MOHAMAD SHAWAL BIN AHMAD 2011644446

RESULTS:
1. Test sample with complete dimension.

3.14 mm

Figure 1: Dimension of Specimen before experiment.

2. Result table. ORIGINAL SPECIMEN Length Thickness Width : 34.06mm : 1mm : 3.14mm

AFTER EXPERIMENT Length Thickness Width : 43.9mm : 0.8mm : 2.36mm

Load(N) 0.0 0.0 0.0 250.0 375.0 450.0 500.0 500.0 550.0 550.0 650.0

Extension(mm) 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2

Stress (MPa) 0 0 0 79.62 119.43 143.31 159.24 159.24 177.42 177.42 207.01

Strain 0.0029359 0.005872 0.008808 0.011744 0.01468 0.017616 0.020552 0.023488 0.026424 0.02936 0.035232

MOHAMAD SHAWAL BIN AHMAD 2011644446 750.0 900.0 950.0 1000.0 1000.0 1050.0 1100.0 1250.0 1400.0 1400.0 1400.0 1450.0 1500.0 1500.0 1500.0 1500.0 1500.0 1500.0 1500.0 1500.0 1500.0 1500.0 1500.0 1500.0 1500.0 1500.0 1500.0 1500.0 1500.0 1500.0 1500.0 1500.0 1500.0 1500.0 1500.0 1500.0 1500.0 1500.0 1500.0 1500.0 1500.0 1500.0 1500.0 1500.0 1500.0 1500.0 1500.0 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.3 2.6 2.9 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 238.85 286.62 302.55 318.47 318.47 334.39 350.32 398.09 445.86 445.86 445.86 461.78 477.71 477.71 477.71 477.71 477.71 477.71 477.71 477.71 477.71 477.71 477.71 477.71 477.71 477.71 477.71 477.71 477.71 477.71 477.71 477.71 477.71 477.71 477.71 477.71 477.71 477.71 477.71 477.71 477.71 477.71 477.71 477.71 477.71 477.71 477.71 0.041104 0.046976 0.052848 0.05872 0.067528 0.076336 0.085144 0.093952 0.099824 0.105696 0.111568 0.11744 0.123312 0.126248 0.129184 0.13212 0.135056 0.137992 0.140928 0.143864 0.1468 0.149736 0.152672 0.155608 0.158544 0.16148 0.164416 0.167352 0.170288 0.173224 0.17616 0.179096 0.182032 0.184968 0.187904 0.19084 0.193776 0.196712 0.199648 0.202584 0.20552 0.208456 0.211392 0.214328 0.217264 0.2202 0.223136

MOHAMAD SHAWAL BIN AHMAD 2011644446 1500.0 1500.0 1500.0 1500.0 1500.0 1500.0 1500.0 1500.0 1500.0 1500.0 1500.0 1500.0 1500.0 1500.0 1500.0 1500.0 1500.0 1500.0 1500.0 1000.0 1000.0 650.0 450.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.7 7.8 7.9 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.9 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8 9.9 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 477.71 477.71 477.71 477.71 477.71 477.71 477.71 477.71 477.71 477.71 477.71 477.71 477.71 477.71 477.71 477.71 477.71 477.71 477.71 318.47 318.47 207.01 143.31 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.226072 0.229008 0.231944 0.23488 0.237816 0.240752 0.243688 0.246624 0.24956 0.252496 0.255432 0.261304 0.26424 0.267176 0.270112 0.273048 0.275984 0.27892 0.281856 0.284792 0.287728 0.290664 0.2936 0.296536 0.299472 0.302408

Sample of Calculation Length Thickness Width Area = : 34.06mm : 1mm : 3.14mm txl = 1(3.14) = 3.14mm2 = 3.14 X 10-6 m2

F (load) =250.0 N Stress, = = 250.0 / 3.14X 10-6 = 79.62 MPa Strain, = = 0.1 / 34.06 = 0.0294

MOHAMAD SHAWAL BIN AHMAD 2011644446

3. Graph of the Experiment Data

Load againts Extension

1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 -200 0

Load (N)

Series1

10

12

Extension (mm)

Graph Stress Againts Strain

600 500 400 Stress (MPa) 300 200 100 0 -100 0 0.1 0.2 Strain, 0.3 0.4 Series1 Series2

MOHAMAD SHAWAL BIN AHMAD 2011644446

600

500

400

Stress (MPa)

300 Series1 200 Series2

100

0 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35

-100

Strain,

Black Line is slope to find strain where the relationship between stress and strain can be calculated by using Hookes Law: = E So to find Young Modulus Elasticity, E = Strain = E = (286.62 207.01) / (0.046976 0.035232) = 6.8 GPa Green line is 0.2% parallel with the strains slope to find Yield Stress. Therefore, Yield Stress = 316 MPa. Orange line is maximum stress used in this experiment: Therefore, Ultimate Tensile Stress = 477.71 MPa

MOHAMAD SHAWAL BIN AHMAD 2011644446

4. The actual characteristic of the materials sample For the Stress (Pa) Vs Strain (Elastic Region) graph we have discovered that the relation between the stress and strain is linear. The slope of the graph stress vs. strain (elastic region) is called Young's modulus or modulus of elasticity and it is denoted by the letter E. Therefore in this linear elastic region we have = E . The specimen that we used for this experiment is mild steel and the actual characteristic of the Mild steel is the most common form of steel as its price is relatively low while it provides material properties that are acceptable for many applications. For low carbon steel, it contains approximately 0.050.15% carbon and mild steel contains 0.160.29%carbon, therefore it is neither brittle nor ductile. Mild steel has a relatively low tensile strength, however it is cheap and malleable surface hardness can be increased through carburizing. It is often used when large amount of steel is needed, for example as structural steel. The density of mild steel is 7,861.093 kg/m (0.284 lb/in), the tensile strength is a maximum of 500 MPa (73,000 psi) and the Young's modulus is 210,000 MPa (30,000,000 psi).

5. The actual energy needed to break the specimen The energy needed to break the specimen can be defined by using Strain Energy equation:

Where, (Maximum extension on highest load)

=28.89 Joules

MOHAMAD SHAWAL BIN AHMAD 2011644446

Discussions:
The experiment is to determine the Youngs Modulus (Modulus of Elasticity) of a given specimen which is mild steel. The tool named G.U.N.T Hamburg universal tester machine (maximum load of 2 kN) was used. The specimen was a standard specimen complies with DIN 50125 (Standard recognized by The American Association for Laboratory Accreditation). Therefore, we have performed the procedure using standardize specimen which is recognized by The American Association for Laboratory Accreditation and we have used the G.U.N.T Hamburg universal tester machine during the experiment. The specimen used for this experiment is mild steel. The actual characteristic of the Mild steel is the most common form of steel as its price is relatively low while it provides material properties that are acceptable for many applications. Low carbon steel contains approximately 0.050.15% carbon and mild steel contains 0.160.29% carbon, therefore it is neither brittle nor ductile. Mild steel has a relatively low tensile strength, but it is cheap and malleable surface hardness can be increased through carburizing. During this experiment, there are many precautions step to minimize errors. Some of that are: Take all dimension of specimen before start experiment. Make sure read venire callipers perpendicular with eye. Make sure no disturbance force during taking the result. Applied free force on the specimen must not over limit because can disturb the internal force of specimen.

Before the specimen fracture, we had seen the specimen become necking at the middle of length, L. This happen because large amounts of strain localize disproportionately in a small region of the material. The resulting prominent decrease in local crosssectional area provides the basis for the name "neck". Because the local strains in the neck are large, necking is often closely associated with yielding, a form of plastic deformation associated with ductile materials, often metals or polymers.

Source [R.J. Young, 1995, page 108] Graph Stress versus Strain shown the characteristic of the specimen while in the process of fracture. The value of stress is maintained same on the elastic condition. This shown specimen is ductile material support by the necking before the fracture. The surface on ductile material resulting in a cup-and-cone shaped failure surface.

MOHAMAD SHAWAL BIN AHMAD 2011644446

Conclusions:
From the experiment, we can conclude that the experiment was successfully conducted and all the objectives were achieved. When a ductile specimen subjected to tension, it will behave as spring (Hookes Law) but only in elastic region. At elastic region, Stress is linear to Strain and the same as Load is linear to Elongation or Extension. The specimen formed neck (the phenomena is known as necking) before it fractured. As we can see from the value of E (Youngs Modulus or Modulus of Elasticity) above, it is equal to 6.8GPa. Differences occur in terms of the standard value (given for mild steel is 210GPa). Therefore, the results are different from given values since there is a source of errors. Errors that might occur during experiment: The defects of the specimen which can cause the specimen to behave oddly. We do not know exactly the compositions of the specimen. If the composition is known, only than we can compare the results with the standard value of E of the composition. We also believe that the extension gauge and load gauge was too old and never being maintained or calibrated. This may had affected the result. We suggest that the Tensile Testing Machine should be calibrated at SIRIM so that this kind of error wont occur again in the future. Mistakes in the calculation or slope in graph chosen or using the formulas. Parallax error.

References for Result and Discussion:

Books i. Mechanics of Materials, (Ferdinad P. beer, E. Russell Johnston JR, John T. dewolf), 4th Edition in SI units, (Publication Year 2006), Index: (Stress pg. 5), (Strain, pg. 55), (Hookes law and young modulus elasticity, pg. 56), (strain energy, pg. 671), (properties materials, pg. 746-747).

Websites

1. http://www.a2la.org/scopepdf/0100-01.pdf - The American Association for Laboratory Accreditation website. 2. http://www.gunt.de/static/s4325_1.php?p1=&p2=&pN= - G.U.N.T Hamburg Website