Strengthening National Disaster Databases in Asia

Strengthening National Disaster Databases in Asia
Study in Indonesia
Strengthening the Quality, Reliability and Sustainability of National and Regional Disaster Databases Indonesia
Tableofcontents
1. Introduction Page3 Page4 Page6 Page12 Page16 Page17 Page19 Page20 Page25 2. DisasterdatabaseinIndonesia 3. Evaluationofdatabase
4. Conclusionsandrecommendations Annex1:Disastergroupdefinitions Annex2:Disastertypedefinitions
Annex3:Definitionsofhumanimpactindicators Annex4:BNPBdisastereventreport Annex5:Databaseentryform
1. Introduction In the context of the Global Risk Identification Program (GRIP) of the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) framework, sponsored by the United States Agency for International Development / Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance (USAID/OFDA), the Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED) coordinates a collaboration activity with disaster data compilation initiatives in the Asian region. The present collaboration aims at the sharing of knowledge in order to improve the visibility,accessibilityandapplicabilityofdisasterdatabasesatnationalandregionallevel.Thiswillbe done by helping to reinforce disaster database structures and methodological and operational approaches.Capacitybuildingisanessentialcomponent ofthis activity.The strengthening of disaster databases will eventually serve the global, international, and national humanitarian communities involvedindisasterresponseplanningandriskreduction. Inordertoprovideusefulandreliabledisasterdata,thereisaneedforadequatedatabasestructures, standardizedmethodologyandoperationalapproaches,andinteroperabledataformats.Improvement of disaster analysis, as well as increased visibility and access of disaster data, need to be focused specificallyonsmaller,intracountryspecialscalesandonanexpandedscope,byincludinghumanand economicimpactindicators. CRED hosts the EMDAT international database1 on natural and technological disasters. In EMDAT, disastereventsandtheirhumanandeconomicimpactareanalyzedatagloballevel.Nationalandsub nationaldatabasesprovidedisasterinformationatsmaller,intracountryscales,andarecomplementary totheEMDATdatabase. Next to onsite and remote technical assistance, CRED, in collaboration with the Badan Nasional PenanggulanganBencana(NationalAgencyforDisasterManagement;BNPB)andUNDPIndonesia,will describe in this report the general structure and present functioning of the BNPB disaster database. Basedondiscussionof themethodological andoperational proceduresandidentification of strengths andweaknessesofthedatabase,recommendationsforreinforcingthedisasterdatabasehavebeen
1
See:www.emdat.be
established.Finally,theinputsofthesediscussionswillbethebasisfortheGeneralGuidelinesforthe DevelopmentofDisasterDatabasesandtheCompilationofReliableData,tobedevelopedforexisting and newly developing disaster data compilation initiatives, and the humanitarian community, worldwide. 2. DisasterdatabaseinIndonesia ThehistoricaldisasterdatabaseinIndonesiaiscalledDatadanInformasiBencanaIndonesia(Indonesian Disaster Information and Data; Dibi). It is managed by BNPB. The database has been introduced by UNDPRegionalBureauforCrisisPreventionandRecovery(RBCPR)andUNDPIndonesia.Togetherwith the Indonesian National Development Planning Agency (BAPPENAS), BAKORNAS PB (now BNPB), the MinistryofHomeAffairsandDFID,UNDPsSCDRRprogramme2hassupportedthefurtherapplicationof the database in Indonesia. With the law of the Republic of Indonesia number 24 of 2007 concerning disaster management, natural disasters have become the domain of newly founded Government institutions: BNPB and Badan Penanggulanggan Bencana Daerah (BPBD). At the national level, BAKORNASPB(thepreviousNationalDisasterManagementCoordinatingAgency)isreplacedbyBNPB while BPBD has taken over the task and mandate of the SATKORLAK PB (Provincial Units for Disaster Response Coordination) and SATLAK PB (District Units for Disaster Response Coordination) bodies at provincialanddistrictlevel. In2005,thedisasterdatabaseinIndonesia,aDesinventardatabase,washousedwithinUNDPIndonesia. In 2008, after a legal reforming process, the database was launched as a nationally owned database housedwithinBNPB3.Dibisobjectivesaretoprovidedataforriskidentification,policyformulationand decisionmaking,ultimatelyensuringthatfundsarechannelledtoriskreductionbasedonthetrendsand patternsidentifiedthroughDibibasedanalysis.Thistypeofanalysiswillbenefitallstakeholders,
SaferCommunitiesthroughDisasterRiskReduction(SCDRR)inIndonesiaispartoftheUNJointStrategicProgrammeon DisasterRiskReduction. 3 See:Lessonslearned:DisasterManagementLegalReformTheIndonesianExperience.NationalAgencyforDisaster Management(BNPB),Indonesiagov;UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgrammeIndonesia(UNDP),2009.
focussingattentionondisasterriskinitiativesinacoherentmanneracrossthecountry.Thedatabaseis availablethroughtheBNPBDibiwebsite4fortheyears1997to2008andtheDesinventarwebsite5for theyears2002to2006.DibiisaccessibleintheBahasaandEnglishlanguage. Thedatabaseisaninteractivewebbasedsystemandconsistsofatabbedinterface,includingpremade summarytables,query,data,map,chart, statisticsand reportsoptions, holdinPostGreSQL inaLinux environment.Theobservationofdata6isatprovinciallevelandtheresolutionofdata7isatthedistrict level. The geographical coverage of the database is nationwide. The database contains natural, non natural and social disasters (for definitions, see Annex 1). The disaster type definitions are based on nationalrecognizedstandardsthroughthelawoftheRepublicofIndonesianumber24of2007.Annex2 lists the disaster types that are present in the database including their definitions. The number of disaster records in the database is 6,110 at the time of reporting. Each record is accompanied by informationonthehumanandstructuralimpactofthedisasterbydistrict.Inthedatabaseeachentryis linkedtoaserialidentificationcode,aprovincecodeandadistrictcode. Adisasterisdefinedasaneventoraseriesofeventsthreateninganddisturbingthecommunitylifeand livelyhood,causedbynaturaland/ornonnaturalaswellashumanfactorsresultinginhumanfatalities, environmental damage, loss of material possessions, and psychological impact. In the database, the following human impact indicators are present: killed, injured, missing, affected and evacuated. The definitionsofthesehumanimpactindicatorsareshowninAnnex3.Damagestothefollowingsectors are reported in the database: houses, health facilities, education facilities, rice fields, roads, and occasionally for worship facilities, offices, kiosks, infrastructure, plantations and ponds. A general definition used for damaged material property is the following: includes houses, education facilities (schools,madrasas,orIslamicboardingschools),healthservicefacilities(hospitals,puskesmasfacilities,
4 5 6
Seehttp://dibi.bnpb.go.id,accessonNovember10,2009.
Seewww.desinventar.net,accessedonNovember10,2009. Level of observation refers to the sources of information that are used by the agents collecting loss data. At global level, observers rely on communications from international aid organizations or central Government agencies. At national or sub nationallevelslocalGovernments,fieldinformationandlocalmediareportsareoftenused. 7 Level of resolution refers to the level of aggregation at which data is presented. Global observers like EMDAT collect and present data as national level aggregates. National observers collect and present data at provincial, municipal or higher resolutions.Urbanobserversdisaggregatedataatneighbourhood,blockorhouseholdlevels.
auxiliarypuskesmasfacilities),placesofworship(mosques,churches,BuddhistandHindutemples),other constructions (office buildings, marketplaces, kiosks), and roads experiencing damage (light damage, moderatedamage,heavydamageordestroyedandcollapsed)andaffectedanddriedup(experiencing harvestfailure)wetricefields8.Individualsectorimpactindicatorsarenotdefined.Forsomedisasters, economic losses (in million Rp) are reported. No definition exists for economic losses caused by disasters.However,sincethe2004IndianOceanearthquake,theIndonesiangovernmenthasadopted theEconomicCommissionforLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean(ECLAC)methodologytoassesslosses, especiallyforlargescaledisasters. 3. Evaluationofdatabase Methodology Dibi is developed using the Desinventar and Desconsultar methodology. The Desinventar module is a relational and structural database through which the database is populated in predefined fields and direct losses. The Desconsultar module allows access to the database by queries that can include relationsamongthediversevariablesofimpacts,disastertypes,locationanddate.Themoduleallows forrepresentationoftheanswerstothequeriesintabularofgraphicalformandmaps.Thedatabase has no impact thresholds for entering disasters in the database, the socalled entry criteria. All disasters that are reported by the data sources and that are included in the list of 18 disaster types (including13naturaldisastertypes)coveredbythedatabasearecompiled.Thedisasterclassificationis of an equal level, as opposed to a hierarchical disaster classification9. Primary disasters and triggered secondary disasters are not recognized in the database, but triggered events are included as an additionaldisastertypeinthelistofdisastertypes(e.g.earthquakesandtsunami).Causesofdisasters are not inserted. A disaster identification number per event is not included in the database. As such, eventsaresearchedbytypeanddate.
DataBencanaIndonesiaTahun20062007(DataonDisastersinIndonesia20062007).BadanNasionalPenanggulangan Bencana(BNPB)GovernmentofIndonesiaandSCDRR,Jakarta,Indonesia,2008. 9 Foran example ofa hierarchical disasterclassification, see: BELOW R.,WIRTZ A.,GUHASAPIR D. (2009).Disaster Category ClassificationandPerilTerminologyforOperationalPurposes,CRED:Brussels;MunichRe:Mnich[IDn264].
Sources of data that are collected for the database are the former subnational units for disaster response coordination, SATKORLAKPBandSATLAK PB,nowbeing transformedinto BPBDunitsatthe provincial/district level. These subnational units send information to the Government, which then validates and summarizes the information and transfers this to BNPB. Information is provided by the provinces to BNPB on a daily basis. The frequency for data entry in Dibi is on yearly intervals. It is foreseentoshortenthistoaperiodofthreemonths.Typesofinformationinsertedinthedatabaseare: disaster type, location (province, district, specification), date, human impact, sector/economic activity impact. Economic costs are not reported in the database. GIS codes related to the shapefiles for provincesanddistrictsareincludedformappingpurposes. TheDesinventardatabasestructureisalocationbaseddataentrymodel,asopposedtoaneventbased dataentrymodellikeEMDAT10.InDibidataarecompiledattheprovincialanddistrictlevel,meaning that disaster events that affect several districts are doublecounted when descriptive statistics are applied to calculate the total number of events per province. To overcome this problem, the Dibi methodologyhasattributedweightstothedistrictsaccordingtothenumberofdistrictsaffectedbya disaster event. The same applies to information on the occurrence and impacts of disasters at the provinciallevelinordertoprovidecountryfigures. Thenumberofeventrecordedperyearvariesbetweenaround100and1300eventsdependingofthe year.Datasourcearchivesarestoredinelectronicformat(excel).Yearlybackupsofthedataaremade andstoredatanexternalserver(atSCDRR).DataareanalyzedwiththeDesconsultarmoduleaswellas inexcelforinternaluse.Analyticaloutputsincludeannual/biannualdisasterreports,mapsandhazard proneindices(weightedscoresbasedonthenumberofevents,numberofpeoplekilled,andinjured, damaged infrastructure and population density), and serve the Government and the international humanitariancommunity.
10
Foraneventbaseddataentrymodel,seewww.emdat.be/guidelines
Accuracyandreliability Ingeneral,theaccuracyandreliabilityofdataisstronglylinkedtotheaccuracyandreliabilityofthedata sources.Upto2009,collecteddatawerebeingtransferredasacompletefileonayearlybasisfromthe Government to BNPB. After receiving the information from the subnational Governments, the Government summarized the information and sent it back to the subnational Government units for validation.Aftervalidation,theGovernmentsentthedatatoBNPBwheredatawereinsertedintothe database. Thus, only final validated data were provided to BNPB. Currently, standardized forms are being used for data collection and entry, which have been developed by the Data and Information Forum.ItisalsoreferredtobytheprovincialDibi.Annex4and5showrespectivelytheBNPBdisaster event report and the database entry form. Certain sensitivities such as status or funding issues could influencethefiguresreportedbythelocalGovernments.Thesepossiblebiasesremaindifficulttocheck. The information that is provided by the data sources generally contains the standard necessary information;however,moredetailedinformation(e.g.genderimpact)couldstillbeadded.Outof440 districtsinthecountry,387districtsarecoveredbythedatasources.Datasourcesdonotalwaysuse thesameterminologyasBNPB. DataarenotbeingcheckedwithadditionalsourcesotherthantheGovernment.Missingdataareleftas such in the database. Although the data are already doublechecked, spot checks are also performed from time to time. New data provided by the Government are updated on the general website after eachreportandasmentioned,finaldataareupdatedinthedatabaseonayearlybasis. Training opportunities for staff involved in the database development were available at the time of creationofthedatabase.Hereafter,regulartrainingopportunitieshavebeenprovidedbyUNRCBand SCDRR for BNPB, BAPPENAS and other Government personnel, to participate in regional learning events. Since 2008, Dibi has been gradually introduced at the national level of Government through socialisation/familiarizationworkshops(forusersandadministrators).Thesewerefollowedupbyfocus group discussions. Pilot programs for the implementation of Dibi into local context have also been performedatprovincialGovernmentlevel(CentralJava,Yogyakarta,Aceh,Bengkulu).Furthermore,a
seriesoftrainingsfordatausersandfordataadministratorshasbeenperformed.Onlineandprinted textualguidelinesexistfordatahandlingforinternaldatabasestaff. Minimumrequiredfieldsinthedatabasearethedisastertype,dateofevents,automaticserialnumber, locationnameandlocationcode.Ideally,theinclusionofinformationongenderandspecificvulnerable groupswouldbeperceivedasusefulforfurtheranalysis.However,thisinformationisrarelyreportedby thedatasourcesandthereforenotincludedinthedatabase. Serviceability Users of the database can access data and analytical reports online. Reports are furthermore distributedinpaperformat.Datacanbeaggregatedordisaggregatedusingthewebinterface,according totheusersconvenience.Noadditionalinformationisavailabletofacilitatetheinterpretationofdata outputs.Newdataareavailablefortheusersonayearlybasis.Databaseguidelinesareavailableonline. ReviewsofwebtrafficfortheDibiwebsiteinNovember2008,February2009,andJune2009indicateda steady increase in the number of pages viewed and in the time spend on the website. IP address checkingindicatedanincreaseinthenumberofusers.ThemajorityofusersareBNPBstaff,ministries andsubnationaladministrations.SomeusershavesuggestedthatDibiiscomplicated,notenoughuser friendly. Staff from BNPB indicates that standardization and linking with EMDAT would be beneficial for improvingthedatabase,allowingforinternationalcomparativeanalysisofvulnerabilitytodisastersby type and socioeconomic impact data. Furthermore, inclusion of a responsefield, informing on all response services provided, including costs of reconstruction and revalidation, would be perceived as beneficial for BNPB. Ideally, baselinepredisaster information for each district would be added tothe database, to compare the postdisaster situation with the predisaster situation. One factor that is currently hindering the applicability of Dibi is the incompatibility of the Desinventar system with GIS software. Although disaster occurrence maps can be produced, no further analysis can be performed usingthesystem.MultilayerGISdevelopmentisseenasbeneficial.Furthermore,nomoduleexistsin theDesinventarsystemfordamageandlossassessment.BNPBexpressestheneedformore
informationonthecommunitylevel,inordertoincreasetheusefulnessofthedatabase.Finally,more staffisneededtofulfilthetasksrelatedtoDibiatBNPB.ThegoalistohostthedatabaseatBNPB,who willthenbeinchargeofalldatabaserelatedtasks. BNPB, with support from SCDRR, provides focus group discussions as a follow upactivity of the socialization/familiarization workshops for national and subnational Governments. The aims are to clarifyremainingquestionsandtoproposecontextbasedmodificationsforparticularneeds. BNPBhasdevelopedaDataandInformationForumwhichprovidesaplatformforkeystakeholdersto discussissuesofdisasterrelateddata,collectandvalidatedisasterdataandensureavailabilityofdata throughDibitoallstakeholders. DibiisinteroperablewiththeIndonesianSIMPADUPNPMMandiriinformationsystem.SIMPADUPNPM Mandiri is an integrated information system (Simpadu) for National Programme for Community Empowerment (PNPM) Mandiri11. With support from SCDRR, UNDP and the World Bank, numerous changestothesourcecodeofDesinventarhavebeenmade,herebysynchronizingdatabasestructures between PNPM, Dibi and Desinventar. The aim of linking data from Dibi and PNPM is to analyze relationshipsbetweenpovertylevelsanddisasterevents.Dibiisoneoftheseveraldisasterdatabases using theDesinventar methodology, whosharethe goalofcapacitybuildingtoanalyze andrepresent hazards,vulnerabilities,andrisksintermsofspaceandtime,bothretrospectivelyandprospectively.The purpose of this capacity is its application in risk management, including mitigation actions and post disaster attention and recovery actions. However, currently there is no exchange of information or knowledgebetweentheDesinventardatabases.TheGLobalIDEntifiernumber(GLIDE)12isnotusedin Dibi.Dataexchangeisnotrestrictedbytheinstitution,howeveronlyfinalvalidateddataaresharedwith thepublic.
http://simpadupnpm.bappenas.go.id
See:www.glidenumber.net;accessedonNovember102009.
11
12
10
Accessibility Access to the database is free of charge. Users do not have to register and the database is fully accessible for the timespan 19972008. Nonpublished data are not available upon request. Contact details(email)ofthedatabasemanagerareavailableonthewebsite. Credibility The database website provides information on the institute and the goals and objectives of the database. General explanations on the database methodology are available on the Desinventar website13. Data sources used for the database, applied analytical procedures, and changes in policies and practices concerning the database are mentioned in reports. Data products are identified by an institute reference. Databaserelated conferences are attended by database staff whenever possible. Reportsarenotsubmittedtopeerreviewedjournals.WhiletheintentionofDibiistoprovidehistorical informationondisasters,italsoprovidestheopportunitytoidentifytrends,risksandvulnerabilities.The philosophyofDibi,andtheSCDRRprogramme,isoneofopenaccesstoinformationandtransparencyin actions for DRR. In reality, this leads to competition of regions for status and funding and the most usefulinformationissometimesdeemedpoliticallysensitiveandnotpublicised. Prerequisitesandsustainability DibiisseenasareferencedatabasefordisastersinIndonesia.Collaborationisakeyprocesswithinthe maintenanceofDibi.ThedatabaseisholdbytheGovernment,withsupportfromUN.Fundingispartly coveredbySCDRRIndonesia,aspartofUNJointStrategicProgrammeonDisasterRiskReduction(UN JSPDRR),partlybyUNDPandbytheGovernmentofIndonesia(throughBNPB).AlthoughBNPBreceives funding from the National Budget, the database can currently not be fully maintained functional independentfromitsinstitutionalframework.Sinceitsdevelopment,Dibiisincludedinacollaborative networkbetweenUNDPRBCPR,UNDPIndonesia,Desinventarteam.Thedatabaseiscurrentlylinkedto the activities of SIMPADU PNPM Mandiri. BNPB hosts the Data and Information Forum consisting of morethan12Governmentagenciesandservices,includingpolice,military,publicworks,socialservices, thehealthdepartment,educationdepartment,andtheNationalStatisticsBureau(BPS).The
13
See:www.desinventar.net
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methodology for analysis of data, compilation of information, and derivation of knowledge has been enhanced by the combined forces of the Agency for Research and Application of Technology (BPPT), National Institute of Aeronautics and Space (LAPAN), Agency for Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics (BMKG), National Mapping and Coordination Agency (Bakosurtanal) and Department of EnergyandMineralResources(DESDM)inIndonesia.Futurepossiblecollaborationscouldbedeveloped, dependingontheGovernmentsneeds. Longtermobjectivesofthedatabaseare:tocreatesubnationaldatabaseplatformsthatarelinkedto thenationalDibi;andtoillustratethecostsofdisastersintermsoflossesinthedevelopmentprogress. DibiwillbeideallypopulatedbyBNPBandBPBDsinordertocoverallprovinces,foruseofthedatabase byallrelevantparties.Ultimately,Dibiatnationalandsubnationallevelisexpectedtoraisecapacityfor disaster management planning at every stage of the disaster management cycle, support disaster reporting and monitoring, and provide information on disasters for Government and humanitarian actors.WhenprovincialanddistrictlevelBPBDswillbeestablished,BNPBwillsupportthesubnational administrationstoimplementDibiwithtrainingfordatausersanddatainput.Theaimistoimplementa system where all BPBDs will collect and report electronically to the provincial and national administrations, hereby reducing the burden on BNPB to collect regionallyheld data. Integration of socioeconomic data will support linking disaster risk and poverty in Indonesia. Furthermore, improvement of data within Dibi will allow for assessing the level of vulnerability in regions, and risk exposure. Indicators that would preferably be added to Dibi are: health data, data on infrastructure, publicfacilities,incomelevels,typesoflivelihoods,spatialdataanddataonschoolagechildren. 4. Conclusionsandrecommendations Under the law of the Republic of Indonesia no. 24 of 2007 concerning disaster management, the NationalDisasterManagementAgency(BNPB)hasthemandatetocollectandanalyzeinformationon the occurrence and impacts of natural disasters in Indonesia, using the Indonesian Disaster Data and InformationManagementDatabase(Dibi).Thedevelopmentofprovincial(subnational)Dibisystemsis
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now being pilot tested within 3 provinces in Indonesia. For strengthening the quality, reliability and sustainability of the national Dibi currently employed, the following recommendations have been established: Methodology Concepts and definitions definitions of disaster types, although partly established, should be completed and clearly reported to data sources, database users and administrators. The following disaster types are currently not defined: epidemic, plague, surge, and combined (triggered) disaster events.Inaddition,thedefinitionsofthehumanimpactindicatorsaffectedandevacuatedshouldbe clarified.Besidesthis,individualsectorimpactindicatordefinitionsshouldalsobedeveloped. Dataentrythedatabasecouldbenefitfrommovingfromalocationbaseddataentrymodeltowards an eventbased data entry model. Through the use of a unique disaster identifier per event, disaster occurrenceandimpactscanbeanalyzedatnationalandlocallevel,withoutbiasingresultsordouble countingdisasterevents. Dataentrytheapplicabilityofthedatabasecouldbestrengthenedbyregularandtimelydataentry, and dissemination. This will prevent missing or incomplete information, leading to increased accuracy andcompletenessofdata. Data analysis GIS software should be implemented into the Desinventar module to support spatial data visualization and analysis in Indonesia, to be used by the Government and all different stakeholders. Furthermore, a method for estimating economic losses following disasters should be developedinafunctionalway. Accuracyandreliability Accuracyandreliabilityofdatasourcesnewdatacouldbevalidatedagainstadditionalsources,suchas datareceivedfromfieldNGOsandacademicinstitutions.Validationofdataagainstadditionalsources wouldservetoincreasetheaccuracyandcompletenessofthecompiledinformation.
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AccuracyandreliabilityofdatainthedatabaseTheupdateandverificationofhistoricaldisasterdata currentlypresentinthedatabasecouldincreasetheaccuracyandreliabilityofthedata.Thiscouldbe done through completing and checking of data and field verification through conducting community meetingsforhistoricaltimelinesofdisastereventsintheselecteddistricts. Serviceability Timeliness theserviceabilityofthe databasecouldbeimprovedthroughincreasing thetimeliness of updatingandpublishingdisasterdataonthewebsite. Relevance and user profile additional types of information (e.g. gender, vulnerable groups) could be included in the database to allow for crosssectional analysis and specialized analysis for vulnerable groupsorregions,tobeultimatelyusedfortargetedprogramming. Outputsandfunctionsbasedoncommentsreceivedfromdatabaseusers,thedatabasecouldevolvein a more userfriendly way. It is recommended to gather information from the usergroup in order to capturethespecificneedsoftheusers. Credibility ImpartialityThereportingofdatabythedatasourcesshouldideallybedoneintransparency.When administrations are sensitive for status or funding issues, received data should be validated against othersources.Furthermore,effortstodesensitisetheadministrationsshouldbedeveloped,inorderto createtrustandcompliancetothetaskofdataandinformationsharing. Transparency information on data sources, dissemination of data and limitations of the database shouldbemadeavailableforconcernedstakeholders. Prerequisitesandsustainability Resources to develop a structure for subnational data collection feeding into the national database structure,capacityintermsofITinfrastructure,humanresources,training,andtechnicalknowledgeare
14
needed. This should be supported by all stakeholders. Staff and additional resources should be made availableinordertodevelopandleadthisprocess. Collaboration networkthe DataandInformation forum led byBNPBshould continuetoexpandand include additional stakeholders from different disciplines, such as (I)NGOs, academic institutions in Indonesiaandinternationalandnationaldatabasesworldwide.LinkingtoEMDATinternationaldisaster databasecouldbenefitdataexchange,databasedevelopmentandexpansionofanalyticalproducts.
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Annex 1: Disaster group definitions
Natural disaster= an event or series of events caused by nature such as earthquake, tsunami, volcaniceruption,flood,drought,typhoonandlandslide. Nonnatural disaster= a disaster that is caused by a nonnatural occurrence or a series of non naturaloccurrencesthatincludestechnologicalfailures,modernizationfailures,andepidemics. Socialdisasters=adisastercausedbyamanmadeoccurrenceoraseriesofmanmadeoccurrences thatincludesocialconflictamonggroupsandamongcommunitiesandalsoterrorization.
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Annex 2: Disaster type definitions
Earthquake= shaking of the ground as a result of colliding of tectonic plates, colliding of faults, volcanicactivity,orrockfall. Volcanic eruption= part of volcanic activity. Hazards posed by volcanic eruption may include heat clouds,ejecta,heavyashfall,lava,poisonousgas,tsunamis,anddebrisfloods. Tsunami=aseriesofseawavesoflongperiodscausedbyanimpulsivedisturbancetotheseabed. Tsunamis may be the result of: (1) earthquakes that are followed by (sea/lake) underwater dislocations/shiftingofmassiveland/rockmass;(2)undersealandslides;(3)underseavolcanicor volcanicislanderuptions.
Landslide=atypeofmovementoflandmassorrockmass,oracombinationofboth,slidingdownor offaslopeasaresultofadisturbancetogroundstabilityortotherockformationmakingupthe slope.
Flood=riverrunoffthatexceedsthenormalwaterlevelto,asaresults,overflowofftheriverbed and inundate the lowlying ground along the riverbank. Generally, floods are the result of high, abovenormal rainfall that causes the existing hydrological network, which comprises rivers and naturalbranchesanddrainagesystemsandfloodcanals,tobeunabletocontaintheaccumulated rainwater and overflow. Flood in the agricultural sector is defined as an occurrence that impacts cultivated (with rice, corn, soybean, etc.) farmland. Meanwhile, flash floods usually occur at river flowsfeaturingsteepriverbeds.Thehighandimmenselyrapidflashfloodmayreachinexcessof12 meters,whilerunoffmaycarrylargerocks/bouldersandtrees,destroying/sweepingawayanything initspath,thoughitisquicktosubside.Thistypeoffloodmayclaimmanylives(ofthosewhodid notmanagetoevacuate)andcausemuchlossofmaterialpropertyinashortperiodoftime.
Drought= the correlation of water availability that is so far below the water requirement for necessitiesoflife,agriculture,productiveactivities,andtheenvironment.Droughtintheagriculture sectorisdefinedasanoccurrencethatimpactscultivated(withrice,corn,soybean,etc.)farmland andcropsastheirwaterrequirementsarenotmet.
Forest and land fires= direct or indirect changes to physical or biological qualities that undermine the function of forest or land to sustain life as a result of uncontrolled use of fire or because of naturalfactorsthatmayresultinaforestand/orlandfire.
17
Cycloneorstorm=astrongwhirlwindreachingspeedsof120km/horhigherandfrequentlyoccurs betweentheNortherntropicandtheSoutherntropic,exceptinregionsinextremeproximitytothe equator.Stormsarecausedbydifferencesinairpressureinaweathersystem.
Tidal/StormWave=ahighoceanwaveoccurringasaresultoftropicalcyclonestakingplacenearby Indonesiasterritoryandhasstrongpotentialtocauseanaturaldisaster.AlthoughIndonesiadoes not lie in the path of tropical cyclones, the presence of tropical cyclones will strongly affect the occurrenceofstrongwindsandhighwavesthatareaccompaniedwithheavyrainfall.
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Annex 3: Definitions of human impact indicators
Fatality=personreportedkilledordeathinthewakeofadisaster. Casualty=personsufferinginjuryorillness,inastateoflightinjury,moderateinjury,orheavyinjury, andisundergoingtreatmentaseitheranoutpatientorinpatient. Missingperson=personreportedmissingorwhocannotbelocatedorwhocannotbeaccountedfor inthewakeofadisaster. Victim=apersonoragroupofpersonsthatexperienceadversityinthewakeofadisaster,suchas damage and or loss of material property, suffering and/or loss of life. Victims include fatalities, missingpersons,casualties,personssuffering,anddisplacedpersons. Evacuated=notspecified Affected=notspecified
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Annex 4: DisastereventreportBNPB
#________________________
OVERVIEW
DateofDisaster/Incident:___/___/____(Year/Month/Day)Duration:___days SourceInformation:_____________________________________________________________ ProvinceCode:_____ ProvinceName:_______________________________________ DistrictName:______________________________________ SubDistrictName:______________________________________ Location:______________________________________ DISASTERTYPE IMPACTDAMAGE (Writethenumbervalueforeachvariable;letterXcanonlybemarkedonlyifthereisageneral informationabouttheoccurrenceofaneventofadisasterbuttheexactnumberorthenumberisnot known) INHUMANS InTotal Earthquakes Tsunami Landslides FloodsandLandslides Drought Another WindCyclone Hightideorabrasion TechnologyFailure Flood Terroractsorsabotage Volcanoeruption FirePoint Conflictorsocialunrest ForestFire
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DataType #Deaths #Missing #Injury/Illness(heavy,light) #Suffering(KK=5people) #Evacuate #Victims
Child Pregnantwomen Elderly Adult Total M/F M/F M/F
=(#+#InjuryDeath/PainLost+#+#+#Sufferrefuge) #DeadandMissing =(#+#MissingDeaths) #Sufferinganddisplaced =(#+#EvacuateSuffering) IntheNumberofTotal INHOUSE InTotal #UnitsofTotallyDamageHouses #UnitsofLightDamageHouse #Unitssubmergedhouse
IntheNumberofTotal #UnitsofTotallyDamageHouses #UnitsofLightDamageHouse #Unitssubmergedhouse #TotalunitsHouses =(#UnitsofDamageHouseWeight+#unitsofDamageLightHouse)
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THESECTORANDSERVICE #UnitSchool #UnitsPlacesofWorship #UnitsofHealthFacility #UnitOffice #UnitsKiosk #Otherbuildingunits #UnitsPublicFacilities(FASUM)
InTotal IntheNumberofTotal #TotalunitBuildings =(#UnitsOfficeKioskunits+#+#unitsOtherBuildings+#Fasumunits) ININFRASTRUCTURE InTotal #KmtoStreet #Haforricefarming #Haforswimming #HaforIrrigation #HafortheGardenorForest
EstimatedLosses Rp. Help _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ LossesinRupiah
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Description: _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Reportedby:_______________________ Date:_____/_____/_____ Signature:____________
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Annex 5: Database entry form
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4. Conclusionsandrecommendations Annex1:Disastergroupdefinitions Annex2:Disastertypedefinitions

Annex3:Definitionsofhumanimpactindicators Annex4:BNPBdisastereventreport Annex5:Databaseentryform

Annex 1: Disaster group definitions

Annex 2: Disaster type definitions

Landslide=atypeofmovementoflandmassorrockmass,oracombinationofboth,slidingdownor offaslopeasaresultofadisturbancetogroundstabilityortotherockformationmakingupthe slope.

Cycloneorstorm=astrongwhirlwindreachingspeedsof120km/horhigherandfrequentlyoccurs betweentheNortherntropicandtheSoutherntropic,exceptinregionsinextremeproximitytothe equator.Stormsarecausedbydifferencesinairpressureinaweathersystem.

Annex 3: Definitions of human impact indicators

DataType #Deaths #Missing #Injury/Illness(heavy,light) #Suffering(KK=5people) #Evacuate #Victims

Child Pregnantwomen Elderly Adult Total M/F M/F M/F

IntheNumberofTotal #UnitsofTotallyDamageHouses #UnitsofLightDamageHouse #Unitssubmergedhouse #TotalunitsHouses =(#UnitsofDamageHouseWeight+#unitsofDamageLightHouse)

THESECTORANDSERVICE #UnitSchool #UnitsPlacesofWorship #UnitsofHealthFacility #UnitOffice #UnitsKiosk #Otherbuildingunits #UnitsPublicFacilities(FASUM)

EstimatedLosses Rp. Help _ _ LossesinRupiah

Description: ___________________________________________ _ _ _ _______________________ Reportedby:_ Date:_/_/_ Signature:__________

Annex 5: Database entry form

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