European Journal of Social Sciences Volume 24, Number 3 (2011)

Importance of Work Health and Safety Training in Preventing Work Injuries: An Application in Turkish Retail Sector
Bnyamin Bacak Assoc. Prof., Department of Labor Economics and Industrial Relations Biga Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey E-mail:bunyaminbacak@hotmail.com Tel: 00902863358738 Suat Uur Asist. Prof., Department of Labor Economics and Industrial Relations Biga Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey E-mail:suatugur@comu.edu.tr Tel: 00902863358738 Gnnur Eken Specialist in the Field of Labor Economics and Industrial Relations E-mail:gunnureken@hotmail.com Tel: 00905366773286 Abstract Early years of industrialisation witnessed priorities of producing more, earning more and producing in required quality and quantity demanded by the markets; yet existence of human as a production factor was neglected. However, in todays highly competitive global environment, firms have to take some actions about their human resources that range from improving their work conditions to protecting their health, providing them with work safety and organizing training schemes on these issues in order to survive and catch up with fast changing business settings. The key factor in increasing the productivity of labor force as one of the most important competition components of firms is to provide employees with a workplace of healthy and safe environment. Moreover, elimination of risk factors (physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic) to minimum levels, providing a healthy, safe and humanitarian environment and taking measures for this purpose are requirements to establish workplace peace. It is possible to minimize these risk factors that threaten health and safety of workers by taking technical measures in the workplace. However, technically safe workplaces do not solve the problem fully as workers are required to behave according to the measures taken. This constitutes the priority for working healthy and safe and the study discusses the importance of training in preventing work injuries and occupational diseases. Keywords: Work Health and Safety, Work Injures, Retail Sector, Training.

1. Introduction
Following the scientific and technological advancements during the industrial revolution, new production methods were put into use. As a natural result of these developments, large companies 376

European Journal of Social Sciences Volume 24, Number 3 (2011) started rising and the mass production era began. Moreover, implementation of these technical methods in industry and increased use of machinery and equipment led to a complicated production process. As a result of these developments the concept of work health and safety arose and referred to hazards of physical and chemical factors in the work place, dangers of production tools and equipments and being exposed to dangerous effects of the raw materials and auxiliary materials (Bacak, 2002:9).

2. The Concept of Work Injury

Work injuries not only affect workers work health, life and the firms production process directly but they also closely affect the society by their results. This stems from the fact that work injuries cause great social and economic costs for workers, employers, national economy and the society (Demirbilek-Pazarlolu: 2007:82). According to International Labor Organization (ILO) work injury is an unexpected and unplanned incident that causes a certain damage or injury. World Health Organization defines work injury as an unplanned incident that causes personal injury, damage of tools, equipments and machinery and break of production process. Turkish legislation defines work injury as; an incidence that causes mental or physical disability over the insured worker while the worker performs his service under the responsibility of an employer during his presence in the workplace, while the worker is appointed to do some other work than his specified one at a different place and during the time of conducting the work, while the female insured worker has breastfeeding break of her baby, while the worker is transported to the workplace by the vehicle provided by the employer. Various physical and chemical factors as well as mechanical and ergonomical factors in the workplace cause direct and indirect effects on the workers. Among other direct results poisoning might occur in the short run and an occupational disease might occur in the long run. Indirect effects of negative working contidions in the workplace demonstrate themselves as work injuries. Several factors such as production technology, production tools, sociological and psychological factors play key roles in occurrence of work injuries (zdemir, 2008: 149). However, factors that cause work injuries can be reduced to two. These are unsafe working situations and unsafe activities of workers. According to the data of ILO, while 99% of work injuries can be preventable, 1% of the work injuries are unpreventable. These data demonstrate that work injuries by production tools can be completely eliminated with advancing technology (zdemir, 2008: 149).

3. Work Health and Safety Fact

Work health and safety is a field of study that has been developed by contribution of positive and social sciences such as medicine, law, physics and psychology and it requires inter-disciplinary interaction and collaboration with other disciplines in contemporary understanding. While the elimination or reduction of dangers during the conducting of work form the focal point from the technical and physical point of view, protection from and treatment of wounds and occupational diseases after the occurence of work injuries come fore in health sciences. In work health and safety, psychological and sociological perspectives concentrate on issues concerning workers behaviour, attitude, and culture. Legal settings point of view expresses the law that is brought within the scope of public law that bring liability to provide work safety both to the employers and workers (Demirbilekakr: 2008: 173-174). Work health and safety is important both for workers and the employers. Obviously workers lives and futures are at risk at the workplace. Work health and safety has emerged as a result of a necessity to protect workers from dangers and threats caused by the industrialisation, especially the ones that risk their lives, physical formation and health. It is because work injuries and occupational diseases cause danger of deprivation or reduction in their income or lead to their lay off. Moreover, in cases of injuries or deaths following a possible work injury or an occupational disease, families of 377

European Journal of Social Sciences Volume 24, Number 3 (2011) workers face material and moral losses (Karacan-Erdoan, 2011:104). Besides pain and suffering, work injuries cause great losses for workers, employers, businesses and national economy. Work injuries have been stressed as an important problem of Turkey and every year hundreds of thousands of work injuries occur that cause thousands of deaths, injuries as well as large material losses (Ylmaz, 2005:11). Besides various medical, legal, technical and managerial activities, training is also very important in the formation of healthy and safe work places. Training about work health and safety have been given importance by ILO regulations, European Union Regulations (EU) and in all industrialized nations and concrete targets have been identified for the progress (Ylmaz, 2009: 108). According to the research conducted by International Labor Organization (ILO) in the member countries about reasons of work place injuries; 20% of the injuries were caused by machinery and its facilities, 79% were caused by workers disobedience and noncompliance with the safety rules in the workplace, and %1 were unavoidable injuries (Bacak, 2003: 69). Most of the injuries caused by machinery, facilities and equipment in the work place can be prevented by extensive, planned and preventive measures. However, most of the work injuries are caused by unsafe activities. Prevention of injuries caused by unsafe activities can only be achieved by establishing awareness of job health and safety in all parties of the society as well as vocational and technical training. When cases of work injuries in Turkey are examined it is seen that most of the work injuries occured in coal mine extraction with 13,5%, injuries related to metal products excluding machinery and equipment with 12% and injuries occured in construction by 5,8% (Social Security Institution, 2009:16). Above mentioned injuries occured due to heavy and dangerous working conditions and bad working conditions of the workplaces. Therefore these kind of workplaces present an unsafe working environment. Furthermore, injuries are unavoidable when unsafe working conditions are combined with workers unsafe activities. While elimination of unsafe conditions is possible by implementing some new technological and engineering investment and ergonomical designs, it is not possible to eliminate or decrease workers violation of safety rules, which cause most of the work injuries, in the short term. The elimination or minimization of this problem can be achieved by investing towards this issue in the short run, and formation of a work health and safety culture by training workers on work health and safety in the long run. However, most of the firms in Turkey are small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) and most of the work injuries occur in these kinds of establishments. SMEs avoid investing in work health and injuries and see it as a cost factor. While adjustments and investments over work health and injuries are seen as a cost factor, it is obvious that these actitivities will bring benefits in the long run and attract qualified professionals to firms. Work health and safety process starts by taking necessary measures at the workplace. In the second phase, the efficiency and effectiveness of measures are checked based on their purpose. The third and final phase includes adaptation of new measures to existing ones if the changes in workplace or techonological improvements require such an adjustment (Kabakc, 2009:28). Since the efforts over work health and safety are based on humans in the workplaces, these activities and investments are also referred to as an art of management, an approach suggested by H. W. Henrich. As well as earning profit economically for the companies, managers are also required to minimize risk factors in the work environment to minimum levels, to form a healthy, safe and humanious environment and to take measures for this purpose (Akkk, 1997:10). Workers of retail sector, where the research was conducted, had 2,42% work injury rate among other activity groups in Turkey in 2009. When the rates of work injuries among sectors are examined, it is known that metal, mining and construction sectors, which are in heavy and dangerous jobs group, take the lead. However, it is observed that the rates of work injuries in retail sector can not be ignored as well. The responsibility is on the shoulders of primarily the state, as well as firms, non-governmental organizations, unions and finally workers in the prevention of work injuries that cause damage of 378

European Journal of Social Sciences Volume 24, Number 3 (2011) thousands of workers mental and physical condition, disability and even death. Providing a healthy and safe working environment and protecting workers' health and safety from risks that originate from workplace environment are among the basic functions of the social state governed by rule of law (Trkolu, 2006: 118). Employers have also an obligation to take necessary work health and safety measures, place necessary tools and equipment for the prevention of injuries in the workplace and check whether their workers obey the measures taken for work health and safety (Oktar, 2004: 196). Researches that have been conducted over work injuries put forward how important education levels of the workers are in the prevention of work injuries. For instance, according to a research that has been conducted in the Industry of Forestry workers education levels have revealed that although the profession requires vocational training, 72% of workers are primary school graduates, 14% of workers are secondary school graduates, 10% of the workers are high school and finally 4% of the workers were vocational school graduates. It is observed that workers with low levels of education are more likely to have a workplace injury that worker with high levels of education (Tunay and Varol: 1998:557) (Table 1).
Table 1: Workers Rates of Work Injuries in the Industry of Forestry Based on Their Education Levels
Primary 72 13,5 Secondary 14 2,7 High School 10 1,8 Vocational High School 4 0,2

Education Level % Work Injury %

Reference: Metin Tunay-Turul Varol, Noise Risk in the Forestry Products Sector,6. Ergonomics Congress, National Productivity Center, Publication Number: 622, Ankara, 1998, s. 557. According to the statistics released by the Institution of Social Security in Turkey; 25% of the work injuries that occured in Turkey in 2009 occured in establishments with 1-3 workers and this rate is twice that of other types of establishments. Morever, when the distribution of work injuries over ages is considered, it is seen that 40% of the work injuries occured at the age group 18-29 and when the distribution of the work injuries are considered based on the time of work spent with the latest employer, it is seen that almost 45% of the work injuries occured in 1 year period (Social Security Institution, 2009:25). Based on these rates it can be said that most work injuries in Turkey occur in small sized establishments (1-3 workers) and among young (18-29 years old) and inexperienced (below 1 year time of work in the establisment) workers. Thus training efforts of work health and safety in the workplaces is vital. Therefore, workers' protection from work injuries and occupational diseases could be achieved by regular training of work health and safety parallel to contiunuously improving technology. A resarch conducted in Turkish retail sector will help reveval the issue more easily. Purpose of the Study The main purpose of the study is to identify to what extent work health and safety trainings are effective in preventing work injuries that cause spiritual and material loss for workers and employers in the workplace and to find out whether there is a relationship between several factors such as workers gender, age, level of education, weekly working hours, experience, orientation, training attendance, use of personal protective tools and their work injury rates. Within this framework, answers for the following questions have been sought: 1. Do the rates of work injuries of those workers who had work injury differentiate depending on their gender, age, level of education, weekly working hours and experience? 2. Do the rates of work injuries of those workers who had work injury differentiate depending on whether or not they attend work health and safety training? 3. Do the rates of work injuries of those workers who had work injury differentiate depending on whether or not they attend orientation given by the employer? 379

European Journal of Social Sciences Volume 24, Number 3 (2011) 4. Do the rates of work injuries of those workers who had work injury differentiate whether or not they use personal protective tools? Assumptions 1. Answers of the respondent workers that have been chosen for the sampling group in the conducted survey reflect their status of having work injury and their view on preventing work health and training. 2. The survey tool which has been prepared by performing reliability and validity studies and by taking specialist view can put sub-problems withing the scope of research into consideration. 3. Respondent workers of the conducted study are assumed to give their answers truly. Restrictions This research has been restricted to, 1. 250 workers of hypermarkets in the retail sector located in Marmara Region in 2010 2. 33 statements in the survey that have been aimed at identifying workers view on work health and safety trainings in preventing work injuries.

Method
Target Population Target population of the research consists of workers that are active in hypermarkets in Marmara Region. Survey Population The survey population of the research consists of 270 randomly selected workers that are active in the hypermarkets in the Balkesir, Krklareli, stanbul, Yalova, anakkale, Edirne and Bursa cities of the Marmara Region. Following the elimination of incomplete or incorrectly answered surveys, 250 workers have been taken into consideration.
Table 2:
Store 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Survey Attendance Rates of Workers

City/Town Balkesir/Ayvalk Krklareli/Lleburgaz Balkesir stanbul/Pendik Balkesir/Burhaniye Yalova anakkale Edine Silivri Bursa orlu stanbul/Kurtky Number Of Workers 200 200 240 300 300 400 400 520 640 700 700 800 Number of Survey Attendance 10 10 12 15 15 20 20 26 32 35 35 40

Collection of the Data Data of the research has been prepared by taking into consideration data collection tool used in the study Factors That Affect Work Injuries and Ways to Prevent Work Injuries: An Application in the Sector of Cement, Soil and Glass Sectors in the Province of Canakkale by Bacak (2002). The survey consists of two parts. Reliability and validity tests of the survey tool developed by the researchers (Bacak, Uur ve Eken, 2010 ) have been performed. (Scope and validity of the test have been 380

European Journal of Social Sciences Volume 24, Number 3 (2011) conducted by taking the opinions of specialists about the statemens placed in the survey tool. Moreover, 25 workers were pre-surveyed to identify whether or not the survey is understandable and necessary language corrections such as use of words and expression were performed. Cronbach Alpha coeefficient value has been considered to identify the reliability of the survey. Accordingly 0,70 Cronbach Alpha coefficiency value has been found). Analysis of the Data Data obtained by the survey have been analyzed by using the SPSS software. Opinions of the workers have been assessed by using t-test and variance F (anova) analysis according to different variables. Identification of the areas where there are differences has been performed by using Tukeys test. Findings and Interpretations Findings of the research are as follows.
Table 3: Findings about whether the rates of work injuries of those workers who had work injury differentiate depending on their gender
n 169 81

Gender Male Female *P< .05

X
1,7160 1,8272

SD ,49018 ,41201

t ,03771 ,04578

p .001*

Table 3 includes findings about whether differences exist between workers injury rates and their genders. When Table 3 is examined it is seen that rates of work injury of workers differentiate depending on their genders. Table 3 puts forward that male workers rates of work injuries are higher than female workers. Accordingly, a significant difference at 0,05 importance level has been found between the rates of work injuries of those workers who had work injuries and their genders. It could be said that male workers rates of work injuries are different and higher compared to female workers. In this way, rates of work injuries of those workers who had work injuries differentiate depending on the gender variable. ( X higher rates for women should be interpereted that women are more advantageous from the point of not having work injuries).
Table 4: Findings whether the rates of work injuries of those workers who had work injury differentiate depending on their age groups
Sum of Squares 2,987 51,637 54,624 df 4 245 249 Mean Square ,747 ,211 F 3,543 p. ,008*

Source of variance Between Groups Within Groups Total *P< .05

Table 4 includes findings whether differences exist between workers injury rates and their ages (18-25, 26-33, 34-41, 42-49 and 50-57). When workers work injury rates depending on their age groups are examined it is seen that workers in 26-33 age group are more likely to have work injuries than the other age groups. In this way, a significant difference has been found between the rates of work injury of those workers who had work injuries and the age groups at 0.05 importance level. Tukey test results that have been conducted to find out the exact age group that caused the difference pointed 26-33 age groups among other age groups of 18-25 and 34-41. Based on this result it can be said that rates of work injuries of workers who had work injury differentiate depending on their age group.

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Table 5: Findings whether the rates of work injuries of those workers who had work injury differentiate depending on their education levels
Sum of Squares ,894 53,730 54,624 df 4 245 249 Mean Square ,224 ,219 F 1,019 p. ,398

Source of variance Between Groups Within Groups Total *P< .05

Table 5 includes findings whether differences exist between workers injury rates and their education levels. When the rates of work injuries of those workers who had work injury are examined depending on their education levels it is seen that the rates of work injuries are quite similar among the graduates of primary, secondary, high and vocational high school graduates. No significant difference has been found at 0,05 importance level about the work injury rates of those workers who had work injury and their education levels. Based on this result it can be said that no difference exist between the rates of work injury of those workers who had work injury and their education levels.
Table 6: Findings whether the rates of work injuries of those workers who had work injury differentiate depending on their weekly working time.
Sum of Squares 2,011 43,420 45,431 df 2 236 238 Mean Square 1,006 ,184 F 5,466 p. ,005*

Source of variance Between Groups Within Groups Total *P< .05

Table 6 includes findings whether differences exist between workers injury rates and their weekly working hours (20 hours, 29,5 hours and 45 hours). When the rates of work injuries of those workers who had work injury are examined depending on their weekly working hours it is seen that the rates of work injury of those workers who worked 45 hours are higher than workers in other groups of weekly working hours. In this way, a significant difference of 0.05 has been found between the rates of work injury of those workers who had work injuries and weekly working hours. Tukey test results that has been conducted to find out the exact weekly working hour group that caused the difference pointed 45 hours weekly working hour group other than the weekly working hour group of 29,5 hours. Based on this result it can be said that the rates of work injury of those workers who had work injury differentiate depending on their weekly working hours.
Table 7: Findings whether the rates of work injuries of those workers who had work injury differentiate depending on working time of duration (experience) in the workplace
Sum of Squares 2,459 52,165 54,624 df 7 242 249 Mean Square ,351 ,216 F 1,630 p. ,128

Source of variance Between Groups Within Groups Total *P< .05

Table 7 includes findings whether differences exist between workers injury rates and duration of work (experience). When the rates of work injuries are examined based on their past working duration at the workplace, it is seen that work injury rates are very close to each other. In this way, no significant difference has been found at 0,05 importance level about the work injury rates of those workers who had work injury and their duration of work at the workplace. According to this result it can be said that the rates of work injury of those workers who had work injury do not change depending on their duration of work at the workplace. 382

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Table 8: Findings whether the rates of work injuries of those workers who had work injury differentiate depending on their attendance to work health and safety trainings
n 238 12

Status of attendance to work health and safety trainings at the workplace Attended Not attended *P< .05

X
1,7479 1,8333

SD ,47233 ,38925

t ,03062 ,11237

p ,121

Table 8 includes findings whether differences exist between workersinjury rates and their status of attendance to work health and safety trainings at the workplace. When the rates of work injuries of those workers who had work injuries are examined based on the status of attendance to work health and safety trainings at the workplace it seen that the results and status of attandence are very close to each other. In this way, no significant difference has been found at 0,05 importance level about the work injury rates of those workers who had work injury and their status of attendance to work health and safety trainings at the workplace. According to this result it can be said that the rates of work injury of those workers who had work injury do not change depending on their status of attendance to work health and safety trainings at the workplace.
Table 9: Findings whether the rates of work injuries of those workers who had work injury differentiate depending on their attendance to orientation training.
n 225 25

Status of Attendance to orieantation trainings at the workplace Attended Not attended *P< .05

X
1,7467 1,8000

SD ,46560 ,50000

t ,03104 ,10000

p ,889

Table 9 includes findings whether differences exist between workers injury rates and their status of attendance to orientation trainings at the workplace. When the rates of work injuries of those workers who had work injuries are examined based on the status of attendance to orientation trainings at the workplace it seen that the results and status of attandence are very close to each other. In this way, no significant difference has been found at 0,05 importance level about the work injury rates of those workers who had work injury and their status of attendance to orientation trainings at the workplace. According to this result it can be said that the rates of work injury of those workers who had work injury do not change depending on their status of attendance to orientation trainings at the workplace.
Table 10: Findings whether the rates of work injuries of those workers who had work injury differentiate depending on their use of personal protective tools
Status of use of personal protective tools Using Not Using *P< .05 n 210 40

X
1,7524 1,7500

SD ,47484 ,43853

t ,03277 ,06934

p ,667

Table 10 includes findings whether differences exist between workersinjury rates and their status of using personal protective tools at the workplace. When the rates of work injuries of those workers who had work injuries are examined based on the status of using personal protective tools at the workplace it seen that the results and use of personal protective tools are very close to each other. In this way, no significant difference has been found at 0,05 importance level about the work injury rates of those workers who had work injury and their status of using personal protective tools at the workplace. According to this, result it can be said that the rates of work injury of those workers who had work injury do not change depending on their use of personal protective tools at the workplace. 383

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4. Conclusion and Discussion

This research is aimed at identifying to what extent work health and safety trainings are effective in preventing work injuries and finding out whether or not there is a relationship between several factors such as workers gender, age, level of education, weekly working hours, experience, attendance to orientation training, use of personal protective tools and their work injury rates. A significant relationship between gender and work injury rates of those workers who had work injury has been found. In this regard, work injury rate status of those workers who had work injury changes depending on their gender. According to the results of the research it can be said that male workers are more likely to have work injuries compared to female workers. This might be because male workers have been made to work in more dangerous and high-risk jobs or that male workers are more careless than female workers while working. The reason for low rates of work injuries recorded by female workers might be that female workers are made to work in less dangerous low-risk jobs and that some legal documents such as law and regulations include protective statements about working conditions for female workers. A significant relationship between age and work injury rates of those workers who had work injury has been found. In this regard, work injury rate status of those workers who had work injury changes depending on their ages. According to the results of the research work injury rates of those workers who are in 20-33 age groups are higher than other age groups. This results from the fact that 50% of the workers are within 26-33 age group, young workers usually work in more dangerous positions, that their experience and family responsibilities are less compared to other senior workers and they act more dynamic, fast yet more careless in the workplace. No significant relationship has been found between level of education of workers and work injury rates. In this regard, it can be said that level of education of workers is not a determinant factor for work injury rates of those who had work injuries. Because workers of hypermarkets in the retail sector consist of workers with high levels of education and the workers with university degrees start their career later than the others, they are usually less experienced. Thus, even though workers of high education levels are expected to have low rates of work injuries, it is seen that such workers have the same levels of work injury rates as of those workers with low levels of education. A significant relationship between weekly working hours and work injury rates of those workers who had work injuries has been put forward. In this regard, work injury rates of those who had work injuries change depending on their weekly working hours. According to the results of the research, workers who work 45 hours a week have higher rates of work injury compared to other weekly working hours of 20 hours and 29,5 hours. This is because tiredness of workers with high weekly working hours increases proportionately to the amount of their work and this increases the risk of having a working injury. No significant relationship has been found between the work injury rates of those who had work injuries and duration of work experience at the work place. In this regard, it can be said that duration of work experience is not a determinant factor for work injury rates of those who had work injuries. However, according to the results of the research it is an unexpected situation. Workers excessive confidence over their experiences and behaving in a mood as if nothing might happen to them are effective on the appearance this result. No significant relationship has been found between attendance to trainings of work health and safety and the work injury rates of those who had work injuries. In this regard, it can be said that attendance to trainings of work health and safety is not a determinant factor for work injuries of those who had work injuries. The biggest factor for the appearance of this result is the high levels of work health and safety training attendance by the workers of hypermarkets in retail sector. No significant relationship has been found between work injury rates of those who had work injuries and attendance to orientation training. In this regards, it can be said that attendance to orientaion training is not a determinant factor for work injuries of those who had work injuries. According to the obtained data of the research, it is seen that training about the job to be done and the 384

European Journal of Social Sciences Volume 24, Number 3 (2011) tools to be used are given extensively to the workers in the retail sector by their employers. Therefore, it has been concluded that orientation training is not a factor that affects work injury rates of those who had work injuries. Finally, no significant relationship has been found between workers injury rates of those who had work injuries and their use of personal protective tools. In this regard, it can be said that use of personal protective tools is not a determinant factor for work injury rates of those who had work injuries. However, when it is considered that the use of personel protective tools prevents work injuries as proved by conducted research in the past, it can be said that survey respondents probably avoided answering the question whether or not they use personal protective tools so the result does not reflect the truth fully.

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