01 Coverage and Capacity of GSM System

Coverage and Capacity of GSM System
GSM&UMTS Pre-sales RNP Department
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.
Huawei Confidential
Foreword
The planning for the radio network mainly involves coverage and capacity. The coverage planning involves radio propagation and hardware model. The capacity planning involves channel
configuration and location area planning. This course describes the preceding contents.
Page 2
Overview
C3Q
Coverage, Capacity, Quality & Cost
Quality
Capacity
COST
Coverage
GSM Dimensioning Flow Inputs

Coverage Related Coverage Region Propagation Condition
Area Type Information
Outputs
BTS Quantity Cell Radius No. of BTS TRX Configuration per BTS Subs. per BTS Capacity Requirement Abis Configuration Configuration
Location Probability Capacity Related Spectrum Available Subscriber Growth Forecast Traffic Density Blocking Probability
Page 3
Coverage Dimensioning
Max Path Loss Propagation Model Coverage Dimensioning
Capacity Dimensioning
Page 4
Link Budget
Cell radius
EIRP Max. Path Loss Receive Sensitivity Cell Radius
Propagation Model
Page 5
Max Path Loss

Uplink Budget
BTS Antenna Diversity Gain Slow fading margin BTS Antenna Gain Interference margin TMA Gain (optional) MS Antenna Gain MS Transmit Power Body Loss Feeder Loss
Pa th
Penetration Loss
Lo ss
UPLINK BUDGET
Gain Margin Maximum allowable path loss
BTS Sensitivity MS Transmit power
Loss
BTS Rx sensitivity
Page 6
Max Path Loss

Downlink Budget
BTS Antenna Gain Slow fading margin MS Antenna Gain Interference margin BTS Transmit Power TMA Insertion Loss (optional) Combiner Loss Body Loss Feeder Loss
Pa th
Lo ss
Penetration Loss
DOWNLINK BUDGET
Maximum allowable path loss
Gain Margin
BTS Transmit power MS Sensitivity
Loss
MS Rx sensitivity
Page 7
Max Path Loss

Path Loss - Loss between BTS antenna and MS antenna
Name BTS Tx Power MS Tx Power BTS antenna gain MS antenna gain BTS antenna div. gain BTS combiner loss BTS Feeder loss
Item A B C D E F G
Name TMA gain Penetration loss Slow fading margin Body loss BTS Rx sensitivity MS Rx sensitivity Max. allowable P-loss
Item H I J K L M N
Uplink: Uplink: B + D K I IJJN + E + C (+ H) G = LL B+D K N + E + C (+ H) G =
Downlink: Downlink: A F G + C N I IJJK = M A F G+C N K=M
Page 8
Max Path Loss

MS/BTS Tx Power & Rx Sensitivity MS
Typical Tx Power: 2w (33dBm)@900MHz; 1w(30dBm)@1800MHz Typical Rx Sensitivity: -102dBm (for planning)
BTS
http://3ms.huawei.com/mm/docMaintain/mmMaintain.do?m ethod=showMMDetail&f_id=GSM200810200035
BTS3012(DTRU 900M) Transmitter power Receive Sensitivity 60W(GMSK)/40W(8PSK) -112.5dBm BTS3900(DRFU 900M) 45W(GMSK)/30W(8PSK) -113dBm
Page 9
Max Path Loss

Combiner Loss
ANTA DPX RXDI ANTB DPX RXDI ANTA DPX RXDI ANTB DPX RXDI
BTS3012 Output 47.8dBm@900M DCOM 3.3dBm@900M DDPU 0.8dBm@900M Connector 0.2dBm
COM
COM
COM TRX1
TRX2
TRX3
TRX4
TOC Output Power =

Transmitter Output Power Combiner Loss Duplexer Loss Connector Loss
TRX1
TRX2
Page 10
Max Path Loss

Antenna
Feeder Loss
Antenna stand Jumper between antenna and TTA Jumper between lightening arrester and cabinet Lightening arrester
Feeder Loss in Link Budget includes: --- Feeder loss b/w BTS and antenna --- Jumper Loss b/w BTS and antenna --- Connectors loss b/w BTS and antenna
Jumper between TTA and feeder Feeder TTA
1/2 inch 900M 1800M 11.2dB/100m 16.1dB/100m
7/8 inch 4.03dB/100m 5.87dB/100m
5/4 inch 2.98dB/100m 4.31dB/100m
Page 11
Max Path Loss

Antenna Gain
Typical gain:
Omni: 11dB Directional: 18 dB In-building: 2dB
Receive diversity gain:

2 way receive diversity: 3dB 4 way receive diversity: 6dB
Page 12
Max Path Loss

TMA Technical Theory of TMA
TMA is to reduce the noise figure of BTS, so as to improve the sensitivity of BTS.
TMA Affect link budget

Improve uplink
Generally, the TMA gain can be calculated as to against feeder loss between BTS and TMA.
Worsen downlink
Introduce insertion loss (0.5~1 dB) to downlink
Affect the Stability of network
Page 13
Max Path Loss

Fading Margin Slow fading (long term fading) Fast fading (short term fading)
Caused by multi-path propagation Fast fading margin: 3dB
Page 14
Max Path Loss

Fading Margin Slow Fading
Signal levels obey Log-Normal distribution
Slow Fading Margin depends on:

Area Coverage Probability
The higher coverage probability is, the more SFM required
Standard Deviation
Probability Density
The higher standard deviation is, the more SFM required
SFM required
Coverage Probability: Coverage Probability: P COVERAGE (x) = P [ [F(x) > Fthreshold ] ] P (x) = P F(x) > F
COVERAGE threshold
Fthreshold
Fmedian (x)
Received Signal Level [dBm]

Page 15
Max Path Loss

Penetration Loss & Body Loss
Building Penetration Loss
W1
W2
E2
Relate to frequency and building character

Frequency Penetration loss
E1
Wall: 5~30 dB (concrete / brick / wood / ) Glass / Car: 6~10 dB Elevator: ~30dB
Typical penetration loss value (dB)

Frequency 1.8/1.9/2.1 GHz Scenario Dense urban Urban Suburban Rural Highway Body loss Page 16 18~28 16~23 11~19 8 8 800/900 MHz 18~25 14~20 10~16 8 8 2~3 450 MHz 14~22 10~18 8~14 6~12 8
W dBm
X dBm
Penetration Loss=X - -W Penetration Loss=X W

Max Path Loss

Path Loss
Name BTS Tx Power MS Tx Power BTS antenna gain MS antenna gain BTS antenna div. gain BTS combiner loss BTS Feeder loss Item A B C D E F G Name TMA gain Penetration loss Slow fading margin Body loss BTS Rx sensitivity MS Rx sensitivity Max. allowable P-loss Item H I J K L M N
Uplink: Uplink: B + D K I IJJN + E + C (+ H) G = LL B+D K N + E + C (+ H) G =
Downlink: Downlink: A F G + C N I IJJK = M A F G+C N K=M
EiRP: Equivalent isotropic Radiation Power

(BTS) EiRP = A F G + C (MS) EiRP = B + D
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. Page 17
Page 18
Propagation Model
What is Propagation Model
Tradition model is an empirical mathematical formulation
describe radio wave propagation as a function of frequency, distance, antenna height and other conditions. Path Loss = f (frequency, distance, antenna height, etc.)
The model is usually used to predict the behavior of propagation for all similar links under similar constraints.
Predict the path loss along a link or effective coverage area of a transmitter.
Page 19
Propagation Model
Common Models
Okumura/Hata
Frequency: 150~1500 MHz Distance: 1~20 Km Tx antenna height: 30~200m
Cost231/Hata
Frequency: 1500~2000 MHz Distance: 1~20 Km Tx antenna height: 30~200m
Lp = 69.55 + 26.16*lg(f) 13.82*lg(Hb))+ [44.9 6.55*lg(Hb)]*lg(d) a(Hm)) Cm Lp = 69.55 + 26.16*lg(f) 13.82*lg(Hb + [44.9 6.55*lg(Hb)]*lg(d) a(Hm Cm
a(Hm) ) = [1.1*lg(f) 0.7]*Hm [1.56*lg(f) 0.8] (for city) a(Hm = [1.1*lg(f) 0.7]*Hm [1.56*lg(f) 0.8] (for city) Cm = 00(for urban area) C = (for urban area)
m
= 2*[lg(f/28)]22+ 5.4 (for suburban area) = 2*[lg(f/28)] + 5.4 (for suburban area) = 4.78*[lg(f)]2218.33*lg(f) + 40.94 (for open area) = 4.78*[lg(f)] 18.33*lg(f) + 40.94 (for open area)
Page 20
Propagation Model
Typical Propagation Models
U-Net SPM model
Based on Hata model Suitable for more macro cell scenarios Be used to do coverage prediction and simulation by software
Lp = K1 + K2 **lg(d) + K3 **lg(Hb))+ K4 **Diffraction_loss + K5 **lg(d) **lg(Hb)) Lp = K1 + K2 lg(d) + K3 lg(Hb + K4 Diffraction_loss + K5 lg(d) lg(Hb + K6 **Hm + Kclutter **f(clutter) + K6 Hm + Kclutter f(clutter)
K1, ,constant, relate to frequency K1 constant, relate to frequency K2, ,distance factor, show the speed of signal fading along with distance K distance factor, show the speed of signal fading along with distance
2
K3, ,affect the relation between path-loss and transmitter antenna height K3 affect the relation between path-loss and transmitter antenna height Diffraction_loss, according to the selected diffraction algorithm Diffraction_loss, according to the selected diffraction algorithm f(clutter), avg. clutter loss according to the digital map f(clutter), avg. clutter loss according to the digital map
Propagation Model
Model Tuning Why
Propagation environment is very complicated No universal model Its necessary to calibrate the model based on the on-site test
How
On-siteTest
CW (Continuous Wave) test Accurate but high cost (money and workload) Existing telecommunication network DT
Calibrate the model by software (U-Net)
Page 22
Page 23
Cell Radius
Path Loss = f (frequency, distance, BTS antenna height)
Allowable max. path loss, calculated through link budget Frequency, confirmed BTS antenna height, designed according to: Distance, i.e. cell radius, can be figured out
UL/DL Balance
Balance or Not? Cell radius? UL or DL?
UL DL
Difference:
BTS/MS Tx power Tx Combiner loss BTS/MS Rx sensitivity Rx diversity gain UL/DL Frequency TMA gain
Page 24
Coverage Area of Single Site Coverage area of single site
R
3-cell site with 65degree H-BW antenna

Area = 9 3R2 8
Omni site 3-cell site with 90degree H-BW antenna

Area = 3 3R 2 2
Distance between 2 sites

Normal site: D = 1.5 * R Highway site: D = 2 * R
D R
Page 25
BTS Quantity Dimensioning Coverage Requirement
Total coverage area: XXX Km2 Divided into several scenarios
CBD, Dense urban, Urban, Suburban, Rural, Highway, etc. Area of each scenario
BTS Quantity Dimensioning

Except for highway:
BTSQuantity =
Highway:
Total Area of EachScenario CoverageArea of Single Site Total Length of Highway 2 * CellRadiusof Single Site
Page 26
BTSQuantity =
BTS Layout Shortcoming of Dimensioning
Too simple, based on the theoretic calculation only Lack of consideration of actual situation
Scrambling of coverage area Unnecessary area Possibility of sites acquisition
How to improvement
Field survey
Terrain, scenario division, buildings, population, existing networks,
Lay out BTS depends on both dimensioning and map

Digital map, GoogleEarth, traditional map, photographs,
Page 28
Capacity Planning Process
Coverage area per Site Traffic model Distribution of Subscribers Traffic Load per Site GoS Limitation Judgment
Capacity limitation Erlang-B
TRX/Channel/ Configuration
Coverage limitation
END
Frequency Planning
Figure out the max. configuration
Coverage Dimensioning BTS Quantity
Page 29
Key Factor: Traffic Model Traffic Model
Traffic refers to the usage of channels and is usually thought as the holding time per time unit for one or several circuits.
Erlang
Erlang (E) is the unit of measurement for traffic intensity. Measure of Traffic: 1 Erlang = 1 Call with duration 1 Hour A = n x T / 3600 Erlang where, A = offered traffic from one or more users in the system n = number of calls per hour T = average call time in seconds
Page 30
Key Factor: GoS GoS (Grade of Service)
It is the probability of a call in a circuit group being blocked or delayed for more than a specified interval. For a Lost Call system, the GoS can be measured using such equation:
Grade of Service=
Number of lost calls Number of offered calls
Page 31
Key Factor: Erlang-B
Page 32
Example
How many 3 sectored sites needed for Area X if Traffic per subscriber = 25mE Number of Subscribers = 10,000 Max Configuration of BTS is S222 GoS = 2% Answer: Traffic channels per Cell = 2 x 8 1 (Control Channels) = 15 TCH Traffic per cell = 15 TCH with 2% GoS = 9.01Erlangs (from Erlangs B Table) The number of subscribers per cell = 9.01 E / 25 mE = 328 No of cells needed = 10,000 / 328 = 28 cells No of 3 sector sites needed = 10
Page 33
Thank you
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01 Coverage and Capacity of GSM System

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Coverage and Capacity of GSM System

GSM&UMTS Pre-sales RNP Department

Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.

Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.

GSM Dimensioning Flow Inputs

Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.

Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.

EIRP Max. Path Loss Receive Sensitivity Cell Radius

Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.

Max Path Loss

BTS Sensitivity MS Transmit power

Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.

Max Path Loss

BTS Transmit power MS Sensitivity

Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.

Max Path Loss

Uplink: Uplink: B + D K I IJJN + E + C (+ H) G = LL B+D K N + E + C (+ H) G =

Downlink: Downlink: A F G + C N I IJJK = M A F G+C N K=M

Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.

Max Path Loss

Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.

Max Path Loss

BTS3012 Output 47.8dBm@900M DCOM 3.3dBm@900M DDPU 0.8dBm@900M Connector 0.2dBm

TOC Output Power =

Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.

Max Path Loss

1/2 inch 900M 1800M 11.2dB/100m 16.1dB/100m

7/8 inch 4.03dB/100m 5.87dB/100m

5/4 inch 2.98dB/100m 4.31dB/100m

Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.

Max Path Loss

Receive diversity gain:

Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.

Max Path Loss

TMA Affect link budget

Affect the Stability of network

Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.

Max Path Loss

Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.

Max Path Loss

Slow Fading Margin depends on:

The higher coverage probability is, the more SFM required

The higher standard deviation is, the more SFM required

Received Signal Level [dBm]

Max Path Loss

Relate to frequency and building character

Typical penetration loss value (dB)

Penetration Loss=X - -W Penetration Loss=X W

Max Path Loss

Uplink: Uplink: B + D K I IJJN + E + C (+ H) G = LL B+D K N + E + C (+ H) G =

Downlink: Downlink: A F G + C N I IJJK = M A F G+C N K=M

EiRP: Equivalent isotropic Radiation Power

Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.

Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.

Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.

Calibrate the model by software (U-Net)

Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.

Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.

Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.

3-cell site with 65degree H-BW antenna

Omni site 3-cell site with 90degree H-BW antenna

Distance between 2 sites

Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.