European Journal of Social Sciences ISSN 1450-2267 Vol.28 No.1 (2012), pp. 138-152 EuroJournals Publishing, Inc.

. 2012 http://www.europeanjournalofsocialsciences.com

A Source of Al-Tabari History on Alray City

Sattam Zuhair Alkhateeb Department of Basic Sciences, University College of Ma'an Albalqa Applied University, Jordan E-mail: Sattam2009_maan@yahoo.com Tel: 0795633812 Abstract This is an effort to investigate one of the sources of Al-Tabari history on Alray city, Mohammad bin Hameed Alrazi, a narrators of Alray school, as one of the sources of History of Messengers and Kings by Al-Tabari . This study investigated the life of bin Hameed, his cultural conformation and his scholar status and an effort to portray a detailed premise for his narrations to Al-Tabari and determine his style and methodology. The study showed that Al-Tabari depended heavily on bin Hameed Alrazi where he had transferred about four hundred and fifty narrations on different eras.

Life of Mohammad bin Hameed

The sources had agreed on his name and kinship. He is Mohammad bin Hameed(1) bin Hayyan(2) Altamimi(3) Alrazi(4) , known as Abu Abdullah(5) . The available sources had neither mentioned the birth date of Mohammad bin Hameed , nor his raising but with some little information . Al-Thahabi (died in 748H/1347AD) had mentioned that bin Hameed had also mentioned that he had been born about (160H/777AD) (6). The sources had also mentioned that he had been born in Alray(7) where he had been grown there(8) according to the Al khateeb Al Baghdadi (died in 463H/1070AD), where he had said that bin Hameed had lived in Alray and mentioned that Abdullah bin Ahmad bin Hanbal had said there had been a knowledge in Alray where Mohammad bin Hameed had been alive(9). Our available sources had not mentioned any more information about his live .

The Cultural Background

Bin Hameed had been widely known in the science of Hadeeth , Seerah and Maghazi (narrations of prophet sayings , prophet's day to-day practice and the battles of prophet Mohammad , peace be upon him(pbuh) )(10). He had obtained education since his early years , where we can see that he had studied the narrations of Yacoub Al Qummi (d.174H/791AD) ,Abdullah bin Mubarak (d.181h/797AD), Jareer bin AbdulHameed Al Thubi (d.187H/803AD)and other contemporary scholars in Alray(11). Our available sources don't offer more details about his travels to benefit the students of his era or not , accept for his travel to Baghdad where he had settled and narrated to many of Imams such as Ahmad bin Hanbal , Yahia bin Mu'een and others (12). Bin Hameed had got education from many scholars of Alray such as Salamah bin Al Fadl AlAbrash Alansari(13) Alrazi(14) Alazraq(15) known as Abu Abdullah(16) (b.811H/700AD)(17), who had been a student of Mohammad bin Issac (d.151H/768AD), the narration of Seerah who had come to Alray where people had listened to his lessons . Salamah had been one of those who had obtained knowledge 138

European Journal of Social Sciences Volume 28, Number 1 (2012) from bin Issac then he had owned the Seerah of Ibin Issac(18). Ibin sa'ad had indicated that bin Hameed had been a trustworthy person who had been a student of bin Issaq and narrated his Maghazi (armd campaigns ), polite , and the most concentrating at prayer (19), while Yahia bin Mu'een (d.327H/938AD) had said ".and so I wrote about him and he was well "(20) , while Abu Hatim Alrazi (d.327H/938AD) had said "I heard Jareer saying that nowhere from Baghdad to Khorasan a place that had trusted the knowledge of Ibin Issaq more than Salamah bin Al Fadl "(21) . Al khateeb Al Baghdadi (d.463H/1070AD)) had said "Mohammad bin Issaq wrote this book and delivered papers to Salamah , where the narration of Salamah was preferred due to these papers "(22). Ibin Hameed had assumed two jobs ; education at school and judiciary at Alray(23) where he had died in (191H/806AD)(24) at Alray(25) at the age of one hundred and ten years(26) . Bin Hameed had narrated from several scholars such as Jareer bin Hameed al Thubbi(27) , Yahia bin Wadih Abu Tameelah(28) , Ibrahim bin Almokhtar Haroon bin Almugheerah Albujali(29) , Yacoub bin Abdullah Al Qummi(30) , Hakam bin Salm Alrazi (31),Alhakam bin Albasheer(32), Zahir bin Suliman Al Qahistani(33) , Abdullah bin Almobarak(34) , Mohran bin Abu Amro Alrazi(35) and others . Many people had been educated by bin Hameed such as Mohammad bin Jareer Al Tabari(36) , Mohammad bin Eisa Al Tarmadi(37) , Abdullah bin Ahmad bin Hanbal(38) , Abdullah bin Mohammad Al Baghawi(39) , Alhussan bin Ali Alma'mari(40) , Abdullah bin Abdurrahman Aldarimi(41) , Mohammad bin Yahia bin Mandah Al Asbahani(42) and others .

His Academic Reputation

Mohammad bin Hameed had been a student of Salamah bin Al Fadl (d.191H/806AD) who had received the Seerah of Ibin Issaq(43) (d.151H/768AD) known as AL Mubtada' wal Maba'ath wal Maghazi ; ( The beginning , the envoyship and campaigns )(44), so we can classify bin Hameed as one of the fifth level historians where his teacher Salamah had been one of the fourth level historians(45) . The views of scholar had been contradicted in evaluating Mohammad bin Hameed where ALbokhari (d. 256H/869AD) had mentioned him as "Mohammad bin Hameed Alrazi worths an appreciation ". Aloqaili (d.322H/933AD) had said "Yahia bin Adam told me that he had heard AL bukhari saying that Mohammad bin Hameed worth's an appreciation "(47). Abu Hatim ALrazi (d.327H/938AD) had said " Abdurrahman Ali bin AL Hussein bin AL Junaid told us that he had heard Yahia bin Mu'een saying " bin Hameed is a trustworthy and these Hadeeths who is talking about were not by him but through his teachers "(48). Ibin Hayyan (d. 354H/965AD) had said "he was dissented from other trusted people with the inversed narrations especially if he narrated from the teachers at his city "(49) I heard Bakr bin Maqbool saying that he heard Abu Zurara ALrazi saying "there are three unbiased persons, one of them Mohammad bin Hameed ", and heard bin Hameed saying that AL sa'ad : said that 'Mohammad bin Hameed ALrazi was a trustworthy person "(50) , Abu Ya'ala ALqazweeni (d.446H/1054AD) had said "bin Hameed had been one of the prominent narrators as a scholar and educator "(51). AL khateeb AL Baghdadi (d.463H/1030AD) had said 'Mohammad bin Abbas ALosami had said "Salih bin Mohammad Al Asadi had said "I hadn't seen a person who discovered the liars than Suleiman bin AL Shathli and Mohammad bin Hameed ALrazi who had been reading the narration and repeating it by heart where his narrations had increased daily "(52) ALqasarani (d.507H/1112AD) had said "Mohammad bin Hameed had a vast knowledge whom Abu Daoud , Taramathi , Ibin Majoh , Mohammad bin Jareer and AL Baghawi had taken the narrations from him ". Abdullah bin Ahmad had said " I heared my father saying "there is still a knowledge in Alray while bin hameed in alive " . Abu Zarqia had said "who missed bin Hameed needed to verify ten thousands of Hadeeth "(53) . Ibin AL Jawzi (d.597H/1209AD) had said about him " Abu Razara and I in Darah hadn't believed him " while Alnassaei had said "not trustworthy", and Ibin Hayyan had said "he is distincted from other trustworthy narrations by his inversed narrations ". Salih bin Mohammad AL Asadi " I didn't see a clever person who discovered the liars than bin Hameed and AL Shathkoni "(54) . AL Muzzi (d.742H/1341AD) had 139

European Journal of Social Sciences Volume 28, Number 1 (2012) said "Ibrahim bin Malik bin Qattan said " I heard Mohammad bin Hameed saying " I arrived Baghdad where Ahmad bin Hanbal and Yahia received me and asked me about the Hadeeths of Yacoub AL Qommi and wrote my narrations " Abdullah bin Ahmad bin Hanbal had said "I heard my father saying " there is still knowledge in Alray while bin Hameed is alive where his narrations from bin AL Mubarak and Jareer are right while his narrations from Alray people are more knowledged ."Abu Quraish Mohammad bin Jumrah bin khalaf AL Hafith had said " I asked Mohammad bin Yahia AL Dohli : what do you say about Hameed? He replied :why don't I narrate from him"(55) ALthahabi (d.748H/1347AD) had said "Yacoub bin Sheehab said that bin Hameed ignored many narrations while AL bukhari has said he was a trustworthy narrator(56) . Ibin Mu'een had described him as a clever trustworthy person(57) . AL Tarabulsi (d.841H/1437AD)had said "Salih Jazarah said" we accused bin Hameed every thing since I haven't seen a liar more than him : He got the Hadeeths of people and inverted them "Ahmad Assad he said "I heard Fathlak ALmazi saying "I saw bin Hameed assemble the evidences on the texts of Hadeeths "(58) . AL Asqalani (d.852H/1440AD)had said "Mohammad bin Hameed is a weak documenter"(59). All previous quotes had been contradicted in evaluating bin Hameed among supporters who had described him as a trustworthy(60) documenter(61) ,scholar(62) and narrator(63) and among opposers who had described him as a liar(64) , infiedel(65) untrustworthy(66) and ignorant of some Hadeeths(67) . The researcher weighed those who supported bin Hameed through evidences from prominent historians who had depended on his narrations in the books and considered him a trustworthy at all narrations such as AL Tabari (d.310H/922AD) where some scholars believed that Al Tabari had been licensed to narrate the Seerah of bin Issaq from bin Hameed(68) . we found that the most famous narrators had accepted his narrations such as bin Hanbal , ALdarimi , Ibin Majah, AL Tarmathi and Abdullah bin Hanbal and others(69) .

His Death
All sources had agreed that he had died in (248H/862AD) without indicating the place of death(70) at the age of eighty eight years .

The Structure of His Narrations

AL Tabari in his book "History of Messengers and Kings had "depended on Mohammad bin Hameed largely where he quoted four hundred and forty nine narrations for different eras . 1. Pre Islam Era (pre 610 AD) AL Tabari had quoted one hundred and twenty narrations for bin Hameed which covered the first creation , prophets , kings , ancient nations and the messege of prophet Mohammad (pbuh ) . He had talked about the beginning and end of time(71) , then six narrations about the first creation(72) , day and night(73) , four narrations about Iblis (the devil ) and his exodus from the paradise(74) , ten narrations about Adam and Eve and their exodus from paradise(75) , then six narrations about children of Adam(76) , seven narrations about prophet Noah and his people(77) , fourteen narrations about prophet Ibrahim (pbuh) and his sons and the construction of Ka'aba(78) , five narrations about prophet Lot and his people(79),then he quoted about prophet Ayyob(Job)(80) , twelve narrations on prophet Yousif (Joseph)and his brothers(81) , AL khadir as a prophet to children of Israel(82) , twelve narrations about prophet Mousa( Moses) and Far'oun(Pharaoh )(83) , and eight narrations about Suleiman bin Daoud(Solomon bin David) the kings and prophets(84) .AL Tabari also had included three narrations about the cave men(85) , Younis(Jonah) bin Matta and his agony in the abdomen of the whale with two narrations(86) , the death of Antiochus king(87) , the story of Samson the muslim(88) , the tales of Gorges and the King of Mosul(89) , then ten narrations about Yemen and its king(90) , four narrations about 140

European Journal of Social Sciences Volume 28, Number 1 (2012) Qusai bin Kilab(91) ; and talked about the Hemiarian and the transfer of Ka'aba Stone to Yemen(92) and concluded with ten narrations about prophet Mohammad (pbuh) prior to the revelation of Islam(93) . 2. Time of Prophet Era (10 p.b-11h/610-633ad) AL Tabari had included two hundred and eighty one narrations where he focused on the stories of military campaigns and practices of prophet Mohammad (pbuh) as follows: one narration on Qur'an revelation(94). one narration on Gabriel the angel(95). seven narrations about the first person who believed in the prophet (pbuh)(96). hostility of Quraish to prophet Mohammad (pbuh )in five narrations(97) . the immigration at Muslims to AL Habasha (Ethiopia ) in three narrations(98) . six narrations about the presentation of prophet Mohammad (pbuh) of himself to the tribe(99) three narrations on the first Oqaba vow(100) . six narrations on the second Oqaba vow(101) . one narration about the meeting of Quraish at dar AL Nadwah and decision to kill prophet Mohammad (pbuh)(102). three narrations about the migration of prophet to Madina(103). five narrations on the arrival of prophet to Madina(104). switch the Qiblah of Islam from(Alquds) Jerusalem to Makka mokarrma in one narration(105). forty eight narrations about the battle of Badr (106). two narrations on the battle of Sowaiq(107). twenty six narrations about Ohod battle(108) . five narrations about the battle of bir Ma'ouna(109). eight narrations about Thatul-Riqa' battle (110). seven narrations about AL khandag(ditch) battle (111). six narrations about battle of Bani Quraidthah(112). three narrations about Al ghaba battle (113). three narrations about Bani AL mostalaq battle(114) . five narrations about the Ifk talk (liars )(115). twelve narrations about Sulh (peace agreement) of Hudaibiah(116) . ten narrations about Khaibar battle (117). three narrations about battle of Wadi Qira (118). seven narrations on Mu'tah battle(119). twenty one narrations about Conquest of Makkah (120). seventeen narrations on Honain battle(121). ten narrations about Taif battle (122). nine narrations about Tabouk battle (123). twenty narrations about the reception of delegations by prophet (pbuh)(124). seventeen narrations about the sickness and death of prophet (pbuh)(125). 3. Rashidoun Kaliphates Era (11-40h/632-660ad) AL Tabari had quoted fourty two narrations as follows : Kaliphate of Abu Bakir AL Siddiq Era (11-13h/632-634ad) fifteen narrations included : two narrations about Saqeefat Bani Sa'aidah (126) vow of convention for Abu Bakr caliphate (127) Eight narrations about the movement of Riddah (Apostasy)(128) 141

European Journal of Social Sciences Volume 28, Number 1 (2012) the battles of Yamamah ,Yemen and Bahrain(129) compaigns of land of Syria (130) piligimage of Abu Bakr (131) succession of Abu Bakir by Omar bin AL khattab (132) Kaliphate of Omar bin AL khattab (13-23h/634-643ad): AL Tabari included twenty narrations as follow : two narrations about battle of Fahl , and the step down of Khalid bin AL Waleed(133) conflict between Khalid bin AL Waleed and Omar bin AL khattab(134) commands of Omar to ALmuthanna and Abu Obeidah bin Masoud to move to Iraq (135) three narrations about the battle of Qarqas(136) one narration about the Bowaib battle (137) five narrations about Qadissiyah battle(138) . battles of Jabuta , ALjazeerah , Nasibeen and Qaisariyah (139) travel of Omar bin ALkhattab from Madinah to Sham land (Syria)(140) , the year of travel (19h/638ad)(141) and return to Madinah (142) Blaque of Omoas(143) and death of Abu Obeidah(144) assign Moa'awiah bin Abu Sufian as the leader of Damascus army and Sharhabeel bin Hasanah as the leader of Jordan army(145) conquest of Qaisariyah and Misr (Egypt ) (20h/642ad)(146) , and Iskindiriyah (Alexandaria )(147) , the history of Nahawand battle (21h/642ad)(148), and conquest of Nahawand (149) the lineage of Omar(150) and some his stories(151) The commitment of Mohammad bin Hameed to sources and attribution to past history prevented him from writing the news of his contemporny events . it might be a fact that his understanding of history as a stone of post generations experience was the reason(152).

Methodology and Style of Mohammad Bin Hameed

The most distinctive features of Mohammad bin Hameed narrations had been the use of attribution , where all narrations had been attributed depending on the vocabularies indicating the hearing or oral speech in attribution . If he heard by himself he said "he said to us(153) or he told us that .(154) .The use of such style indicates that he had got his narrations directly from the sources orally(155) . Bin Hameed adopted two approaches in arranging his narrations : 1. The objective or horizontal approach(156): this approach had been adopted by bin Hameed in terms of pre-Islamic Era from the beginning of first creation , messenger , Ancient nations until the prophetic mission(157) . He couldn't adopt the time sequence or annual history in that observed Era because its events and stories had been scattered and orally narrated and focused on the battles , poems and proverbs(158) . This approach is blamed for narrating the news without depending on the brief indication of source or resource that some news not contemporary to him might had been suspected due to un attribution (159) 2. The Annual or historical approach: he had adopted this approach in terms of the narrations related the era of prophet (pbuh) and the Rashidoun Kaliphate ; he had focused on the time sequential of events especially at the time of prophet (pbuh)(160). This approach had been characterized by the sequential attributed narrations until reaching the last person who had participated in the events in the era before bin Hameed time (161). This approach had facilitated the recognition of his sources, therefore he had got the trust of narrators and contemporary historians and those who had come after him. The number of his narrations supports this view . 142

European Journal of Social Sciences Volume 28, Number 1 (2012) Bin Hameed had neither expressed his viewpoint on his narrations nor he had been interested in that he hadn't used the phrases indicating the suspicion so he had begun writing down the news under the responsibility of its narrators and presented it objectively and in neutral way with attribution of each narration to its own narrators due to his trust of them letting the reader to comment positively or negatively(163) . Bin Hameed had dealt with multiple narrators for one event , received from several sources , where each narration had its own characteristics(164) . Therefore the reader had the ability to form a comprehensive and integrated view about the topic to compare these narration, weigh them and select the best one . Sometimes these narrations had agreed on the implication while in other time these narrations had been different. Some narrations had been long while others had been brief due to using the dialogue and digression .The long narrations had indicated his deep and strong memorization since he had got his narrations directly in oral way. Bin Hameed had handled the Israelite narrations(165) where he had obtained the news of preIslam from Salamah bin AL Fadl (d.191h/806ad)who had got them from Mohammad bin Issaq (d.151h/768ad) who had been interested in the Israelites (166). His style had been literary in a vivid image and attractive way of narration with a clear ,direct , easy and vivid from his style had been characterized by the accord description of historical events(167) , adopted the simple vocabularies(168) with some abundance in other vocabularies that had been explained by the literature and geographic sources . His style also had been characterized by using the dialogue in the long narrations which in turn distincted them by clarity of news such as the narrations about the era of Children of Israel after return from the captivity in Babylon to Jerusalem(170) , the stories of Georgis and King of Mosul(171) , the dialogue between Abu Talib and Qurish complaining prophet Mohammad (pbuh)(172) and dialogue between Abdurrahman bin Aauf and Omayyah bin Khalaf at the battle of Badr(173) , and the narrations about the prophet himself and his relationship with the tribes(174) , the dialogue between Omar bin AL khattab and Khalid bin AL Waleed . This style makes the listening person able to comprehend and memorize information in all cases the dialogue had been used in a conformed and interfered way with other narrations which envelops them with familiarity . His style offers information about the surrounding conditions of narration or historical event , where he sometimes had offered a geographical illustration about the place related to the historical events narrated(176). Bin Hameed hadn't adopted the approach of Al jarh wa Al ta'deel (Suspecion and Mediation ) in criticizing his sources and narrations where he had supported his narration by verses of Qur'an(177) , and holy Hadeeth(178) , poems(179) , speeches and gossips(180) and wills(181) . Footnotes: 1) Mohammad bin Ismail AL bukhari (d.256h/869ad) ,Attarikh Al kabeer ( the great history ) , 4 volumes , Dar Al kotob Al Elmiyah , Beirut , 1986, vol 1 ,pp 70-71 (will be referred herein after as Al bukhari ,Attarikh Al kabeer ). Abdurrahman bin Amro bin Abdullah abu Zar'a Alrazi (d.281h/895ad), Abu zar'a and his efforts in Sunnah Nabawiah , reviewed by Sa'adi ALhashemi , Ibin ALqayyim bookshop for distribution and publishing , Al Madinah Al munawaran , vol 2 ,p 738 (will be referred herein after as Abu zarra Alrazi , his efforts in sunnah nabawiah ). Amro bin Abi A'asim Aldhahak Alshebani (d.287h/900ad), Alsunnah ,reviewed by Mohammad Nasiruddin Alalbani , 1st ed , Almaktab Alislami , Beirut ,1400h,vol.1 ,p 53 (will be referred herein after as Abu A'asim ; Alsunneh). Mohammad bin Amro bin mousa bin Hammad Aloqaili Almakki (d.322h/933ad); Aldo'afa' Al kbeer , reviewed by Abdul Muti Ameen Qala'j i, 1st ed, Dar Alkhotob Alelmiyah , Beirut , vol .2 , p 150 (will be referred herein after as Aloqaili , Aldoa'afa' 143

European Journal of Social Sciences Volume 28, Number 1 (2012) Abdurrahman bin Abi Hatim Alrazi (d.327h/938ad), Al jarh Watta'deel , 1st ed, Dar Ihia' Alturath Al arabi , Beirut , 1952, vol 7 ,p 332 (will be referred herein after as Abu hatim Alrazi , Al jarh ). Mohammad bin Hibban bin Ahmad bin Abi Hatim Al Tameemi Albasti (d.354h/965ad) , Al majroheen Minal mohadditheen wal do'afa' wal matrookeen , reviewed by Mohammad Ibrahim Zayed , Dar Al Wa'i , Halab (Aleppo ), 1976 ,vol 2 , p 303 ,(will be referred herein after as Ibn Hibban , Almajrooheen ). Abdullah bin Oudai bin Abdullah Abu Ahmad Al Jurani (d.365h/975ad) , Al kamil fi Doho'afa' Al rijal , 7 vol , reviewed by Yahia Mokhtar Ghazzawi ,3rd ed; Darul Fikr ,Beirut , 1988 ,vol 6 ,p 274 (will be referred herein after Ibn Oday , Al kamil ). Abu Ahmad Alhasan bin Sa'ad Al'askari (d.382h/992ad), Tas-heefatul Mohadithin ; reviewed by Mohammad Ahmad Meera , Aljami'ah Alislamiyah , Al Madinah Almonawarah , vol 3 , p 874 , (will be referred herein after as Al'askari, Tas-heefatul Mohadithin ). Alhafith Abu Bakr Ahmad bin Ali Alkhateeb Al Baghdadi ( d.463h/1070ad), Tarikh Baghdad (history of Baghdad), Dar Al kotob Alislamiyeh ,Beirut , vol 2 , p 259 (will be referred herein after as Alkhateeb Al Baghdadi , Tarikh Baghdad ). Yousif bin Abdullah bin Mohammad Abdul Bar Alandalusi ,.436h/1070ad),Attamheed ; ministry of Endowments and Islamic affairs ,morocco ,1378h,vol 2 , p 36 (will be referred herein after as Ibn Abdul bar , Attamheed ). Mohammad bin Tahir Alqaisarani (d.507h/1112ad), Tathkiratul Hoffath ,reviewed by Hamdi Al Salafi ,4th ed , Dar Alsumaiei , Riyadh ,1415h , vol 1 , p 490 (will be referred herein after as Alqaisarami ,Tathkiratul Hoffath ). Abdurrahman bin Mohammad al Jawzi (d.597h/1200ad), Aldoa'fa' wal Matrookeen , reviewed by Abu Al Fida'a Al Qadhi , Darul kotob Alislamiyeh .Beirut ,1986, vol 3 , p 54 (will be referred herein after as Ibin Al Jawzi , Al doa'fa'). Jamaluddin Abil Hajaj Yousef Al Mazzi (d.742h/1341ad), Tahtheebul kamal fee asma'a Al rijal , reviewer: Bashar Awwad Ma'arof , Arrisalah Est , vol 25 , p 97(will be referred herein after as Almazzi , Tahtheeb). Shamsuddin Mohammad bin Ahmad bin Othman Al Thahabi (d.748h/1347ad) , Siar A'alam Alnubala' , reviewer : Shuaib Alarnaoat , 1st ed, Ala'lani Est for publications , Beirut , 1971 , vol 11 , p 503 (will be referred herein after as Althahabi , Siar A'alam ). Ibrahim bin Mohammad Al Ajami Altarabulsi , (d. 841h/1437ad) ,Alkashful Hatheeth Amma'n Rama Biwathei'a Hadeeth , reviewer :Subhi Al Samiraei , 2nd ed ,Dar A'alam El kotob , Beirut , 1987, p 227 (will be referred herein after as Al Tarabulsi , Alkashful Hatheeth). Ahmad bin Ali bin Hajar Alasqalani (d.852h/1448ad), Taqreebul tah-theeb , reviewer :Mohammad Awarnah ,1st ed, Dar Alrasheed , Syria ,1986 , p 475 (will be referred to herein after as Alasqalani , Taqreebul tah-theeb). Abdurrahman bin Abi Bakr Alsayoti,(d.911h/1505ad),Tabaqatul Hoffath , Darul kotob Alilmah Beirut , 1403h, p 216 (will be referred to herein after as Alsayoti , Tabaqatul Hoffath ). 2) Abu Zarra wa Johoodoh fi al Sunnah (his efforts in suneeh ) , vol 2 , p 738 Al khateeb Al bashdadi ; Tarikh Baghdad , vol 2 ,p 259 Ibin Abdul Bar ,Attamheed , vol 2 , p 63 Alqaisarani , Tathkiratul Hoffah , vol 2 , p 49 Ibin Al Jawzi , Aldoa'fa' ,vol 3 , p 54 Al Mazzi , Tahtheeb , vol 25 , p 97 Althahabi , Siar A'alam , vol 11 , p 503 144

European Journal of Social Sciences Volume 28, Number 1 (2012) Alasqalani , Taqreebul Tahtheeb , p 475 3) Abu Zara'a , Op.Cit , p738 Almazzi , Op. Cit , p 97 Ahmad bin Ali bin Hajar Alasqalani , (d.852h/1443ad) ,Lisanul Meezan , 2nd ed , Ala'alamri printing Est , Beirut , 1971 , vol 7 , p 492 (will be referred herein after as Alasqalani , Lisanul Meezan ) Alsayoti , Op.Cit, p 216 4) Mohammad bin Ismail Al bukhari (d.256h/889ad) ,Attareekh Alsagheer (Beirut history ) , reviewer : Mahmood Ibrahim Zayed , 1st ed , Darul ma'arifah, Beirut , 1986, vol 1 , p 85 (will be referred herein after as Albokahri , Attarikh Assgheer ) ; Attareekh Alkbeer , vol 1 , pp 70-71. Abu zarra Alrazi , Op.Cit , p 738. Aloqaili , Aldoa'fa' Alkabeer , vol 4 , p 61 Abu Hatim Alrazi , Aljarh , vol 7 , p 232 Ibin Hibban , Almajroheen , vol 2 , p303 Ibin Oday , Alkamil , vol 6 , p 274 Alaskari , Tas-heefatul Mohaddithin , vol 3 , p 874 Alkhateeb Al Baghdadi, Tareekh Baghdad , vol 2 , p259 Ibin Abdul Bar , Attamheed , vol 2 , p 63 Al qaisaroni , Op.Cit , vol 2 , p 490 Ibin Aljawzi , Aldoa'fa' , vol 3 , p 54 Almazzi , Op.Cit , p 97 Shamsuddin Mohammad bin Ahmad bin Othman Althahabi (d.748h/1347ad), Alkaashif fi Ma'arifati man lahu riwayaton fil kotob Alsittah , 1st ed , Darul kotob AlElmiah , Beirut ,1983 , vol 2 , p 166 (will be referred herein after as Althahabi , Alkaashif ). Altarabulsi , Alkashiful Hatheeth , p 227 Alasqalani , Tagreebul Tah-theeb , p 475 Alsayoti , Op.Cit , p 216 5) Albukhari ,Attareekh Alkabeer , vol 1 , pp 70-71 Abu zara' , Op.Cit , p 738 Aloqaili , Op.Cit , vol 4 , p 61 Ibn Abi Hatim , Aljarh , vol 7 , p 232 Ibin Oday , Op.Cit , vol 6 , p274 Alkhateeb Al Baghdadi , Op.Cit , vol 2 , p 229 Ibin Abdul Bar ,Op.Cit, vol 2 , p 63 Alqaisarani , Op.Cit, vol 2 , p 490 Ibin Aljawzi , Aldoa'fa' , vol 3 , p 54 Almazzi , Op.Cit , vol 25 . p 97 Althahabi , Siar A'alam , vol 11 , p 503 Ahmad bin Ali bin Mohammad bin Hajar Alasqalani (d.852h/1448ad) , Tahtheeb al Tahtheeb , 2nd ed , Dar Ihia'a Alturath Alarabi , Beirut , 1993 , vol 9 , pp 111-112 (will be referred to herein after as Alasqalani , Tahtheeb al Tahtheeb ). 6) Althahabi , Op.Cit , vol 11 , p 503 7) Alray : it is a famous and large city and the way to Makkah between mountains , it is far from Naisapoor 160 Farsakh , from Qaspin 27, from Qaspin to Abbar 12 , from Abbar to zingaa 15 , Muslims opened this city in the year of 20 h . see: Shabuddin Abi Abdullah Yaqout Al hamawi (d.626h/1328ad), Mo'ajam Albuldan (Atlas of countries ) , Darul kitab Al arabi , Beirut , vol 4 , p 322 (will be referred herein after as Yaqout , Mo'ajam ). 145

European Journal of Social Sciences Volume 28, Number 1 (2012) 8) 9) 10) Khairuddin Alzarkali , Al'alam , Darul Ilm lilmalayeen , Beirut , 1989 , vol 6 , p 110 (will be referred to herein after as Alzarkali , Alalam ) Alkhateeb , Op.Cit , vol 2 , pp 256-261 Abdurrahman Husein Alizzawi , Attabari: Alseerat w Attareekh ; Dar Alshouon for public culture , Baghdad , 1989, p 88 , 99 (will be referred herein after as Alizzawi , Attabari ). Ali Bakr Hasan , Attabari wa Matbajoho fi Ttarekh (methodology of Tabari in History ) a master thesis , Cairo university , 1984 , p325 (will be referred herein after as Ali Bakr Tabari ) Alkhateeb Al Baghdadi , Op.Cit , vol 2 , pp 256-261 Alzarkali , Ala'alam , vol 6 , p 110 Mohammad bin Sa'ad bin Manee' Abu Abdullah Al zohri (d.230h/822ad), Attabaqat Alkobra ,3 parts , Dar Sadier , Beirut , vol 7 , p 267 (will be referred to herein after as Ibin sa'ad , Attabaqat ). Yahia bin Mu'een (d.233h/847ad),Attareekh , reviewer : Ahmad Mohammad Saif , 1st ed , University of king fahed , Makkah , 1979 , vol 2 , p 226 (will be referred to herein after as Ibin mu'een , Attareelh ). Albokhari , Attareekh Alkabeer , vol 2 , p 84 Aloqaili ,Aldo'fa' , vol 2 , p 150 Almazzi , Op.Cit , vol 11 , p 305 Althahabi , Op.Cit , vol 1 , p 130 14 Yahia bin Mu'een ,Op.Cit , vol 2 , p 226 Albokhari , Op.Cit , vol 2 ,p 84 Aloqaili , Op.Cit , vol 2 , p 15 Abu Hatim Alrazi , Op.Cit , vol 2 , p 168 Althahabi , Op.Cit , p 130 Abu Hatim Alrazi , Op.Cit , p 168 Almazzi ,Op.Cit , vol 11 , p 305 Abu Hatim Alrazi , Op.Cit , vol 2 , p 168 Almazzi , Op.Cit , p 305 Alasqalani , Op.Cit , p 379 Sattam Alkhateeb , Salamah bin Fadl , p 24 Alkhateeb Albaghdadi , Op.Cit , vol 1 , p 221 Sattam Alkhateeb , Op.Cit , p 25 Ibin Sa'ad , Attabaqat , vol 7 , p 267 Yahia bin Mu'een , Op.Cit , vol 2 , p 226 Abu Hatim Alrazi , Op.Cit , vol 2 , pp 169-70 Alkhateeb Al Baghdadi , Op.Cit , vol 1 , p 221 Albokhari , Attareekh Assagheer , vol 2 , p245 Aloqaili , Op.Cit , vol 2 , p 15 Abu Hatim Alrazi , Op.Cit , vol 2 , p 168 Althahabi , Meezan , vol 2 , p 182 -Sattam Alkhateeb , Op.Cit , p 28 Althahabi , Op.Cit , vol 2 , p 192 Sattam Alkhateeb , Op.Cit , p 29 Ibid , p 29 Ibin Sa'ad , Op.Cit , vol 7 , p 267 Sattam Alkhateeb , Op.Cit , p 29 Ibin Sa'ad , Op.Cit , vol 7 , p 381 146

11)

12) 13)

14)

15) 16)

17) 18) 19) 20) 21) 22) 23)

24) 25) 26) 27)

European Journal of Social Sciences Volume 28, Number 1 (2012) Albokhari , Attareekh Alkabeer , vol 2 , p 214 Ahmad bin Abdullah Salih Abu Alhasan Alajali Alkoufi (d. 261h/874ad), Ma'arifatuThuqat , reviewer: Abdul Aleem Albastooni , Addar bookshop , Almadeenah, 1985 , vol 1 , p 297 (will be referred to herein after as Alajali , Ma'ari fatu-thuqat ) Moslim bin AlHajaj (d.261h/875ad), Alkona walasma'a (nicknames and names ), reviewer :Abdurraheem Mohammad Ahmad Alqoshair , 1st ed , Islamic University , Madeenah , 1984 , vol 1 p 93 (will be referred herein after as Muslim , Alkona ). Suleiman bin Khalaf bin Sa'ad Abu Al Waleed Al Baji (d.474h/1082ad), Atta'deel wal Tajreeh liman kharraj laho Albokhari Fil Jamie' Alsaheeh , reviewer :Abu lobabah Hussein , Dar Alliwa'a for publishing and Distribution , 1986 , p 122 ( will be referred to herein after as Albaj :,Attadeel wal Tajreeh ). Alsayouti , Op.Cit , p 122 Ibin sa'ad , Op.Cit , vol 1 , p 375 Muslim , Alkona , vol 1 , p 164 Abu Hatim Alrazi , Op.Cit , vol 9 , p 194 -Almazzi , Op.Cit , vol 32 , p 22 Althahabi , Alkaashif , vol 2 , p 377 Albokhari , Attareekh Alkabeer , vol 8 , p 225 Moslim , Op.Cit , vol 1 , p 246 Ibin Hibban , Op.Cit , vol 9 , p 238 Almazzi , Op.Cit , vol 30 , p 110 Alasqalani , Tah-tbeebut Tahtheeb , vol 1 , p 239 Althahabi , Siar A'alam , vol 8 , p 299 Albokhari , Op.Cit , vol 3, p 135 Alajali , Op.Cit , vol 1 , p 311 Alkhateeb Al Baghdadi , Op.Cit , vol 8 , p 282 Almazzi , Op.Cit , vol 7 , p 83 Althahabi , Op.Cit , vol 9 , p 88 Alasqalani , Op.Cit , vol 2 , p 42 Abu Hatim Alrazi , Op.Cit , vol 3 ,p 114 Albokhari , Op.Cit , vol 3 , p 451 Aloqaili , Op.Cit , vol 2 , p 95 Ibn Hibban , Op.Cit , vol 1 , p 315 Alkhateeb Al Baghdadi , Op.Cit , vol 8 , p 494 Althahabi , Alkaashif , vol 1 , p 400 Almazzi , Op.Cit , vol 9 , p 267 Albokhari , Op.Cit , vol 5 ,p 212 Abu Bakr Ahmad bin Ali bin Manjawaih Alasbahani (d.248h/862ad), Rijal Saheeh Moslim , reviewer : Abdullah Allaithi , 1st ed , Darul Ma'arifah , Beirut , 1407h ,vol 1 , p 389 (will be referred to herein after as Alasbahani , Rijal saheh moslim ). Althahabi , Op.Cit , vol 1 , p 561 Althahabi , Siar A'alam , vol 8 ,p 336 Abu AlFalah Ibin Ahmad Alhanbali (d.1089h/1768ad), Shatharatu-thahab fee akhbari man Thahab , Dar Ihia'a AlTurath Alarabi , Beirut , vol 1 , p 295 (will be referred to herein after as Alhanbali, Shatharatu Thahab ). Ibin Oday , Op.Cit , vol 6 , p 462 Mohammad Issaq Ibin Alnadeem (d.380h/913ad) , Alfihrist (index), reviewer :Nahid Abbas Othman , 1st ed , Dar Qatari bin Alfoja'at , Doha , 1985 , p 336 (will be referred to herein after as ibin Anadeem , Ali fihrist ) , 147

28)

29)

30) 31)

32) 33)

34)

35) 36)

European Journal of Social Sciences Volume 28, Number 1 (2012) Alkhateeb Al Baghdadi , Op.Cit , vol 2 , p 162 Ibin Khilikan , Wafiyat Ala'yan (Deaths of high class people ), vol 3 , p332 Althahabi , Op.Cit , vol 4 , p 27,28 Tajuddin Abu Alnasr Abdulwahid bin Ali bin Abdul Kafi Alsabki (d.771h/1369ad) , Tabaqat Alshafia'ah Al kobra , reviewer :Mohammad Al Hilow and Mohammad Altbakhi , print shop of Mustafa Albabi Alhalabi , Cairo ,1963 , vol 3 , p 20 (will be referred herein after as Alsabki , Tabaqat Alshafia'ah ) Ibin katheer , Albidaya , vol 11 , p 145 Alhanbali , Shatharatu Thahab , vol 1,p 260 Mohammad bin Eisa Attarmathi (279h/892ad) ,Aljamie' Alma'rouf bi Sunan Attarmathi ,Almo'tamin Est , Riyadh , vol 1 , p 12 (will be referred herein after as Sunan Attarmathi ). Ibin Hibban , Op.Cit , vol 9 , p 153 Ibin Alatheer , Alkamil , vol 7 , p 460 Almazzi , Tahtheeb , vol 26 , p 25 Althahabi , Op.Cit , vol 13 , p270 Abu Hatim Alrazi , Op.Cit , vol 5 , p 27 Alkhateeb Al Baghdadi ; Op.Cit , vol 9 , p375-376 Ibn Alktheer , Op.Cit , vol 7 , p 229 Almazzi , Op.Cit , vol 14 , p 285-286 Althahabi , Op.Cit ,vol 13 , p 516 Ibn Oday , Op.Cit , vol 2 , p 132 Alkhateeb Al Baghdadi , Op.Cit , vol 10 , p 111 Althahabi , Op.Cit , vol 14 , p 440 Ibin katheer , Op.Cit , vol 11 , p 163 Alhanbali , Op.Cit , vol 2 , p 275 Alkhateeb Al Baghdadi , Op.Cit , vol 7 , p 369 Althahabi ,Op.Cit , vol 14 , pp 510 511 Albokhari , Attareekh Assgheer , vol 2 , p 397 Althahabi ,Op.Cit , vol 12 , p 224 Abu Hatim Alrazi , Op.Cit , vol 5 , p 210 Ibn Hibban , Op.Cit , vol 8 , p 369 Alkhateeb Al Baghdadi , Op.Cit , vol 10 , p 29 Almazzi , Op.Cit , vol 15 , p 210 Abu Hatim Alrazi , Op.Cit , vol 8 , p 125 Abdullah bin Mohammad bin Ja'afar Alasbhani (d.369h/981ad) , Tabaqatul Mohaddithin fee Asbahan , 7th ed , Arrisalah Est , Beirut , 1992 , vol 3 , p 442 (will be referred to herein after as Alasbahani , Tabaqat Al mohaddithin ) Abdulkareem bin Mohammad Alrafiei Alqazweeni , Attadween fee akhbar Qazween, reviewer : Azizullah Alatardi , Dar Alkotob Alilmiah , Beirut , 1987 , vol 3 , p 402 (will be referred to herein after as Alqazweeni , Attadween ) Althahabi , Op.Cit , vol 14 , p 188 Mohammad bin Issaq bin Hasan Almatlibi , from Madinah , trustworthy , Another of Maghazi and Siar (d.151h/768ad), see Ahmad bin Salih Abi Al hasan Alajli (d.261h/1874ad), Tareekh Athuqat , documented by Abdul Muti Qalaji , 1st ed , Dar Alkotob Alilmiah , Beirut , 1984, p 151 (will be referred to herein after as Alajli , Atthugat ) Alkhateeb Al Baghdadi , Op.Cit , vol 1 , p 221 148

37)

38)

39)

40) 41)

42)

43)

44)

European Journal of Social Sciences Volume 28, Number 1 (2012) Mota'a Attarabishi , Rowat Mohammad bin Issaq bin Yaser fil Magahzi wassiar wa Sa'ier Almarwiat , Dar Alfikr , Damascus , 1994 , p 149 (will be referred to herein after as Attarabishi , Rowat) Sattam Alkhateeb , Salamah bin Alfadl and his role on historical writing by Muslims, a master thesis , unpublished ,Mutah University,1, , 2002, p 25 (will be referred to herein after as Sattam Alkhateeb , Salamah bin Alfadl ) Sattam Alkhateeb , Op.Cit , p 25 Albokhari , Attareekh Alkbeer , vol 1 , p 69 Aloqaili , Op.Cit , vol 4 , p 61 Abu Hatim Alrazi , Op.Cit , vol 7 , p 232 Ibn Hibban, Almajroheen , vol 2 , p33 Ibn Oday , Op.Cit , vol 6 , p 274 Alkhaleel bin Abdullah bin Ahmad Alkhaleeli Alqazweeni Abu Ya'ala (d.446h/1054ad) , Alirshad fi Ma'arifat Olamo' Alhadeeth , reviewer : Mohammad Saeed Omar Idrees ,1st ed , Alrasheed bookshop , Riyadh , 1409h , vol 2 , p 669 (will be referred to herein after as Abu Ya'ala Alqazweeni , Alrishad ) Alkhateeb Alqazweeni Al Baghdadi , Op.Cit , vol 2 , p 261 Alqaisarani , Op.Cit , vol 2 , p 491 Ibn Aljawzi , Op.Cit , vol 3 , p 54 Almazzi , Op.Cit , vol 25 , pp 99-100 Althahabi , Alkasheef , vol 2 , p 166 Althahabi , lisan Almeezan , vol 7 , p 492 Attarabulsi , Op.Cit , vol 1 , p 227 Alasqalani , Tahtheeb Al Tahtheeb , vol 1 , p 475 Abu Hatim Alrazi , Op.Cit , vol 7 , p 232 Ibin Oday , Op.Cit , vol 6 , p 274 Althahabi , lisan Almeezan , vol 7 , p 492 Abu Ya'ala Alqazweeni ,Alirshad , vol 2 , p 669 Alqaisarani , Op.Cit , vol 2 , p 491 ibid Almazzi , Op.Cit, vol 25 , pp 99-100 Albokhari , Attareekh Alkbeer , vol 1 , p 69 Aloqaili , Op.Cit , vol 4 , p 61 Alkhateeb Al Baghdadi , Op.Cit , vol 2 , p 491 Ibn Aljawzi , Op.Cit , vol 3 , p 54 Attarabulsi , Op.Cit , vol 1 , p 221 Ibin Aljawzi , Ibid Althahabi , Alkasheef , vol 2 , p 166 Ali Bakr , Altabari , p 325 Jawad Ali , Mawarid Altabari , p 201 Ali Bakr , Op.Cit , p325 Albokhari , Op.Cit , vol 1 , pp 70-71 Alkhateeb Al Baghdadi , Op.Cit . vol 2 , p 364 Izzuddin Abi Alhosan bin Abi Alkarm known as Ibn Alatheer (d.630h/232ad), Alkamil fi Alttareekh ,Dar Sadir , Beirut , 1982 , vol 7 , p 120 (referred to later as Ibn Alatheer , Alkamil ) Shamsuddin Mohammad bin Ahmad bin Othman Althahabi (d.748h/1347ad) , Meezan Al'etidal fee Naqdi Rrijal , reviewer : Ali Mohammad Al bajawi , Dar Alma'arifah , Beirut , vol 6 , p 127 (will be referred to later as Althahabi , Meezan Al'eitidal ) Althahabi , Siar A'alam , vol 11 , p 506 149

45) 46) 47) 48) 49) 50) 51)

52) 53) 54) 55) 56) 57) 58) 59) 60)

61) 62) 63) 64) 65)

66) 67) 68) 69) 70)

European Journal of Social Sciences Volume 28, Number 1 (2012) Althahabi ,Alkasheef , vol 2 , p 166 Ismail bin Omar bin katheer Addimashqi Abu Alfida'a (d.774h/1372ad) ,Albidayah wal Nihayah , vol 11 , p ..(will be referred to later as Ibn katheer , Albidayah ) Alasqalani , Op.Cit , p 475 71) Attabani , Tareekh , vol 1 , p 15 72) Ibid , p 29 73) Ibid , p 29 74) Ibid , pp 56,65,72 75) Ibid , pp 63-64 , 69, 72-74 , 79-80, 89 76) Ibid , pp 92,96,102,104,106,107 77) Ibid , pp 108 ,114, 115 , 117-119 78) Ibid , pp 143-144,150,167 79) Ibid , pp 169,183 80) Ibid , p194 81) Ibid , pp 200-232 82) Ibid , p220 83) Ibid , pp 224 , 256 84) Ibid , pp 282,284,287-288,293-295 85) Ibid , pp 272-273 86) Ibid ,pp 376-378 87) Ibid , p 380 88) Ibid , p 381 89) Ibid , pp 382-388 90) Ibid , pp 426-437, 444-446, 470-471 91) Ibid , pp 505-508 92) Ibid , p 510 93) Ibid , pp 449-450, 458,519-521,523,525-6 94) Ibid , p 529 95) Ibid , pp 532-33 96) Ibid , pp 535, 538-546 97) Ibid , pp 542-545, 547 ,558 98) Ibid , p 547 99) Ibid , pp 554-557 100) Ibid ,p 559 101) Ibid ,pp 561-565 102) Ibid , pp 566-67 103) Ibid , pp 571-572, vol 2 , pp 8-9,11 104) Ibid , vol 2 , p 18 105) Ibid ,pp 23-47 106) Ibid ,pp 50-51 107) Ibid ,pp 57-58 108) Ibid ,pp 81-82 109) Ibid ,p 87 110) Ibid ,pp 89-96 111) Ibid ,pp 98-105 112) Ibid , pp 105-108 113) Ibid , pp 109-11 114) Ibid , pp 112-15 115) Ibid , pp 115-129 116) (117 )Ibid ,pp 135-41 150

European Journal of Social Sciences Volume 28, Number 1 (2012) 117) Ibid , pp 138-42 118) Ibid , pp 149-52 119) Ibid , pp 152-64 120) Ibid , pp 166-88 121) Ibid , pp 174-81 122) Ibid , pp 181-88 123) Ibid , pp 181-203 124) Ibid , pp 226-39 125) Ibid , pp 235-38 126) Ibid , p 238 127) Ibid , pp 266-267,273,278.286 128) Ibid , p 291 129) Ibid , 130) Ibid , pp 356-7 131) Ibid , p 355 132) Ibid , pp 356-7 133) Ibid , p 357 134) Ibid , p 365 135) Ibid , pp 368-369 136) Ibid , pp 375-6 137) Ibid , pp 428 ,430 138) Ibid , pp 438,484 139) Ibid , p 486 140) Ibid , p 485 141) Ibid , p 487 142) Ibid , p 486 143) Ibid , p 488 144) Ibid , p 489 145) Ibid , pp 500-12 146) Ibid , pp 512-3 147) Ibid , p 518 148) Ibid , pp 518-9 149) Ibid , pp 561-2 150) Ibid , pp 577-8 151) (152 )Alizzawi , Altabari , p 234 152) (153 )see 15 , 101 153) see 180 154) (155 )Alizzawi , Op.Cit , p 183 155) Ibid , pp 183-184 156) see 71-93 157) Alizzawi , Op.Cit , p 184 158) Ibid , p 185 159) Ibid , p 189 160) see 94 161) Alizzawi , Op.Cit , p 195 162) see 71 163) see 72, 77, 85 , 96 164) see 87-91 165) Aldoari , research , p 81 Tarhini , Almo'arikhoon (Hisitorians) , p33 151

European Journal of Social Sciences Volume 28, Number 1 (2012) Sattam Alkhateeb , Salamah bin Alfadl , p 96 166) see 75, 76,78 ,83,87 167) see 94,95,101,110,122 168) see 88-90 169) see 83 170) see 89 171) see 106 172) see 93 173) see 99 174) see 68 175) see 108-9 176) see 77-89 177) see 138-178 178) see 90 , 108 ,109,112, 114,119 179) see 101,106,108,115,120,125 180) see 76,81,119,123,183,188

152