Name Cell Membrane

Function - Outermost boundary of the cell - Proteins + double layer/bilayer of lipid (fat) molecules - Holds contents of cell in place - Regulates movement of materials into and out of cell - Contains receptor sites (entry of materials that affect cell activity) - Selectively permeable: some materials in, keeps some out

Drawing

Location Animal cells

Protoplasm Cytoplasm

All material inside the cell Fluid Contains all parts of cell inside membrane and outside nucleus Many of cells activities Absorbed nutrients are transported and processed there Stores waste products until proper disposal Control center Classification: eukaryotic, or prokaryotic depending on membrane or nucleus Directs cells activities Contains chromosomes (hereditary/genetic information) Each with genes: characteristic-determining, with instructions for proteins Dark-stained, spherical structure inside nucleus: may be associated with second nucleic acid: ribonucleic acid (RNA) May be involved of making of ribosomal RNA (rRNA), directed by DNA. Believed: rRNA directs formation of ribosomes Contains nuclear pores Pores allow RNA and other chemicals to pass, DNA remains inside. mRNA (messenger) copy of genetic information in DNA leaves nucleus, attaches to ribosomes (information used to form a protein). tangled, fibrous complex of DNA in nucleus Large, fluid filled compartment Stores sugars, minerals, proteins, water Maintains turgor pressure Smaller, protein-filled sacs: move toward plasma membrane, fuse with it, empty contents outside cell in process: exocytosis: large molecules are released Also formed when plasma membrane brings materials into cell by endocytosis Function: transport Some animal cells Whiplike tales Helps cell move (contractile proteins) spins in corkscrew motion

Plant/Ani mal cell Plant/Ani mal

Nucleus

Plant/Ani mal

Nucleolus

Plant/Ani mal

Nuclear Envelope Nuclear pore

Plant/Ani mal Plant/Ani mal Plant/Ani mal Plant/ Animal Plant/ (Animal? )

Chromatin Vacuole

Vesicle

Flagellum

Some Animal cells

Centriole Pair Rough ER

Smooth ER

Cilia in cell membranes of other specialized cells: short, hairlike structures: contractile proteins. Move in coordinated fashion mostly for locomotion, or to create fluid currents to move materials Small protein bodies in cytoplasm Active in cell division Endoplasmic Reticulum: network of interconnected canals, carrying materials Many ribosomes attached Prevalent in cells specializing in secreting proteins No ribosomes attached In which fats or lipids are synthesized Prevalent in cells of developing seeds, animal cells secreting steroid hormones

Animal Plant/Ani mal

Plant/Ani mal

Ribosomes

Plastid

Chloroplast

on which proteins are synthesized synthesis of many different protein molecules chains of smaller molecules (amino acids 20). Properties determined by number and sequence of acids bonded together by enzymes sequences determined by DNA necessary for cell growth/reproduction composition: rRNA, proteins: 20 nm chemical factories, storehouses for food/color pigments e.g. chloroplasts: e.g. chromoplasts: orange/yellow pigments e.g. amyloplasts: colourless, storehouses for starch contain green pigment chlorophyll specialize in photosynthesis contain own DNA and ribosomes, distinct from cells DNA during cell division: self replicating

Plant/Ani mal

Plant cell

Plant cell

Microtubules Microfilamen ts

tiny tubelike fibres transport materials composed of proteins (cilia/flagella) pipelike structures, provide shape/movement (muscle cell)

Animal/P lant Animal/P lant

Mitochondrio n

power plant, provides energy from cellular respiration (sugar molecules + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water) energy also released, stored in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) contains own DNA and ribosomes during cell division: self replicating

Animal/P lant

Cell wall

cellulose protects/supports cell wall e.g. rigid: in trees thin: petals layer between cell walls: middle lamella (plural: Lamellae) middle lamella: sticky fluid (pectin): hold cells together

Plant cell

Golgi apparatus

Italian physician Camillo Golgi in 1898 Stained cells from a barn owl, found new cytoplasmic structure Stores, modifies, packages proteins from RER Stack of flattened balloons (membranous sacs piled) Pinch off at the ends to produce vesicles

Plant/Ani mal

Lysosome

Bound by single membrane, formed by Golgi apparatus Contain enzymes that break down large molecules/cell parts in cytoplasm (food particles) Important in defense mechanism: destroys harmful substances in cell E.g. white blood cells encounter/engulf bacteria, lysosomes release digestive enzymes, destroying both Fluid/protein fragments after = pus Enzymes also destroy damaged/worn-out cells

Animal