sun, has sufficient mass to assume nearly a round shape, clears out dust and debris from the neighborhood around its orbit, and is not a satellite of another planet. One of the seven celestial bodies, Mercury, Venus, the moon, the sun, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn, visible to the naked eye and thought by ancient astronomers to revolve in the heavens about a fixed Earth and among fixed stars. One of the seven revolving astrological celestial bodies that in conjunction with the stars are believed to influence human affairs and personalities

What is a moon?
There is actually no strict definition of what a moon is, but there are some commonalities between those objects considered moons, also called satellites. They all are: Distinct, whole objects Solid objects In orbit around a more massive body (that presumably orbits a star)

How are moons formed?

This is the theory that some moons were created in much the same way as the planets themselves. Whereas the planets formed from clumps of matter joining together from the disc of gas and dust that orbited the sun, this theory states that some moons formed from clumps of matter that formed in discs of gas and dust that orbited the parent planet. As certain clumps of matter became larger, they 'hoovered' up the rest of the disc. Most of the regular satellites would have been formed this way.