PROBLEM 8.

36 KNOWN: Inner and outer diameter of a steel pipe insulated on the outside and experiencing uniform heat generation. Flow rate and inlet temperature of water flowing through the pipe. FIND: (a) Pipe length required to achieve desired outlet temperature, (b) Location and value of maximum pipe temperature. SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) Constant properties, (3) Negligible kinetic energy, potential energy and flow work changes, (4) One-dimensional radial conduction in pipe wall, (5) Outer surface in adiabatic. PROPERTIES: Table A-1, Stainless steel 316 (T 400K): k = 15 W/mK; Table A-6, Water ( Tm = 303K ) : cp = 4178 J/kgK, k = 0.617 W/mK, = 803 10-6 Ns/m2, Pr = 5.45. ANALYSIS: (a) Performing an energy balance for a control volume about the inner tube, it follows that
2 m c p Tm,o Tm,i = q = q ( /4 ) Do Di2 L & &

L=

& m c p Tm,o Tm,i & q ( /4 ) D2 Di2 o

)=

( 0.1 kg/s ) 4178 ( J/kg K ) 20o C 106 W/m3 ( / 4 ) ( 0.04m )2 ( 0.02m )2

L = 8.87m.

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(b) The maximum wall temperature exists at the pipe exit (x = L) and the insulated surface (r = ro). From Eq. 3.50, the radial temperature distribution in the wall is of the form T (r ) = & q 2 r + C1ln r + C 2. 4k

Considering the boundary conditions; r = ro : & dT q C =0 = ro + 1 dr r = r 2k ro

o

C1 =

& 2 qro 2k Continued ..

PROBLEM 8.36 (Cont.) r = ri : T ( ri ) = Ts = & & 2 q 2 q ro ri + ln ri + C2 4k 2k C2 = & & 2 q 2 q ro ri ln ri + Ts . 4k 2k

The temperature distribution and the maximum wall temperature (r = ro) are T (r ) = & & 2 q 2 2 q ro r r ri + ln + Ts 4k 2k ri & & 2 q 2 2 q ro r ro ri + ln o + Ts 4k 2k ri

Tw,max = T ( ro ) =

where Ts , the inner surface temperature of the wall at the exit, follows from q = s & q ( /4 ) D2 D2 L o i Di L

& o q D2 D2 i 4 Di

) = h (Ts Tm,o)

where h is the local convection coefficient at the exit. With & 4m 4 0.1 kg/s Re D = = = 7928 Di ( 0.02m ) 803 106 N s/m 2 the flow is turbulent and, with (L/Di) = (8.87 m/0.02m) = 444 >> (xfd/D) 10, it is also fully developed. Hence, from the Dittus-Boelter correlation, Eq. 8.60,
h=

(0.023 Re D
k
i

0.617 W/m K 4/5 0.4 = 0.023 ( 7928 ) 4 / 5 5.45 0.4 = 1840 W/m2 K. D Pr 0.02 m

Hence, the inner surface temperature of the wall at the exit is 2 2 & o 106 W/m3 ( 0.04m ) ( 0.02m ) q D2 D2 i + 40o C = 48.2oC Ts = + Tm,o = 2 K 0.02m 4 h Di 4 1840 W/m ( )

and

Tw,max =

106 W/m3 0.02m )2 ( 0.01m ) 2 ( 4 15 W/m K 106 W/m3 ( 0.02m )2 0.02 + ln + 48.2 o C = 52.4oC. 2 15 W/m K 0.01

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COMMENTS: The physical situation corresponds to a uniform surface heat flux, and Tm increases linearly with x. In the fully developed region, Ts also increases linearly with x.

PROBLEM 8.60
KNOWN: Reaction vessel with process fluid at 75C cooled by water at 27C and 0.12 kg/s through 15 mm tube. High convection coefficient on outside of tube (3000 W/m K) created by vigorous stirring. FIND: (a) Maximum heat transfer rate if outlet temperature of water cannot exceed Tm,o = 47C, and (b) Required tube length. SCHEMATIC:
2

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) Negligible kinetic and potential energy changes, (3) Negligible thermal resistance of tube wall.
3 o PROPERTIES: Table A-6, Water Tm = ( 47 + 27 ) C/2 = 310K : = 1/vf = 993.1 kg/m , cp =

4178 J/kgK, = 695 10

-6

Ns/m , k = 0.628 W/mK, Pr = 4.62.

ANALYSIS: (a) From an overall energy balance on the tube with Tm,o = 47C, & q max = m c p Tm,o Tm,i = 0.12 kg/s 4178 J/kg K ( 47 27 )o C = 10,027 W.

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(b) For the constant surface temperature heating condition, from Eq. 8.46,

T Tm,o

PL = exp U m cp T Tm,i &

where

1/U = 1/ho + 1 / h . i

For internal flow in the tube, find

Re D =

& 4m 4 0.12 kg/s = =14,656 D 0.015 m 695 10-6 N s/m2

and the flow is turbulent. Assuming fully developed flow, use the Dittus-Boelter correlation with n = 0.4 (heating),

NuD = hi D/k = 0.023Re4/5 Pr0.4 D h i = [0.628 W/m K/0.015 m ] 0.023 (14,656 )

Hence, 1/U = [1/3000 + 1/3822] m K/W with P = D, find
2

4/5

( 4.62 )0.4 = 3822 W/m2 K.

2

or

U = 1680 W/m K. From the energy balance relation

( 75 47) o C = ( 75 27) o C

( 0.015 m ) L1680 W/m2 K exp 0.12 kg/s 4178 J/kg K

L = 3.4 m.

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COMMENTS: Note that L/D = 227 and the fully developed flow assumption is appropriate.

PROBLEM 9.12
KNOWN: Temperature dependence of free convection coefficient, h = CT1/ 4 , for a solid suddenly submerged in a quiescent fluid. FIND: (a) Expression for cooling time, tf, (b) Considering a plate of prescribed geometry and thermal conditions, the time required to reach 80C using the appropriate correlation from Problem 9.10 and (c) Plot the temperature-time history obtained from part (b) and compare with results using a constant h o

from an appropriate correlation based upon an average surface temperature T = ( Ti + Tf SCHEMATIC:

2.

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Lumped capacitance approximation is valid, (2) Negligible radiation, (3) Constant properties. PROPERTIES: Table A.1, Aluminum alloy 2024 T = ( Ti + Tf = 3.187 10-5 m2/s, Pr = 0.6976, = 1/ Tfilm .

2 400 K ) : = 2770 kg/m3, cp =

925 J/kgK, k = 186 W/mK; Table A.4, Air ( Tfilm = 362 K): = 2.221 10-5 m2/s, k = 0.03069 W/mK,

  ANALYSIS: (a) Apply an energy balance to a control surface about the object, E out = Est , and
substitute the convection rate equation, with h = CT1/ 4 , to find 5/ 4 CAs (T T ) = d/dt ( VcT ) . Separating variables and integrating, find 5/ 4 dT/dt = ( CAs Vc )( T T )

(1)

Ti

Tf

CAs t f = dt 5/ 4 Vc 0 (T T ) dT

4 ( T T )

T 1/ 4 f Ti

CAs tf Vc

4 Vc 4 Vc tf = (Tf T )1/ 4 (Ti T )1/ 4 = CA ( T T )1/ 4 CAs s i

1/ 4 Ti T 1 . (2) Tf T

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(b) Considering the aluminum plate, initially at T(0) = 225C, and suddenly exposed to ambient air at T = 25 C , from Problem 9.10 the convection coefficient has the form 1/ 4 t hi = 1.40 hi = CT1/ 4

where C = 1.40/L1/4 = 1.40/(0.150)1/4 = 2. 2496 W m 2 K

3/ 4

. Using Eq. (2), find Continued...

PROBLEM 9.12 (Cont.) 225 25 1/ 4 tf = 1 = 1154s 3/ 4 2 1/ 4 1/ 4 80 25 2 2.2496 W m K K 2 ( 0.150m ) ( 225 25 )

(c) For the vertical plate, Eq. 9.27 is an appropriate correlation. Evaluating properties at 4 2770 kg m3 0.1502 0.005 m3 925 J kg K

Tfilm = ( Ts + T ) 2 = (( Ti + Tf ) 2 + T ) 2 = 362 K

where Ts = 426K , the average plate temperature, find g Ts T L3 9.8 m s 2 (1 362K )( 426 298 ) K (0.150m )3 Ra L = = = 1.652 107 5 m 2 s 3.187 105 m 2 s 2.221 10

Nu L = 0.68 +

0.670Ra L1/ 4 1 + ( 0.492 Pr )9 16

4/9

= 0.68 +

0.670 1.652 107

1/ 4 4/9

1 + ( 0.492 0.6976 )9 /16

= 33.4

ho =

k 0.03069 W m K Nu L = 33.4 = 6.83 W m 2 K L 0.150m

From Eq. 5.6, the temperature-time history with a constant convection coefficient is where As V = 2L2 ( L L w ) = 2 w = 400m 1 . The temperature-time histories for the h = CT1/4 and h o analyses are shown in plot below.
250

T ( t ) = T + ( Ti T ) exp h o As Vc t

(3)

Plate temperature, Ts (C)

200

150

100

50 0 200 400 600 800 Time, t (s) Constant coefficient, ho = 6.83 W/m^2.K Variable coefficient, h = 2.25(Ts - Tinf)^0.25 1000 1200 1400 1600

COMMENTS: (1) The times to reach T(to) = 80C were 1154 and 1212s for the variable and constant coefficient analysis, respectively, a difference of 5%. For convenience, it is reasonable to evaluate the convection coefficient as described in part (b). (2) Note that RaL < 109 so indeed the expression selected from Problem 9.10 was the appropriate one. (3) Recognize that if the emissivity of the plate were unity, the average linearized radiation coefficient using Eq. (1.9) is h rad = 11.0 W m 2 K and radiative exchange becomes an important process.

PROBLEM 9.25
KNOWN: Boundary conditions associated with a rear window experiencing uniform volumetric heating.
 FIND: (a) Volumetric heating rate q needed to maintain inner surface temperature at Ts,i = 15C, (b)  Effects of T,o , u , and T,i on q and Ts,o.

SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state, one-dimensional conditions, (2) Constant properties, (3) Uniform volumetric heating in window, (4) Convection heat transfer from interior surface of window to interior air may be approximated as free convection from a vertical plate, (5) Heat transfer from outer surface is due to forced convection over a flat plate in parallel flow. PROPERTIES: Table A.3, Glass (300 K): k = 1.4 W/mK: Table A.4, Air (Tf,i = 12.5C, 1 atm): = 14.6 10-6 m2/s, k = 0.0251 W/mK, = 20.59 10-6 m2/s, = (1/285.5) = 3.503 10-3 K-1, Pr = 0.711; (Tf,o 0C): = 13.49 10-6 m2/s, k = 0.0241 W/mK, Pr = 0.714. ANALYSIS: (a) The temperature distribution in the glass is governed by the appropriate form of the heat equation, Eq. 3.39, whose general solution is given by Eq. 3.40.  T ( x ) = ( q 2k ) x 2 + C1x + C2 . The constants of integration may be evaluated by applying appropriate boundary conditions at x = 0. In particular, with T(0) = Ts,i, C2 = Ts,i. Applying an energy balance to the inner surface, q cond = q conv,i

dT = hi T,i Ts,i dx x = 0

C1 = hi k T,i Ts,i  T ( x ) = ( q 2k )

)(

) h i ( T,i Ts,i ) x2 x+T

k

 q k x + C1 = hi T,i Ts,i k x =0

s,i

(1)

The required generation may then be obtained by formulating an energy balance at the outer surface, where q cond = q conv,o . Using Eq. (1),

dT = h o Ts,o T,o dx x = L

(2) Continued...

PROBLEM 9.25 (Cont.)

 dT qL  = k + hi T,i Ts,i = qL + h i T,i Ts,i dx x = L k

(3)

Substituting Eq. (3) into Eq. (2), the energy balance becomes

 qL = h o Ts,o T,o + hi Ts,i T,i

(4)

where Ts,o may be evaluated by applying Eq. (1) at x = L.  qL2 hi T,i Ts,i Ts,o = L + Ts,i .

2k

(5)

The inside convection coefficient may be obtained from Eq. 9.26. With
2 3 1 (15 10 ) K (0.5 m ) g Ts,i T,i H3 9.8 m s 3.503 10 K Ra H = = = 7.137 107 , 6 2 6 2 14.60 10 m s 20.59 10 m s

1/ 6 1/ 6 0.387 7.137 107 0.387Ra H Nu H = 0.825 + = 0.825 + = 56 8 / 27 8 / 27 1 + ( 0.492 Pr )9 /16 1 + ( 0.492 0.711)9 /16

h i = Nu H

k 56 0.0251W m K = = 2.81W m 2 K H 0.5 m

The outside convection coefficient may be obtained by first evaluating the Reynolds number. With u H 20 m s 0.5 m ReH = = = 7.413 105 6 m 2 s 13.49 10 and with Rex,c = 5 105, mixed boundary layer conditions exist. Hence, 4/5 1/ 3 Nu H = 0.037 Re 4 / 5 871 Pr1/ 3 = 0.037 7.413 105 871 (0.714 ) = 864 H

h o = Nu H ( k H ) = (864 0.0241W m K ) 0.5 m = 41.6 W m 2 K . Eq. (5) may now be expressed as

Ts,o = 2 (1.4 W m K )
 q ( 0.008 m )

2.81W m 2 K (10 15 ) K 1.4 W m K

 0.008 m + 288 K = 2.286 105 q + 288.1K

 or, solving for q ,

 q = 43, 745 Ts,o 288.1

)
)

(6)

and substituting into Eq. (4),

43, 745 Ts,o 288.1 ( 0.008 m ) = 41.6 W m 2 K Ts,o 263 K + 2.81W m 2 K ( 288 K 283 K ) . It follows that Ts,o = 285.4 K in which case, from Eq. (6)

 q = 118 kW m3 .

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Continued...

(b) The parametric calculations were performed using the One-Dimensional, Steady-state Conduction Model of IHT with the appropriate Correlations and Properties Tool Pads, and the results are as follows.