Textbook: University Physics by Harris Benson

1. 30% 2. 30% 3. 40%

2.5 THE VECTOR(CROSS) PRODUCT

Example 2.7: Find the vector product of A = 3i 2j k and B = i 4j 2k.

A B = (3i 2j k) ( i4j 2k) = (12k 6j) (2k 4i) (j 4i) = 7j 14k

CHAPTER 3 One-Dimensional Kinematics

x vav t v lim
0 t

x t

dx v dt v aav t a lim
0 t

v t

dv a dt Constant acceleration

v0 v at 1 x x0 (v0 )t v 2 1 x x0 0t at 2 v 2 v 2 0 a( x 0 ) v2 2 x

Example 3.6: A car accelerates with constant acceleration from rest to 30 m/s in 10 s. It then continues at constant velocity. Find: (a) its acceleration; (b) how far it tavels while speeding up; (c) the distance it covers while its velocity changes from 10 m/s to 20 m/s.

Example 3.7: A particle is at x = 5m at t = 2 s and has a velocity v = 10 m/s. Its acceleration is constant at -4 m/s2. Find the initial position at t = 0.

Example 3.8: A speeder moves at a constant 15 m/s in a school zone. A police car starts from rest just as the speeder passes it. The police car accelerates at 2 m/s2 until it reaches its maximum velocity of 20 m/s. Where and when does the speeder get caught?

Example 3.9: Two cars approach each other on a straight road. Car A moves at 16 m/s and car B moves at 8 m/s. When they are 45 m apart, both drivers apply their brakes. Car A slows down at 2 m/s2, While car B slows down 4 m/s2. Where and when do they collide?

CHAPTER 4 Inertia and Two-Dimensional Motion

41N WT NSFR TL W . E O IS A

Every body continues in its state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line unless it is compelled to change that state by forces impressed upon it. The inertia of a body is its tendency to resist any change in its state of motion.

4.2 TWO-DIMENSIONAL MOTION

Constant Acceleration

4.3 PROJECTILE MOTION

Example 4.1: A ball is projected horizontally at 15 m/s from a cliff of height 20 m. Find: (a) its time of flight; (b) its horizontal range R. (The horizontal displacement from the point of firing.)

Example 4.2: A projectile is fired from the ground with an initial velocity v0 at an angle above the horizontal. Find: (a) the time of flight;(b) the horizontal range R; (c) the shape of the path.

Note that Eq. (iv) is valid only when the projectile returns to the initial vertical level, that is, = 0. For a given initial speed v0, the range is y a maximum when sin 2= 1, that is, when = 45 . In general, for given values of R and v0, there are two possible values for . For example, if v0 = 20m/s and R = 30m, then sin 2 / v0 .735 Rg 2 0 Thus = 23.7 or 66.3. Notice that = 45 where = 21.3 (see fig.4.10).

Example 4.3: A ball is thrown at 21 m/s at 30 above the horizontal from the top of a roof 16 m high(see Fig. 4.11). Find: (a) the time of flight; (b) the horizontal range;( c) the maximum height;(d) the angle at which the ball hits the ground ;(e) the velocity when it is 2 m above the roof.

Example 4.4: The archerfish in fig. 4.12a shoots a drop of water directly at a beetle. At the same instant the beetle starts to fall. Show that the beetle will be hit provided the trajectory o t do i e ett l e fh bee f l fh rp n r c h i o t et a. e ts s e n e ls l

4.4 UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION ()

r r

v v

a lim
2 4 r a 2 T

v t

0 t

v2 ar r

v2 ar r r

2 r v T

Example 4.5: A pilot guides a plane in a horizontal circular turn with a centripetal acceleration of 5g. If the speed of the plane is Mach 2 (twice the speed of sound, which is 340 m/s), what is the radius of the turn?

Example 4.6: The Moon orbits the earth with a period of 27.3 d at a distance of 3.84108 m from the center of the earth. Find its centripetal acceleration.

Example 4.7: Estimate the period of a low-altitude reconnaissance satellite. Ignore the effects of air resistance.

4.5 INERTIAL REFERENCE FRAMES In an inertial reference frame, a body subject to no net force will either stay at rest or move at constant velocity.

4.6 RELATIVE

VELOCITY

CHAPTER 5 Particle Dynamics I

5.1 FORCE AND MASS

The mass of a body is a measure of its inertia, that is , its resistance to change in velocity.

52 N WT NS S C N L W . E O EO D A
The net force, acting on a particle of mass m produces an acceleration F, a= F/m in the direction of the net force.

Example 5.3: An electron of mass 9.1 10-31 kg has an initial velocity v0 = 106i m/s. It enters a region in which it experiences a force F = 8 10-17j N for a period of 10-8 s. What is its velocity as it emerges from the region?

5.3

WEIGHT

N wo l o ga i t n l re e tn a f rvai a f c : s w to o

GMm F 2 r r
The weight of an object is the gravitational force acting on it.

GmM E W 2 RE
W g m

GM E g 2 RE

1 GM m 1 mVe2 2 R 2

VE (kg) 1.171021 7.361022 5.981024 1.901027 1.991030 21030 21030

GM R
(km/s)

(m) 3.8105 1.74106 6.37106 7.15107 6.96108 1107 1104

0.64 2.38 11.2 59.5 618 5200 2105

2

= 3.105 km/s

E mC


GMm GM F 2 2E m mg r RE

GM E g 2 RE

(km) 0 8.8 36.6 400 35700

(m/s2)

9.83 9.80 9.71 8.70 0.225

5.4

N WT NST IDL W E O HR A

FAB = FBA (5.7) The force exerted on A by B is equal and opposite to the force exerted on B by A

Example 5.5: A skier of mass 60 kg slides down an icy (frictionless) slope which is inclined at 20 to the horizontal. Find her acceleration and the force exerted on her by the slope. Use the following coordinate systems.(a) the x axis is horizontal; (b) the x axis points down along the incline.

Hard to solve for N and a.

Example 5.6: A sled of mass 8 kg is on a frictionless slope inclined at 35 to the horizontal. It is pulled by a rope whose tension is 40 N and which makes an angle of 20 with the slope, as shown in fig. 5.16a. Find the acceleration of the sled and the normal force due to the incline.

Example 5.7: Two railcars, A and B, with masses mA = 1.2 104 kg and mB = 8 103 kg can roll freely on a horizontal track; see Fig. 5.17a. A locomotive of mass 105 kg exerts a force F0 on A that produces an acceleration of 2 m/s2. Find: (a) F0;(b) the force exerted on A by B.

Example 5.9: Three blocks with masses m1 = 3 kg, m2 = 2 kg, and m3 = 1 kg are connected by two ropes, one of which hangs over a light, frictionless pulley as shown in Fig. 5.19a. Find the acceleration of the blocks and the tension in the ropes. Take =25 .

3 g g g ) sin(15 3 )a ( 2 ) ( 2 1

CHAPTER 6 Particle Dynamics II

6.1 FRICTION

Example 6.1:A 5-kg block is on a horizontal surface for which 0.1. It is = pulled by a 10-N force directed at 55 above the horizontal, as shown in fig. 6.5a. Find the force of friction on the block given that: (a) it is at rest; (b) it is moving.

Since the horizontal component of the applied force is only 10 cos55 = 5.74 N, the maximum value of fs is not needed. (b) Since the block is moving, the magnitude of the frictional force is fk = N = 4.08 N. k If the block moves to the right, fk is toward the left, as in Fig. 6.5b. If the block moves to the left, fk is to the right, as in fig. 6.5c.

Example 6.2: Two blocks with masses m1 = 7 kg and m2 = 4 kg are connected with a rope and move on two surfaces of a right-angled wedge as shown in Fig. 6.6 Given that = 37 , 53, 0.2, and 0.1, find the acceleration of the blocks. 1 = = =

Example 6.3: A block of mass m1 = 2 kg is placed on a block of mass m2 = 4 kg. The lower block is on a frictionless horizontal surface and is subject to a force F0 = 30 N as shown in Fig. 6.7a. Find the minimum value of the coefficient of friction such that m1 does not slide on m2.

6.2 DYNAMICS OF CIRCULAR MOTION

centripetal force

Example 6.6: A 50-kg woman is on a ferris wheel of radius 9 m that rotates in a vertical circle at 6 rev/min. What is the magnitude of her apparent weight when she is halfway up?

6.3 SATELLITE ORBITS

K p r ti l e l h da es r w

Example 6.9: For reconnaissance, prospecting, or surveying, earth satellites are sometimes launched into orbits only about 150 km above the er sr c. i t pr dTk k = 9.9 10-14 s2/m2. a h uf eFn h e o.ae E ts a d e i

Example 6.10: For telecommunication we need a satellite that appears fixed in the sky. Find the radius of its orbit.

6.4

MOTION IN RESISTIVE MEDIA Resistance Proportional to v