中小企業創新育成中心專業經理人培訓班

網路管理

國立成功大學 資訊工程系
蔣榮先教授
Outline

1. Network Design
2. Network Cabling– the Physical Media
3. The OSI and 802 Networking Models
4. Introduce TCP/IP protocol
5. Managing your Local Area Network – Introduce SNMP
Lesson 1 : Network Design
Standard Topologies

„ Topology is the standard term that most network

professionals use when they refer to the network’s
basic design
„ All network designs stem from three basic topologies:
z Bus Topology
 z Star Topology

z Ring Topology

„ Variations on the Major Topologies:

z Star Bus
z Star Ring
Lesson 2: Network Cabling– the Physical Media

„ Primary Cable Types

1. Coaxial Cable
there are two types of coaxial cable:
ƒ Thin(thinnet)
ƒ Thick(thicknet)

Outer shield Insulation

Copper wire mesh or Conducting core

aluminum sleeve
A device called a transceiver connects the thinnet
coaxial to the larger thicknet coaxial cable

BNC T-connector
2. Twisted-pair
ƒ Unshielded twisted-pair
ƒ Shielded twisted-pair

RJ-45 connector
„ Fiber-Optic Cable
z Optical fibers carry digital data signals in the form of modulated
puleses of light.
z No electrical impulses are carried over the fiber-optic cable
z About 100Mbps up to 100000Mbps

„ Summarized table
Lesson 3: The OSI and 802 Networking Models

„ In 1978, the International Standards Organization(ISO)

released a set of specifications that described a network
architecture for connecting dissimilar devices.
„ In 1984, the ISO released a revision of this model and called
it the Open Systems Interconnection(OSI) reference model.
„ This revision has become an international standard and
serves as a guide for networking
„ Venders design network products based on the
specifications of the OSI model
„ Consists of seven separate by related layers, each of which
defines a segment of the process of moving information
across a network
The seven-layer OSI Networking Models

Functions of Application Layer

Functions of Presentation Layer

Functions of Session Layer

Functions of Transport Layer

Functions of Network Layer

Functions of Data Link Layer

Functions of Physical Layer

Application Layer

„ It serves as the window for application processes to

access network services
„ Presenting the services that directly support user
applications, such as software for file transfers, and for
e-mail
„ The lower levels support these tasks performed at the
application level
„ Handling general network access, flow control, and
error recovery.

Back to OSI Layer

Presentation Layer

„ This layer translates data from a format sent down fro

the application layer into a commonly recognized,
intermediary format.
„ Responsible for protocol conversion, translating the
data, encryption the data, changing or converting the
character set, and expanding graphics commands
„ Manage data compression to reduce the number of bits
that need to be transmitted

Back to OSI Layer

Session Layer

„ Allowing tow applications on different computers to

establish, use, and end a connection called a session
„ This layer performs name recognition and the functions,
such as security, needed to allow two applications to
communicate over the network
„ Providing synchronization between user tasks by placing
checkpoints in the data steam

Back to OSI Layer

Transport Layer

„ This layer ensures that packets are delivered error free, in

sequence, and with no losses or duplications
„ Repackages messages, dividing long messages into several
packets and collecting small packets together in one
package
„ The transport layer also provides flow control, error
handling, and is involved in solving problems concerned with
the transmission and reception of packets

Back to OSI Layer

Network Layer

„ Network layer is responsible for addressing messages and

translating logical addresses and names into physical
addresses
„ Determining the route from the source to the destination
computer
„ Determining which path the data should take based on
network conditions, priority of service, and other factors
„ Also manages traffic problems on network, such packet
switching, routing, and controlling the congestion of data

Back to OSI Layer

Data Link Layer

„ The data link layer sends data frames from the Network
Layer to the Physical layer. On the receiving end, it
packages raw bits from the Physical layer into data frames
„ Including the Cyclical Redundancy Check( CRC)
„ Responsible for providing the error-free transfer of these
frames from one computer to another through the Physical
layer

Back to OSI Layer

Physical Layer

„ This layer transmits the unstructured raw bit stream over a

physical medium
„ The Physical later relates the electrical, optical, mechanical,
and functional interfaces to the cable.

Back to OSI Layer

Layered Architecture
OSI model and corresponding devices

OSI model Device

The IEEE 802 Project Model

„ IEEE802 defined network standards for the physical

components of a network---the interface card and the
cabling--- which are accounted for in the Physical and
Data Link layers of the OSI model
„ Theses standards, called the 802 specifications, have
several areas of responsibility including:
z Network adapter cards
z Wide area network components
z Components used to create twisted-pair and coaxial
cable networks
IEEE 802 CATEGORIES
„ 802.1 Internetworking
„ 802.2 Logical Link Control (LLC)
„ 802.3 Carrier-Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (
CSMA/CD ) LAN ( Ethernet )
„ 802.4 Token Bus LAN
„ 802.5 Token Ring LAN
„ 802.6 Metropolitan Area Network ( MAN )
„ 802.7 Broadband Technical Advisory Group
„ 802.8 Fiber-Optic Technical Advisory Group
„ 802.9 Integrated Voice / Data Networks
„ 802.10 Network Security
„ 802.11 Wireless Networks
„ 802.12 Demand Priority Access LAN, 100BaseVG-AnyLAN
IEEE 802.3
„ 802.3 is an IEEE standard for a CSMA/CD LAN access method, which is
widely implemented in Ethernet.
„ Ethernet is normally a shared media LAN. All the computers on the same
segment share the total bandwidth, which can be 10Mbps (Ethernet),
100Mbps (Fast Ethernet) or 1Gbps (Gigabit Ethernet).
„ A switched Ethernet can provide the full bandwidth between the sender
and the receiver.
„ 10Base5 is also called Standard Ethernet or ThickNet. Here '10' means
10Mbps transmission rate and '5' means that it has a limitation of 500
meters (1640 feet) per segment without using the repeater. 10Base5
uses a thick coaxial cable as the communication media..
„ 10Base2 is also called ThinNet or CheapterNet. It uses a thinner and
less-expensive coaxial cable for the connection. 10Base2 has a
limitation of 185 (rounded to 200 as represented by "2" in 10Base2, while
10 still means 10Mbps speed limitation) or 607 feet per segment.

Back to OSI Layer

IEEE 802.5
„ 802.5 is an IEEE standard for a token ring LAN access
method, which is widely implemented in Token Ring
network.
„ It connects up to 255 computers at 4 or 16Mbps
transmission speed.
„ There are two kinds of Token Ring networks.
z Type 1 allows up to 255 stations per network and uses
shielded twisted pair wires.
z Type 3 allows up to 72 devices per network and uses
unshielded twisted pair such as category 3, category 4
(16Mbps) or category 5 with RJ-45 connectors.

Back to OSI Layer

Lesson 4: Introduce TCP / IP protocol

„ The TCP/IP protocols were adopted as Military Standards

(MIL STD) in 1983
„ Open protocol standards, freely available and developed
independently from any specific computer hardware or
operating system.
„ Independence from specific physical network hardware.
„ Standardized high-level protocols for consistent, widely
available user services
„ TCP/IP can be run over an Ethernet, a token ring, a dial-up
line, an FDDI net, and virtually any other kind of physical
transmission medium
TCP/IP protocol architecture

Reference from : TCP/IP Network Administration, O’REILLY

By Craig Hunt; ISBN 1-56592-322-7,
Second Edition, December 1997.
Network Access Layer

„ the lowest layer of the TCP/IP protocol hierarchy

„ this layer provide the means for the system to deliver data to
the other devices on a directly attached network.
„ defines how to use the network to transmit an IP datagram
„ The TCP/IP Network Access Layer can encompass the
functions of all three lower layers of the OSI reference
Model (Network, Data Link, and Physical).
Internet Layer

„ The Internet Protocol(IP), is the heart of TCP/IP and the

most important protocol in the Internet Layer.
„ IP provides the basic packet delivery service on TCP/IP
„ Introduce Internet Protocol
z Defining the datagram
z Defining the Internet addressing scheme
z Routing datagrams to remote hosts
z fragmentation and re-assembly of datagrams
Transport Layer

„ The two most important protocols in the Transport

Layer are Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User
Datagram Protocol (UDP).
„ TCP provides reliable, connection-oriented data delivery
service with end-to-end error detection and correction.
z Using Acknowledgment Segment (ACK) performs two
functions: positive acknowledgment and flow control.
„ UDP provides low-overhead, connectionless, and
unreliable datagram delivery service
Application Layer

„ This layer includes all processes that use the Transport Layer
protocols to deliver data.
„ There are many applications protocols:
z telnet :The Network Terminal Protocol, which provides remote
login over the network.
z FTP : The File Transfer Protocol, which is used for interactive
file transfer.
z SMTP : The Simple Mail Transfer Protocol, which delivers
electronic mail.
z HTTP : The Hypertext Transfer Protocol, which delivers Web
pages over the network.
z Domain Name Service (DNS)
Lesson 5: Managing your Local Area Network

„ Overview of SNMP ( RFC2261 )

z The Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) is now used as
an integral part of the network management framework for TCP/IP-
based internets.
z a management protocol, used to convey management information
between the SNMP entities.
z SNMP entities executing command generator and notification
receiver applications monitor and control managed elements.
z Managed elements are devices such as hosts, routers, terminal
servers, etc., which are monitored and controlled via access to their
management information.
Overview of SNMP
SNMP allows you to monitor:
„ Computers Status
„ Routers Information
„ Wiring Hubs
„ Minicomputers or mainframe
computers
„ Any device that support SNMP
( called SNMP Agents )

Router Wiring Hub

SNMP architecture

„ An SNMP management system contains:

z several (potentially many) nodes, each with an SNMP
entity containing command responder and notification
originator applications, which have access to
management instrumentation (traditionally called
agents);
z at least one SNMP entity containing command
generator and/or notification receiver applications
(traditionally called a manager) and,
z a management protocol, used to convey management
information between the SNMP entities.
Implement Issues

„ Define an architecture that allows for longevity of the SNMP

Frameworks that have been and will be defined.
„ Keep SNMP as simple as possible
„ Make it relatively inexpensive to deploy a minimal
conforming implementation.
„ Make it possible to upgrade portions of SNMP as new
approaches become available, without disrupting an entire
SNMP framework
„ Make it possible to support features required in large
networks, but make the expense of supporting a feature
directly related to the support of the feature.
Management System and Agents

SNMP
Management System

Get, get-next,
get-bulk, set SNMP Agent

Trap
„ SNMP uses a distributed architecture. This architecture
consists of two components:
z Management System: A management system is any
computer running SNMP management software. The
primary function of any management system is to
request information from an agent.
z Agents: An agent is any device running SNMP agent
software, such as a server or router. The primary
function of an agent is to send information that the
management system requests.
SNMP management system information request

„ A management system can request information through the get,

get-next, get-bulk, and set operations.
z The get operation is a request for a specific value, such as the
amount of hard disk space available.
z The get-next operation is a request for the “next” value. Using this
operation to request data that follows the current data.
z The get-bulk operation is a request for a large amount of
management data. Using this request to minimize the number of
protocol exchanges.
z The set operation changes a value. You rarely use this operation,
because values have read-only access and connot be set.
„ SNMP Agent Trap Messages
z The notify operation, alerts management systems to unusual event
The Management Information Base

„ A management information base ( MIB ) defines what data a

management system can request from an agent, how the
management system must request the data, and how the
agent formats the information that it returns.
„ A MIB serves as a set of manageable objects that represent
information about a network device.
„ SNMP management systems and agents must share a
common understanding of MIB objects in order to operate.

Device
MIB
Device Management
Management
Data
Data objects System
System
 Defining SNMP Communities
Agent1
Agent1 Agent3
Agent3
Community
Community name:
name: Community
Community name:
name:
Community2
Community2 Community1
Community1
Trap
Trap destination:
destination: Trap
Trap destination:
destination:
Manager2
Manager2 Manager1
Manager1

Router
Agent2
Agent2 Agent4
Agent4
Community
Community name:
name: Community
Community name:
name:
Community1
Community1 Community1
Community1
Trap
Trap destination:
destination: Trap
Trap destination:
destination:
Manager1
Manager1 Manager1
Manager1

Router
Manager1
Manager1 Manager2
Manager2
Community
Community name:
name: Community
Community name:
name:
Community1
Community1 Community2
Community2
Accept
Accept traps
traps from:
from: Accept
Accept traps
traps from::
from::
Agents2-4
Agents2-4 Agents1
Agents1
Source: Microsoft MCSE course 2153
Defining SNMP Communities ( Cont.)

„ SNMP agents and management systems belong to groups

called communities.
„ The use of a community name provides primitive security
and context checking for agents and for management
systems
„ Only agents and managers that are members of the same
community can communicate with each other