1. What were two indirect results of the Crusades? 1. 2. 3. 4.

Trade and commerce increased and the feudal system was strengthened. Trade and commerce declined and the feudal system was weakened. Trade and commerce increased and the feudal system was weakened. Trade and commerce declined and the feudal system was strengthened.

2. An immediate result of the fall of the Roman Empire was 1. 2. 3. 4. a renewed interest in education and the arts a period of disorder and weak central government an increase in trade and manufacturing growth of cities and dominance by the middle class

3. Which was a major result of the Crusades? 1. 2. 3. 4. the development of new economic interests for Europe the permanent dominance of Christianity in the Middle East a decentralization of the power of the Roman Catholic Church a lessening in the power and influence of the European middle class

4. An important long-term result of the Crusades in the Middle East was the 1. 2. 3. 4. increased tension between Muslims and Christians destruction of Muslim military power creation of a large Christian state on the Red Sea restoration of the Byzantine Empire

5.

Base your answer on the map and on your knowledge of social studies. Which statement is best supported by the information on this map? 1. 2. 3. 4. By 1300, the Mongol Empire had reached the Red Sea. The Mongol Empire controlled India and Japan by 1300. By 1300, most of Europe had been conquered by the Mongols. The Mongol Empire controlled a large portion of Asia by 1300.

6. During the Renaissance, which development contributed most to the Protestant Reformation? 1. 2. 3. 4. interest in ancient Greece and Rome advances in mathematics and science questioning of traditional authority attention to realism and detail

7. A study of revolutions would most likely lead to the conclusion that pre-revolutionary governments 1. 2. 3. 4. 8. are more concerned about human rights than the governments that replace them are refuse to modernize their armed forces with advanced technology attempt to bring about the separation of government from religion fail to meet the political and economic needs of their people

What is the main idea of the political cartoon? 1. 2. 3. 4. Many people assisted Western nations in acquiring overseas colonies. Western imperialism led to the exploitation of people and resources in the colonies. Many job opportunities were created by Western colonization. Western imperialism improved the quality of life for people in the colonies.

9. According to Karl Marx, history is the record of the 1. 2. 3. 4. granting of more political liberties to all people struggle between classes in society wars and conflicts between national leaders increasing prosperity brought about by industrialization

10. Which was an immediate result of the European Age of Exploration? 1. 2. 3. 4. Islamic culture spread across Africa and Asia. European influence spread to the Western Hemisphere. Independence movements developed in Asia and Africa. Military dictatorships were established throughout Europe.

11. Which statement reflects an argument of Enlightenment philosophers against the belief in the divine right of kings? 1. 2. 3. 4. God has chosen all government rulers. Independence is built by military might. A capitalist economic system is necessary for democracy. The power of the government is derived from the governed.

12. In France, which was a major result of the French Revolution? 1. 2. 3. 4. The King was restored to unlimited power. The clergy dominated government. The middle class gained political influence. The tax burden was carried by the lower classes.

13. The major factor that enabled Western Europe to dominate large parts of Asia and Africa in the 19th and early 20th centuries was the 1. 2. 3. 4. technological and military superiority of European nations acceptance of Christianity by many Asians and Africans desire of Asians for European raw materials refusal of Asians and Africans to fight against European imperialism

14. Which statement best reflects the theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels? 1. Workers can expect that working conditions will improve as a result of government legislation. 2. Owners of business will eventually realize that conditions for workers must be improved. 3. Workers will experience an improved standard of living as capitalism matures. 4. Workers will change working conditions by revolutionary means.

15. A study of the causes of the American, French, and Russian Revolutions indicates that revolutions usually occur because the 1. 2. 3. 4. society has become dependent on commerce and trade society has a lower standard of living than the societies around it existing government has been resistant to change lower classes have strong leaders

16. European imperialism promoted the development of nationalism in Asian and African countries by 1. 2. 3. 4. unintentionally uniting people to oppose foreign domination promoting free trade associations among the colonies establishing Christianity as the common religion discouraging patriotic feelings toward the mother country

17. One important result of the French Revolution was that 1. 2. 3. 4. France enjoyed a lengthy period of peace and prosperity the Church was restored to its former role and power in the French government political power shifted to the bourgeoisie France lost its spirit of nationalism

18. The French Revolution (1789) and the Russian Bolshevik Revolution (1917) were similar because following both revolutions 1. 2. 3. 4. foreign armies invaded and restored the old rulers to power governments protected individual rights the role of religion was emphasized dictators came to power promising an improved society

19. The national policies of most countries in Europe in the decade immediately following the defeat of Napoleon in 1815 are best described as 1. 2. 3. 4. liberal moderate reactionary revolutionary

20. All human life revolves around the struggle for survival. This quotation best expresses the central philosophy of 1. 2. 3. 4. utopian socialism mercantilism social Darwinism civil disobedience

21. Which statement best explains why democratic governments failed in many European nations after World War I? 1. 2. 3. 4. The governments were unable to solve serious economic problems in these nations. The working classes were put in control of industrial production in these nations. These nations were constantly threatened by attacks from the victors of the war. The United States openly interfered in European political affairs.

22. In which way were the results of World War I and World War II similar? 1. 2. 3. 4. Hereditary monarchs were exiled and replaced by elected officials throughout Europe. Harsh peace treaties prevented economic recovery and led quickly to war in Europe. United States foreign aid programs helped rebuild European economies. The political boundaries of Central and Eastern Europe changed significantly.

23. Which was a characteristic of Germany under Adolf Hitler and the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin? 1. 2. 3. 4. an official foreign policy of isolationism governmental control of the media public ownership of business and industry the absence of a written constitution

24. A major cause of the Russian Revolution of 1917 was the 1. 2. 3. 4. defeat of Germany in the Russian campaign marriage of Czar Nicholas II to a German princess existence of sharp economic differences between social classes appeal of Marxism to the Russian nobility

25. The Soviet Unions reaction to the 1968 revolt in Czechoslovakia was to 1. 2. 3. 4. permit limited political and economic reforms in Czechoslovakia withdraw Soviet troops from Eastern Europe send Soviet troops to occupy Czechoslovakia bring the matter to the attention of the United Nations

26. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, the Cuban Missile Crisis, and the Korean War were examples of 1. 2. 3. 4. 27. attempts to prevent the spread of communist power United States efforts to gain foreign territory the failure of capitalism and free market economies United Nations interference in the internal affairs of member nations

An immediate effect of this notice was to intensify concerns about 1. 2. 3. 4. the ineffectiveness of the League of Nations military intervention by Russia in Eastern Europe the need for nuclear disarmament freedom of the seas during World War I

28. Communist governments were established in most nations of Eastern Europe shortly after World War II because 1. 2. 3. 4. the region had a long tradition of strong Communist parties Communist governments were able to significantly increase agricultural productivity the Soviet Union used military and diplomatic pressures to install these governments members of the Communist Party won free elections in these nations

29. Totalitarian societies have generally been most threatened by 1. 2. 3. 4. medical advances that prolong human life the exploitation of newly discovered resources writers who encourage independent thinking the establishment of an official state religion

30. The expansion of communism into Eastern Europe was a direct result of 1. 2. 3. 4. the Crimean War the Napoleonic Wars World War I World War II

31. During the period from 1900 to 1914, European political leaders believed that peace could best be maintained by 1. 2. 3. 4. policies of isolation international organizations systems of alliances policies of appeasement

32.

In the political cartoon, which policy did the nursemaids use to keep the baby quiet? 1. 2. 3. 4. militarism isolationism imperialism appeasement

33.

What is the main idea of the cartoon? 1. 2. 3. 4. Nuclear arms are the best deterrent to war. Weapons systems have not improved much over the years. The nations of the world have not been concerned about achieving peace. Technological developments have not succeeded in limiting warfare.

34. United States involvement in the Vietnam War and the Soviet Unions involvement in Afghanistan during the 1980s were motivated mainly by a desire to 1. 2. 3. 4. exploit the mineral resources of the regions support governments that would remain strong allies stop the expansion of Japan into the Middle East establish independent nation-states in the regions

35. Which generalization is best supported by a study of the politics of the Balkan peninsula before World War I and the politics of the Middle East in the 1970s and 1980s? 1. Conflicting national interests have threatened world peace. 2. The Soviet Union has maintained a policy of isolation in spite of tensions in these regions. 3. Rapid industrialization has increased economic stability in these regions. 4. The desire to control oil supplies has been the main cause of global conflict.

36. Which situation was a major result of World War I (1914-1918)? 1. 2. 3. 4. The League of Nations was able to maintain peace in Europe for a half century. European nations quickly became self-sufficient and regained economic prosperity. The Soviet Union and the United States cooperated economically and militarily. The Treaty of Versailles contained provisions that contributed to the political and economic problems of Europe.

37. Which situation resulted from the Russo-Japanese War of 1905? 1. 2. 3. 4. Japan lost its status as a world power. The Japanese Emperor encouraged reforms in Russia. Dissident groups challenged the power of the Russian Czar. Russia gained control of China and Japan.

38. The invasion of Hungary in 1956 by the Soviet Union and the building of the Berlin Wall in 1961 are examples of 1. 2. 3. 4. United Nations Security Council resolutions Truman Doctrine failures Marshall Plan effects Cold War conflicts

39. The religious diversity in Western Europe is mainly the result of 1. 2. 3. 4. the Congress of Vienna World War II the French Revolution the Protestant Reformation

40. ...The organizations of the revolutionaries must consist first, foremost, and mainly of people who make revolutionary activity their profession. ...Such an organization must of necessity be not too extensive and as secret as possible... V.I. Lenin, 1917 This quotation refers to Lenins plan to 1. 2. 3. 4. defeat Germany in World War I establish democracy in Russia maintain Communist power in Western Europe overthrow the Russian Government

41. In the 30 years after World War II, which area was most influenced by the Soviet Union? 1. 2. 3. 4. Southeast Asia North Africa Eastern Europe Central America

42. Events in both eastern Europe in the early 1900s and in the Soviet Union in the late 1980s were mainly the result of 1. 2. 3. 4. 43. movements toward the repression of individual rights declines in the use of advanced technology the influence of religion on government challenges by ethnic groups desiring independence

What is the main idea of the cartoon, drawn in the 1980s? 1. The Soviet Unions military exercises destroyed large areas of farmland. 2. The central planners of the Soviet Union did not promote industrial development. 3. The economy of the Soviet Union was dominated by the agricultural production of small landowners. 4. In the Soviet Union, modernization efforts focused primarily on the military.

44. Before World War II, Great Britain adopted a policy of appeasement in order to 1. 2. 3. 4. 45. form an alliance with Italy promote democracy in eastern Europe avoid war with Germany demilitarize the frontiers of France and the Soviet Union

The political cartoonist was probably comparing the Soviet Unions involvement in Afghanistan to 1. 2. 3. 4. British colonization of South Africa United States intervention in Vietnam the conflict between Iraq and Iran French participation in the European Community

46. A study of the French Revolution and the Russian Revolution of 1917 would lead to the conclusion that 1. 2. 3. 4. revolutions only occur when a majority of citizens become directly involved university students are most often responsible for starting revolutions control of revolutions often shifts from moderates to radicals revolutions seldom result in long-term changes

47.

Which is the most valid conclusion that can be drawn from a study of these maps? 1. 2. 3. 4. European boundaries more closely reflected ethnic patterns after World War I. Communist expansion into Eastern Europe began in 1919. The end of World War I brought the need for military alliances. The new boundaries resulted in an end to ethnic conflicts in Europe.

48. Global problems of uneven economic development, environmental pollution, and hunger reflect the need for 1. 2. 3. 4. a return to policies of economic nationalism increased military spending by all nations a reduction in foreign aid provided by industrialized nations increased international cooperation

49. A major cause of the continued conflicts in Northern Ireland and Lebanon has been 1. 2. 3. 4. opposing dynastic claims religious differences interference from the superpowers industrial rivalry

50. A major reason many Russian people supported the Bolsheviks in the November 1917 revolution was that the Bolsheviks called for 1. 2. 3. 4. an immediate peace settlement with Germany a heavy investment in industry the collectivization of agriculture the abolition of all religion

51. A problem that faced the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Ottoman Empire and subsequently the Soviet Union is the 1. 2. 3. 4. 52. effect of urbanization on a rural population monopoly of the traditional church inability to produce modern weapons tension between many different ethnic groups

In the time line, the rise of aggressive fascist governments in Europe occurred during the period represented by letter 1. 2. 3. 4. A B C D

53. Which is the major reason that the United Nations has often not been successful in solving international disputes? 1. 2. 3. 4. The United Nations does not have sufficient funds to act. The disputing nations are usually not members of the United Nations. National sovereignty stands in the way of international cooperation. The United Nations Charter does not provide a means to settle disputes.

54. Which was the major reason for the rise of dictatorships in Europe in the two decades following World War I? 1. 2. 3. 4. 55. general illiteracy of the working class stresses caused by the constant threat of renewed warfare destruction of homes and factories during World War I widespread economic disorder

The main idea of the political cartoon was that arms negotiations between the United States and the former Soviet Union were made more difficult by the 1. 2. 3. 4. ideological differences between the two nations lack of a sincere desire to achieve arms reductions inability of the two nations to agree on a location for conducting arms talks lack of prior experience with arms negotiations