A206SE

ADVANCED DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

A206SE Communications & Network Coursework

COURSEWORK

STUDENT NAME: Faazil Fairooz STUDENT ID NO: T3 - 11 EEE L2 - 92 LECTURER : Mr. Inham Hassan 1

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PROJECT/ASSIGNMENT SUBMISSION ACKNOWLEDGEMENT SLIP Name of Student: Home Address: Date of Submission: Name of Tutor: Student No:

Program/ Module: A206SE Communication and Networks Individual Assignment Received By: Date:

Max Marks Learning Outcome Q1. Investigate the operation of communications networks a. Identify and Describe the New Development b. Describe how the technology works c. Describe the current scenario when the technology was developed. d. Describe the implications in communications e. Describe how the technology was used. Q2. Analysis and communications (ROUTING) design of a network. 30% 6% 6% 6% 6% 6% 30%

1st Marker

2nd Marker

a. Identify and describe the locations b. Distance Calculation c. Calculation of the shortest Path

5% 10% 15%
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Q3. Analysis and design of a communications network. (RADIO LINK) link a Design the communication

30%

i. Selection of transiever ii.Received power calculation using MODEL 1 ii.Received power calculation using MODEL 2 b. Analysis of the radio link Quality and Structure of Report Discussion Conclusion Total Marks
1st makers Comment

5% 10% 10% 5% 5% 5% 100%

2nd makers Comment

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ABSTRACT This A206SE communications and Network coursework offers 3 principal parts. Very initial the first is examining, Recognize and discusses. A couple of communication systems in the area associated with line and also wireless speaking that was developed these days. Here LTE and also PDSL are usually taken for studies the particular wireless as well as cable " systems which are couple of systems studies correctly.

The second part is actually choosing the least path with regard to Singapore MRT stations. Here six areas coming via 3 main line are taken to do this query

The next portion is choosing 2 program antenna and also determine the particular obtain strength in among individuals place in both free space and then for given transmitting energy and antenna height.

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PART 1 ANALYSIS OF PDSL AND LTE

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INTRODUCTION PDSL is a technology that was standardized in the 21st century, here a Data is transmitted between nodes and host within the same power line used by each of them, mostly these technology used every where now days mostly in the home automation field and internet access, PDSL is also known as PCC and PNL in the industry by experts.

HISTORY OF PLC PDSL was first invented about the 20th century. It was mostly in the testing stages for many years some countries like France, USA and Germany first used them to control street lamps in their cities. These transmitters and receivers are built by coil turning methods and which is known as M .G (motor generators) with technology development these technologies were removed and replaced with digital technology in later. For more intimate details the British and American military first used these technologies in the battle fields in the second world war where the American military wanted to precisely trigger there base generators to start at precise time for radar application due to radars being very sensitive devices if power isnt maintained or controlled properly radars wont work properly. After the end of the world war the American company GE mostly known as General Electric which was founded by sir Thomas Alva Edison took this technology ahead to their generator field making all there generators synchronize able with the grid for more power stabilization

Image courtesy of Google images

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Modern history This is more known as smart grid it is the future of our world power crisis. Where each and every power plant, factory and household will communicate with each other for power details and requirements creating a global hub. Where the grid can heal itself and monitor you and me for better understanding

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HOW DOES THE TECHNOLOGY WORKS

This technology is only possible with Digital Isolator Technology where data signal is boosted to a much higher frequency to be transmitted inside a power cable where power is usually 50-60 Hz. But in some design data is transmitted on a deferent coaxial cable together with the power cable. The transmitter is placed inside the switchyard and the receiver at the receivers end. Application requirements 1. What is the band with and frequency used for the design? 2. Is there interference from other equipment? frequencies in use in the same line Frequency Planning Coupling Method Frequency Spacing required for AM to AM & AM to FSK Equipment Line configuration for noise and attenuation considerations Planning of transmission media

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In the above picture shows how this technology is transmitted for stat to end. If we define this it could be said that when power is generated in the power plant for the consumers demand, where power is generated at very voltage butt in 50Hz. The power generated goes though transformer for step up purposes. When high voltage comes out of the transformers a PDSL modulator stands by with the carrier frequency and transmitting bits. The carrier wave is now coupled to the primary wave which ready to transmitted and is transmitted The signal that is transmitted is checked for any error in the signal by the first node. Therefore if there is any error it is corrected then and there. Now the HV has reached the medium area therefore the first the carrier wave is removed from the HV before it enters the step down transformer. This is because if the wave enters the transformer data alterations might happen making the data useless and beyond repair The final voltage that is modulated with the carrier wave enters the consumers with requied information about Maximum voltage Maximum current Nearest load sharing unit Nearest bill settlement detail

This technology goes one step further where consumer gets cloud storage from reputed companies. So consumer is also capable of storing data like Movies Cartoons Financial records

So the consumer is capable of having his data on a secure drive located from him.

The usually power line frequency that is to be used is between 30 to 500 KHz. The amount of data that can be transmitted in a second is dictated by the cable length but for safe transmission the bit rate is maintained at 23 = 8 bits/sec On the receivers side a simple error correction method is carried on the received bits which is known as CRC.
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ADVANCE MODULATION TECHNIQUES Long haul

This method is also known as low frequency method, where the utility company provided special coupling techniques where low dissipation capacitors are used. The capacitors are connected in series. Here frequencies are generated up to 2 to 500 KHz where active power is increase to thousands of watts. This is then forcibly injected to the three power lines. Several modulators are coupled parallel together with the HV power line. Special filters are installed in the substations where error correction is done simultaneously to avoid any isolation or loss of data. This type of communication techniques is used as a backup procedure due to the reason that it is extremely hard to keep data consistence Medium frequency Medium frequency is the most successfully range where many variant are present in this technique which is given below Narrowband Low-speed narrow-band Medium-speed narrow-band High-frequency

All the above methods will be described briefly Narrowband This method is more successfully within the house network where lights and home appliance could be automated by the means of the same power cable without any installation of control cables. Here a transmitter is built to modulate a carrier wave between 2 to 200 KHz into the power cable. The house hold transmitter has the address of the total receivers used in the house therefore the transmitter is capable of individually calling any receiver within the household. Low-speed narrow-band This technology became very famous within the test stages and quickly adapted to the power industry. Here a frequency of 15 to 500 KHz is used for transmission. The use of ripple carrier signaling is used here and the bit rate here is extremely slow which about 200 to 800 bps.

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Medium-speed narrow-band

This method is the most recently founded and most active one. Where the frequency range of 9 to 500 KHz. This project is mainly funded by the European Union

PROBLEMS AND REMEDIES

When these data and voice frequency are injected to the power line, due to harmonics sometimes the data and voice could be damaged and distorted due to high power fluctuations and corona effect making undesired conditions

Corona effect is the effect that when on rainy days electrical signals jump out of the cable and tries to reach the ground

But this problem could be overcome by using simple filter and gain stabilized usually a error detection method, filters that could retain previous values is used in the circuit as protection.

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Basic uses and operation TECHNOLOGY AT HOME This technology is known as PLN (Power-line networking) at home. Computers are connected to a network using the existing house wiring.PLN use the technology called frequency division multiplexing (FDM) for putting data in to the power line. This concept is based on no new wires. Here data in multiplexed in to different frequencies injected to the power cable. Data and voice is broken down into different chunks of bandwidths divided into different channels and according to their bandwidth HIGH SPEED INTERNET OVER CABLE High speed over cable is really a program to transmit bilateral information on the existing electrical syndication wires inside a metropolitan location. This would prevent the expense of a passionate network regarding wire connections for data communication. However, since High speed over cable utilizes some of the very similar radio wavelengths used for over-theair radio stations systems, disturbance can be a difficulty. High speed over cable could have applications throughout permitting power companies to use smart metering and load management, providing two-way connection with consumer equipment TECHNOLOGY IN YOUR VEHICLE Power-line technology allows in-vehicle network conversation of knowledge, voice, music and also video clip signals through electronic means over dc (Digicam) battery power-line. Advanced data communication methods tailored to get over aggressive and noisy surroundings tend to be implemented in a tiny dimension silicon gadget. One power cable can be utilized with regard to several impartial sites. The advantages would be lower cost and weight (compared to individual power and manage wiring), adaptable change, and easy installation. Possible problems in car software would include the bigger expense of conclusion products, which usually must be built with energetic handles and communication, and the chance for interference along with radio frequency devices inside automobile or other places. Models tend to be successfully in business within side automobiles, making use of automotive suitable protocols for instance CAN-bus, LIN-bus above cable LonWorks power line centered handle has been used to have an HVAC system in a creation design bus

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HISTORY AND PRESENT

Within side telecoms, 4G may be the fourth generation regarding cell phone cellular marketing and sales and marketing devices requirements. It is a successor with the 3rd generation standards. Any 4G system provides cellular ultra-broadband Access to the internet, as an example so that you can laptops having USB WIFI devices, in order to be able for you to help mobile phones, and also to some various different cellular devices. Conceivable programs contain changed mobile net accessibility, Internet protocol telephone, game playing providers, high-definition cell TV set, interactive video and also 3D television. A couple of 4G prospect methods tend to be in a commercial sense implemented: The particular Cell technology WiMAX emerged initially within part South Korea throughout 2006 this was a test run but the first ever commercial -release Long-term evolution (LTE) began inside Scandinavian Peninsula in 2009).

WHY IS LTE HERE Mobile devices are getting smaller, lighter, and more powerful; they have bigger screens and longer battery life, more features and more capabilities. Things like watching the football game on your mobile device, watching movies, videoconferencing, paying your bills and downloading music to the palm of your hand will become second nature in the near future.

Bandwidth will always be the limiting factor in the development of applications and devices, be it wired, or wireless. At the moment the wireless world doesnt have a large-cell, high bandwidth standard, that is capable of delivering the much needed speeds to a mobile device. The short fall of 3G networks is clear, its just not fast enough, offering 384kbps doesnt meet the requirements of what the end user has come to expect these days. Some people see 3G as a stop-gap, until a fully integrated IP network is created; some countries have even chosen to bypass 3G and head straight to 4G, a method which has its advantages, and its disadvantage

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TECHNOLOGY DRIVE Several feasible specifications for that 4G method are 802.20, WiMAX (802.16), HSDPA, TDD UMTS, UMTS and long term types associated with UMTS and also proprietary systems from ArrayComm Inc., Navini Systems, Flarion Technologies, as well as 4G efforts in Indian, The far east and Japan.

The style is that 4G will be based on OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) that is the main element enabler associated with 4G engineering. Some various different technical areas of 4G are usually adaptative digesting as well as intelligent aerials, as both versions will be found in 3rd generation sites and boost charges when used in with OFDM.

Currently 3rd generation systems nonetheless send out also on that point currently certainly there exist info digitally on the single funnel, OFDM is designed to send information more than hundreds of parallel channels, therefore helping the amount of details that may be sent at any given time over traditional CDMA systems

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PART 2 MRT STATIONS

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Abstract Since communication technologies will be developing, the community designs acquire complicated. So that you can uncover the best path this Dijkstra Formulation is used. Within this assignment and discover the simplest way going inside Capital of Singapore MRT stations Dijkstra Algorithm is used. The actual genuine runs involving two MRT programs are calculated out of your train motors Highway

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INTRODUCTION

If your neighborhood type obtain complicated it is often a hard part of the program creative designers to determine the very best and beneficial path. To eliminate this challenge virtually just about almost every Netherlands Researchers called Edsger Dijkstra developed an algorithm named individual supplier quickest path algorithm or so known as Dijkstra Algorithm exactly in which may be discover the least course coming via link to many further back links to our site. Within this Algorithm the primary aim is not only seeking the minimum route from one node and also other connections, but to find the basic edition of the challenging program layout.

Image courtesy of Google images Cost between nodes has been calculated by the means of the equation given bellow

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The paths that are required have been extracted for easy reference

There are four major MRT lines are in Singapore transport. North South line Indicate in red color in the map North East line Indicate in purple color in the map East West line Indicate in green color in the map Circle line Indicate in yellow color in the map Here on all calculations are in kilometers From out of these four travel paths selected three travel paths are below.
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1. North South line Indicate in red color in the map 2. North East line Indicate in purple color in the map 3. East West line Indicate in green color in the map

Note: MRT stands for Maximal Ratio Transmission The length involving MRT stations are usually calculated making use of Google maps distance fares calculator

The selected MRT stations from above three lines are From North South line Marsiling and Kranji From North East line Clark Quey and China Town From West line Clementi and Tampines

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COSTING FOR LINES HAS BEEN MADE

From Kranji. Cost between Kranji Marsiling

From Marsiling

C=

Cost between Kranji Kllang

= = = = =

C=

=9

Cost between Marsiling - Kranji

C=

Cost between Kranji Tampines

C=

Cost between Kranji Chinatown

C=

. .

= 220

= 168

Cost between Marsiling - Kllang

= = = = =

C=

. . .

=9

Cost between Marsiling - Tampines

= 154 = 217 = 138

C=

Cost between Kranji Boon keng

= 129 = 154

Cost between Marsiling - Chinatown

C=

Cost between Marsiling Boon keng

C=

C=

= 148

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From Kllang Cost between Kllang - Kranji

From Tampines

C=

= = = =

= 168 = 154 = 63

Cost between Tampines - Kranji

C=

Cost between Tampines - Marsiling

= = = = =

Cost between Kllang - Marsiling

C=

. .

C=

. .

= 220

Cost between Tampines - Kllang

Cost between Kllang - Tampines

= 217 = 63

C=

C=

Cost between Kllang - Chinatown

C=

Cost between Kllang Boon keng

C=

= 36

= 36

Cost between Tampines - Chinatown

C=

. .

Cost between Tampines Boon keng

= 98 = 98

C=

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From Chinatown Cost between Chinatown - Kranji

. .

From Boon keng

C=

Cost between Chinatown - Marsiling

= = = = =

= 129 = 138

Cost between Boon keng - Kranji

C=

Cost between Boon keng - Marsiling

= = = =

C=

C=

Cost between Chinatown - Kllang

C=

Cost between Chinatown Tampines

C=

Cost between Chinatown Boon keng

C=

= 25

= 36

Cost between Boon keng - Kllang

C=

= 98

Cost between Boon keng - Tampines

C=

Cost between Boon keng - Chinatown

C=

= 25

= 36

= 148

= 154

= 98

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Final routing table is given which is between MRT stations From Kranji Kranji From Kranji to Kranji Marsiling Kallang Tampines Chinatown Boon keng Cost 9 168 220 129 154 From Tampines Tampines From Tampines to Cost Kranji 220 Marsiling 217 Kallang 63 Tampines Chinatown 98 Boon keng 98

From Marsiling Marsiling From Marsiling to Cost Kranji 9 Marsiling Kallang 154 Tampines 217 Chinatown 138 Boon keng 148

From Chinatown Chinatown From Chinatown to Cost Kranji 129 Marsiling 138 Kallang 36 Tampines 98 Chinatown Boon keng 25 From Boon keng Boon keng From Boon keng to Cost Kranji 154 Marsiling 148 Kallang 36 Tampines 98 Chinatown 25 Boon keng -

From Kllang Kallang From Kallang to Cost Kranji 168 Marsiling 154 Kallang Tampines 63 Chinatown 36 Boon keng 36

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The path map can be as follows

From question that is given says to assume china town as selected base station Calculations are performed to fine least path From Chinatown to Kranji Marsiling Kallang Tampines Chinatown Boon keng Path from Chinatown Kranji Marsiling Kallang Kallang, Tampines Boon keng Cost 129 138 36 99 0 36

According to the shortest path algorithm the MRT station map is shown below.

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Conclusion This is the way which is learning the actual shortest once the network really is easy yet as social marketing topographies evolves, whenever sites get also complicated we must move for any standard system so that you can determine for top route. Even as can see below the particular MRT stations tend to be operating out of an intricate manner, which can be extremely tough to come up with any shortest route map. But from staring at the Dijkstra criteria and with the aid associated with length calculator you can easily design the particular shortest path from your selected bottom MRT place.

.
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References

Ghosh, A., Zhang, J., Jeffrey, G. and Mohamed, R. (ed. By Rajive, L. 2011. Fundamentals of LTE. 1st edn.:Boston) Ralf kreher and karsten gaenger 2011.LTE Signaling:Troubleshooting & Optimization. John wiley & Sons Ltd. West Sussex. Stefania Sesia, Issam Toufik andMatthew Baker. 2011. LTE the UMTS Long Term Evolution: From the theory to practice. John wiley & Sons Ltd. West Sussex. Harri Holma Anti Toskala. 2009. LTE for UMTS: OFDMA and SC-FDMA Based Radio AccesJohn wiley & Sons Ltd. West Sussex.

Find out the MRT Maps [Online] [2012.05.22]

http://www.smrt.com.sg/trains/network_map.asp Find out the MRT Station distances [Online] [2012.05.12]

https://maps.google.com/

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PART 3 POWER CALCULATION

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Introduction Transmitting antenna For the purpose of calculation the antenna that would be used in the design would be HyperLOG 3080 series. Where its country of origin is West Germany.

Current usage NATO Military AIRBUS, Hamburg, Germany

The antennas frequency response curve Provided by manufacture

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The antennas gain response curve Provided by manufacture Technical specifications Design Frequency range: Max. transmission power: Nominal impedance: VSWR (typ.): Gain (typ.): Antenna factor: Return loss: Calibration points: RF connection Polarisation: Tripod connection: Weight: Frequency ranges of antenna TETRA, 70cm amateur radio, GSM900, GPS, DECT, GSM1800, UMTS, microwave ovens, WLan, Wi-Fi, Radar, 5-6GHz WLan, radio links, UWB Logarithmic-periodic 380MHz-8GHz 100W CW (400 MHz) 50 Ohms <1:2,5 5dBi 20-43dB/m Better than -10dB 763 (10MHz steps) SMA socket (18GHz) or N socket using an adapter linear vertical/horizontal 1/4" 1000gr

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Receiving antenna at station

Technical specifications Gain Frequency range Tuned Bandwidth Input power Impedance Vertical Beam width Horizontal Beam width 15dBi 700-820MHz 10% Normal 500W 50 30 degrees 31 degrees

Gain of transmitting antenna = 5dBi = 3.16 Gain of transmitting antenna = 15dBi = 31.62
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Calculation by Free Space Model Equation

Pr =

. (

)
.

From Tempines to Marsiling

. ( . ) .

From Tempines to Clementi Pr =

( . ) .

= 1.05 mV

Pr =

= 0.45 mV

From Tempines to Kranji

. ( . ) .

From Tempines to Clark China Town Pr =

. ( . ) .

= 2.21 mV

Pr =

= 0.44 mV

From Tempines to Clark Quey Pr =

. ( . ) .

= 2.56 mV

Calculation by Two Ray Model Equation

From Tempines to Marsiling Pr =

. .

Pr =Pt.Gt.Gr

.
. .

From Tempines to Clementi Pr = = 115 mV

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= 0.45 mV

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From Tempines to Kranji Pr =

. .

From Tempines to Clark China Town = 20 mV Pr =

. .

= 509 mV

From Tempines to Clark Quey Pr =

. .

= 685 mV

Comparison table of accuracy of values arrived by the two models used for calculations Stations points Tempines to Marsiling Tempines to Kranji Tempines to Clark Quey Tempines to Clark China Town Tempines to Clementi Free Space Model Equation 0.45 mV 0.44 mV 2.56 mV 2.21 mV 1.05 mV Two Ray Model value 21.45 mV 20 mV 685 mV 509 mV 115 mV

Discussion It could be observed that the two ray model can provide a more accurate answer. This is because that the two ray provides details of the antenna height

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