Hydraulics Engineering I

Lab Manual

EXPERIMENT NO 4

To study the characteristics of the hydraulic jump

developed in lab flume. OBJECTIVE
1. 2. 3. 4. To physically achieve the hydraulic jump in lab flume. To measure the physical dimensions of hydraulic jump. To calculate the energy losses through hydraulic jump. To plot the water surface profile of the hydraulic jump. For various discharges.

APPARATUS
1. S6 tilting or lab flume with manometer flow arrangement and slope adjusting scale.
2.

Hook gauge

RELATED THEORY
1. HYDRAULIC JUMP The rise of water level which takes place due to transformation of super critical flow to the sub critical flow is termed as hydraulic jump.

Dam d1
1

yc
2

d2

Afzal Waseem

2007-Civil-87

Hydraulics Engineering I

Lab Manual

d 1 < yc d 1 < yc

Super critical flow Sub critical flow

2. 2.

EXPRESSION FOR THE DEPTH OF HYDRAULIC

JUMP

Depth = d2-d1 If d1 is known

3.

EXPRESSION FOR LOSS OF ENERGY DUE TO HYDRAULIC JUMP

Afzal Waseem

2007-Civil-87

Hydraulics Engineering I

Lab Manual 1 2

E.L W.L Dam

hL

d1
1

yc
2

d2

hL = E1 E2 On simplifying

4. LENGTH OF HYDRAULIC JUMP

Distance between section where one section is taken just before the hydraulic jump and second section is taken after the hydraulic jump Length = 5-7 times of depth Location of jump depends upon d2 and y2 y2 = Normal depth of flow on downstream side.

5. LOCATION OF HYDRAULIC JUMP

Case No. 1

d2 < y2

U/S Dam

d2
2

y2 D/S

Afzal Waseem

2007-Civil-87

Hydraulics Engineering I

Lab Manual

Strength of jump is the amount of energy dissipated due to structure.

Jump is submerged in water so it is a weak jump.

Case No. 2

d 2 = y2

U/S Dam

d2
2

y2 D/S

Strength of jump is the amount of energy dissipated due to structure.

Energy dissipated in this jump is more than in Case No. 1 so it has greater strength. Case No. 3 d 2 > y2

U/S Dam Floo r

Afzal Waseem 2007-Civil-87

d2
2

y2 D/S

Hydraulics Engineering I

Lab Manual

Depth of floor is less so it will damage the floor. So Ideal Case will be Case No. 2 as structure is i. Safe ii. Sufficient energy dissipated If Case No. 2 does not fit accordingly to the conditions then Case No 1 will be use as it has less energy dissipation but it is safe but Case No. 3 will never be adopted as it is unsafe and by adopting this Case will resulting defoliation of the floor.

TYPES OF HYDRAULIC JUMP Section (1) will be controlling section Fraud No at Section (1) F1
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. F1 < F1 = F1 = F1 = F1 = F1 = F1 > 1 1 1 1.7 1.7 2.5 2.5 4.5 4.5 9.0 9.0 Sub - Critical flow Critical flow (No hydraulic jump) Undular Jump (Supercritical Flow) Weak Jump (Supercritical Flow) Oscillating Jump (Supercritical Flow) Steady Jump (Supercritical Flow) Strong Jump (Supercritical Flow)

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF HYDRAULIC JUMP 1.

2.

3.

To dissipate the energy of water flowing over the hydraulic structure and thus prevent scouring on the downstream side. To recover the head or raise the water level on downstream side of the hydraulic structure and thus to maintain high water level in the channel for irrigation or other water distribution purposes. To increase the weight on apron and thus reduce the uplift pressure under the structure by raising the water depth on apron. Apron: A layer of flexible material

D/S U/S
Drain water causing uplift pressure

Dam Floo r
2007-Civil-87

Apron

Afzal Waseem

Hydraulics Engineering I

Lab Manual

4.

To mix the chemicals for water purification e.t.c

PROCEDURE
1. Fix one particular value of slope. 2. Change the discharge every new reading. 3. Measure the depth of flow at various locations. 4. Measure the horizontal distance at each section. 5. Repeat the same procedure for various discharges. 6. Plot the data in the form of Tables and Graphs.

Afzal Waseem

2007-Civil-87