Sekolah menengah sains lahad datu, Beg berkunci no. 18, 91108 lahad datu, sabah.

NAME

MUHAMMAD AFIF ZAWAWI BIN ADNAN

CLASS

: 3 ZAMRUD

TEACHERS : SIR KASDI BIN KAMIN NAME

Contents.

Star And Galaxies

The Sun The Stars and the Galaxies in the universe Existence of the Universe as a Gift from God

Chapter 9 Stars and Galaxies

The sun

i) The Sun..
the centre of our solar system The Sun is actually a star of moderate size The Sun takes 25 and half days to rotate o n i t s a x i s from west to east Photograph 9.1: The Sun

Characteristics of TheSun

Measurement

T e m p e r a t u r e of Suns Core 15 million degree Celsius The Suns diameter is 109 times the diameter of theEarth The Suns mass is 330 thousand times the mass of the Earth The density of the material that forms the sun is oneover four times that of the Earth

Figure 9.1: The structure of the SunThe Suns atmosphere consists of three parts. The parts are corona,chromospheres and photosphere.

Characteristic of Corona -outer most layer of gas in the Suns atmosphere corona forms a circle of white light around the Sun -only visible during eclipse of the Sun -temperature is about 1.5 million degree Celsius Chromosphere -bright red layer of gas below the corona -only visible during eclipse o f t h e S u n j u s t l i k e t h e corona -temperature varies between 10 000 and 5 0 0 0 0 0 d e g r e e Celsius Photosphere. -compact layer of gas seen to b e s h i n i n g w i t h y e l l o w light from Earth o Photospheres surface appears turbulent because gas fromthe Suns core is release to its surface -This layer is responsible for r a d i a t i n g h e a t a n d l i g h t from the Sun

Suns Core -consist of hydrogen and helium gases -nuclear reaction occurs in the core a l l t h e t i m e t o generate and release heat and light energy The cores temperature is extremely high. Its about 15million degree Celsius

Photograph 9.2: corona and chromosphere can only be seenduring an eclipse of the Sun

Phenomena of that occurs at the suns atmosphere

Few of phenomena that occur at the Suns atmosphere are: Prominences Solar flares Sunspots

Figure 9.2: Figure above shown prominence, solar flareand sunspot

phenomena

Descriptions

Prominences

-an explosion of hot gas that shoots o u t f r o m t h e S u n s c h r o mo s p h e r e w it h sh i n y b r i gh t light - c a n b e e n s e e n n e a r t h e e d g e o f t h e S u n during an eclipse of the Sun p r o m i n e n c e e m i t s c h a r g e d p a r t i c l e s a n d ultraviolet rays into outer space

Solar flares

- a s t r o n g e x p l o s i o n o f g a s e s t h a t h a p p e n suddenly into outer space -also emit rays like gamma rays and X-rays h i s p h e n o m e n a o c c u r s f o r o n l y a f e w minutes or a few hours but it release a greatdeal of energy - d a r k s p o t s o n t h e s u r f a c e o f t h e S u n s Photosphere h a s a l o w e r t e m p e r a t u r e ( 4 0 0 0 d e g r e e Celsius ) than its surroundings ( 6000 degreeCelsius )

sunspots

The effect of the phenomena on the surfaceof the Sun on Earth

-charged particles as a result of solar flares r e a c h t h e N o r t h P o l e o r t h e South Pole of the Earth and collide with gas molecules in the atmosphere -as a result, colorful light that consist of g r e e n , y e l l o w a n d r e d l i g h t s a r e produced. These light that can be seen at night are called aurora -the charged particles and radiation from the S u n l i k e c o s m i c r a y s , X - r a y s and gamma rays will collide with particles in the Earths atmosphere -this causes disturbance to the c o m m u n i c a t i o n s s y s t e m l i k e t e l e v i s i o n a n d radio broadcast, telegraph transmissions and telephone calls.

Generation of energy by the Sun

consist of hydrogen and helium gases nuclear reaction that takes place i n t h e S u n s c o r e g e n e r a t e s e n e r g y. During a nuclear reaction, 2 hydro g e n a t o m s f u s e t o form one helium a t o m . H e a t a n d l i g h t e n e r g y a r e released.

Figure 9.3: Nuclear reaction that occur in the Suns core

Stars and Galaxies

What is Star ?
Star -a natural object in outer space that can r e l e a s e h e a t a n d light energy- g e n e r a t e s e n e r g y through nuclear reactions Sun - a s t a r t h a t i s n e a r e s t t o E a r t h Distance of a star from the Earth is measured in units of light year, -distance traveled by light in a year. There are bright stars in the sky can been seen by naked eye at nightsuch as the Sirius and Rigel.

Classification of stars
-Stars need to be classified to facilitate r e s e a r c h a n d c l a s s i f i e d according to characteristics such as t e m p e r a t u r e s i z e b r i g h t n e s s

-A star with very lo temperature is red in colour. A star that very hotis blue in colour. Dwarf star very small star, smaller than Earth Giant star tens of times bigger than the Sun Supergiant star very big star, 100 times bigger than theSun

Apparent magnitude measurement of the brightness of object in thesky that can be seen from Earth. The lower the magnitude value, the brighter the object.

Figure 9.4: Apparent magnitude reading.

Birth and death of star

Star - born from nebula

Nebula - a l a r g e c l o u d t h a t c o n s i s t o f d u s t and gases - gases and particlesin the nebula are pu lled by strongg r a v i t a t i o n a l f o r c e t o form a lump and causes thelump of gases to shirk and is compressed u n t i l i t becomes very compact to form a core- when temperature and pressure in t h e c o r e b e c o m e v e r y high, nuclear reaction occurs and hydrogen gas is turnedinto helium. A lot of heat and light energy are releasedthe, the core shines and a star is born.

The star will die when all hydrogen gas in its core is use dup in nuclear reaction.

The star will undergo death in by following stages with A star of moderate size like Sun: 1.the hydrogen atoms in the star are used up and nuclear reaction stops 2.thestarexpandsbecauseits gravitational fo r c e h a s decreased and forms a red giant 3.the outer parts of the star drift out into space leavingthe extremely hot white core called the white dwarf 4.the with dwarf is a star that is dense, compact and becoming increasingly cold 5.the, its continues to become colder and eventually leavesa black body or black dwarf (looks dark in outer space)

A star that is bigger than the Sun: 1.the outer layer of the star expands as a r e s u l t o f decreasing gravitational force to form a red giant 2.i t c o n t i n u e s t o e x p a n d a n d f i n a l l y e x p l o d e s a s supernova. A great deal of heat and light energy are produced 3.very strong gravitational force in the core o f t h e s t a r converts it into either a neutron star or black hole.

Black hole- an object that is very dense and has strongg r a v i t a t i o n a l f o r c e t h a t p u l l s a l l s u r r o u n d i n g m a t e r i a l s , including light, that is close by, to it. Black hole also cant be seen in outer space.

Neutron star- a very small and dense star as it consistmainly of neutron particles.

Constellation
Constellation -a group of stars that forms a certain patternin the sky and i n a n c i e n t t i m e s , k n o w l e d g e o f t h e c o n s t e l l a t i o n w e r e used as a calendar and compass.

Figure 9.5: Example of constellations

Types of galaxy
Classified according to: -elliptical galaxies -spiral galaxies -irregular galaxies
Shape of galaxies elliptical spiral irregular Example of galaxies Galaxy M87 in virgo Milky way and andromeda Magellan cloud

Table9.3: Shows the shape and example of galaxy

The Milky Way...

-our solar is in a galaxy called the Milky Way. -The Sun is one of the millions of stars in the Milky Way.

The universe

The expanse of the universe ...

Many scientist believe in the theory that the Universe beginswith a huge explosion, the Big Bang. During the explosion,the Universe expanded from nothing to become a huge spacemeasuring 2 billion billion kilometers in width, in a singlesecond.

The universe as a gift from god

At present, scientists still cant explain why the BigBang occur. We should appreciate the uniqueness, orderliness, beauty and harmony in the Universe as a sing Of the gloryof God.