Atom

Created by Simon Mung simon.mung(at)gmail.com

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Elements
Can not be broken down into any simpler substance : (5 elements?)

Water Hydrogen + Oxygen Hydrogen + Oxygen Gold Gold Which of the above is an element? (Water, Hydrogen, Oxygen, gold)

As of March 2010: 118 elements

New elements waiting to be discovered

Symbols of elements
Calcium Ca Chlorine Cl Hydrogen H Oxygen O

Iron Fe Sodium

Na

Structure of atom

General term particle

Scientific term (atom)

Inner compact nucleus = Neutron (neutral) and Proton (positive) Nucleus Outer cloud of electron (negative) None -

What charge is the nucleus of an atom? +

Sub-atomic particles
Particle Relative mass Charge Symbol (+1, 0, -1) Neutron Proton Electron 1 1 Negligible N/a N/a e-

Terms to know

Atomic number / proton number (Z)

Number of protons Number of protons + Number of neutrons

Mass number (A)

Therefore, number of neutrons = Note: There are the same number of electrons as atomic number for a neutral atom. E.g. the atomic number for Mg is 12 (i.e 12 protons), hence, for a neutral Mg, 12 electrons will be needed.

Mass number (A) Atomic number (Z)

24 12

Mg

Symbol of element

Refer to periodic table

Periodic table is arranged in ascending proton number (Z)

What is the proton number for Li Be

Oxygen A Z X8 =
Z

Calcium Chlorine Hydrogen Z = 20 Z = 17 Z=1

Oxygen Z=8

Isotope
Atoms with same proton number but different mass number (i.e different number of protons) Note: Same element = Same proton number Examples: Chlorine, hydrogen and carbon

Mass number:
35 17 37

Proton number: Mass number: Proton number:

Cl

Cl

Which of the above atom is heavier? Why?

Mass of atom
Relative to 12C (One carbon-12 atom = 12 units) 24 Mg is twice the mass of carbon-12 (i.e. 24 units)

12 6

24

12

Mg

What is the weight of hydrogen relative to carbon-12?

Relative atomic mass (RAM): Weighted average of the masses of the isotopes in natural proportions

RAM Cl 17Cl Cl 35: 75% 17 Cl 37: 25% 0.75 x 35 + 0.25 x 37 = 35.5 (see periodic table)

35

37

Pb-204: 1.5% Pb-206: 23.6% Pb-207: 22.6% Pb-208: 52.3%

What is the RAM of Pb (lead)? Show working out

Ans: 207.2

Electron arrangement

Electron diagram for Ne

2nd electron shell

20 10

Ne

10 protons, therefore, 10 electrons needed to neutralize the positive charge 1st electron shell

1st electron shell: Hold 2 e- maximum (duplet rule) nd 2 and further electron shells: Each hold 8 e- maximum (octet rule)

http://www.clickandlearn.org/Gr9_Sci/atoms/ruther.gif

Draw electron diagram for K (Z = 19) Kr (Z = 36)

Kr

http://wiki.one-school.net/images/thumb/e/e0/DupletandOctet.png/600px-DupletandOctet.png

Any questions?