Dharmendra.Gutta et al. / (IJAEST) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGIES Vol No. 5, Issue No.

2, 139 - 143

SHF Passive RFID Tag Antenna Section Design for Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Application
Dharmendra.Gutta
M.Tech Student V.R.S.E.C Vijayawada

A.Vijaya Sankar

dharmas334@gmail.com

vijayasankar.anumala@gmail.com

Asst.Professor V.R.S.E.C Vijayawada

M. Kanthikiran
Lecturer V.R.S.E.C Vijayawada

Dr. K. Sri Rama Krishna

Professor & Head V.R.S.E.C Vijayawada

kantikiran81@google.com

srk_kalva@yahoo.com

Index terms- radio frequency identification (RFID) tag antenna ,dipole antenna, microstrip patch antenna.

I. INTRODUCTION

The microstrip patch antenna is one of the most exciting and fascinating development in antenna and electromagnetic (EM) history . It falls into the category of printed antennas such as dipoles, slots, and tapered slots. This is due to their distinguished features including ease of integration, good radiation control and low cost of production. This antenna is a resonant style radiator so one of its dimensions must be /2 where is a guided wavelength taking into accounts the surrounding environment of the printed antenna. The resonant dimension depends on the shape of the patch conductor. It is obvious that the substrate properties such as dielectric constant r and its height play vital role in the antenna performance. The main advantage of patch antenna is its size which is

IJ
ISSN: 2230-7818

Wireless technology advancements have given birth to radio frequency identification (RFID) systems, which have generated significant interest and hype among scientists, researchers and industry. RFID technology enables identification, location and information exchange of distant objects via radio waves . It has been commercialized in areas of logistics, manufacturing, transportation, health care, and mobile communications. Basically RFID system is a tag or transponder and a transceiver or reader. The tag consists of an antenna combined with an applicationspecific integrated circuit (ASIC) chip. In order to activate and detect a tag, a base station (reader) transmits a modulated signal with periods of unmodulated carrier.

@ 2011 http://www.ijaest.iserp.org. All rights Reserved.

ES
A. Design considerations:

Abstract-A SHF passive RFID Tag with two different antennas for transmission and reception in the frequency range of 5.8GHZ is proposed .A microstrip patch antenna for RFID Tag receiving and dipole antenna for transmission .The software used for the design is HFSS designing software .The factors considered in designing tag antenna circuit are efficiency, read range, power consumption, responding time and size.

relatively small compared to other radiators. The minimal thickness of the material or profile allows microstrip patch antenna to be easily integrated into the skins of various objects. Integrating microstrip patch antenna for receiving and printed dipole antenna for transmission with RFID technology achieves significant performance and cost advantage due to its light weight, low fabrication cost, and the ability to fabricate feed lines and matching networks simultaneously with the antenna structure. One of the major disadvantages of patch antenna is its narrow bandwidth, however, RFID applications do not need much bandwidth, and it turns out to be an advantage, because the antenna rejects the signals that are out of the band and accordingly the quality factor increases. II. THEORY AND DESIGN

Several general RFID tag design requirements whose relative importance depends on tag application are discussed in the following paragraph. These requirements largely determine the criteria for selecting an RFID tag antenna. Frequency band: Desired frequency band of operation depends on the regulations of the country where tag will be used. Size and form: Tag form and size must be such that it can be embedded or attached to the required objects Or fit inside a printed label. Read range: Minimum required read range is usually specified for different tags: EIRP: EIRP is determined by local country regulations. Objects: Tag performance changes when it is placed on different objects (e.g. cardboard boxes with various content), or when other objects are present in the vicinity of the tagged object. Tag antenna can be designed or tuned for optimum performance on particular object or designed to be

Page 139

Dharmendra.Gutta et al. / (IJAEST) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGIES Vol No. 5, Issue No. 2, 139 - 143

B. Design Process RFID tag antenna performance strongly depends on the frequency dependent complex impedance presented by the chip. Tag read range must be closely monitored in the design process in order to satisfy design requirements. Since antenna size and frequency of operation impose limitations on maximum attainable gain and bandwidth, compromises have to be made to obtain optimum tag performance to satisfy design requirements. Often a tuneable antenna design is preferable to provide tolerance for tag fabrication variations and for optimizing antenna performance on different materials in different frequency bands. RFID tag antenna design process is illustrated on a flow chart shown in Fig. 1. Once the RFID application is selected, system requirements can be translated into tag requirements. These requirements determine the materials for tag antenna construction and ASIC packaging. The impedance of the selected ASIC in a chosen RF package (like flip-chip, etc.) to which antenna will be matched can be measured with a network analyzer. Antenna parametric study and optimization is performed until design requirements are met in simulation. Like most antennas, RFID tag antennas tend to be too complicated for analytical solution as they can be used in complex environment. Tag antennas are usually analyzed with electromagnetic modelling and simulation tools, typically with Ansoft HFSS software. For more complicated three-dimensional designs (e.g. thick metal mounted tags). Fast EM analysis tools are crucial for efficient tag design. In a typical design process, modelling and simulation tools can be benchmarked against measurements. Read range calculation can be implemented directly in EM software. Tag antenna is first modelled, simulated, and optimized on a computer by monitoring the tag

ES

Why do we use different antenna for transmission and reception?The required reception and transmission characteristics of RFID tag for electronic toll collection application are different. Why do we use circular microstrip patch antenna for receiving? Maximum aperture area for maximum power reception. High efficiency Quick RFID tag circuit excitation. Reduction of responding time. (1) where = Transmitted Power. = Received power. = Transmission antenna aperture. = Receiving antenna aperture. r = Distance between the antennas. = Wave length of the radio wave. Circular Microstrip rectangular patch antenna design:
( )

IJ
ISSN: 2230-7818

less sensitive to the content on which the tag is placed. Orientation: Read range depends on antenna orientation. Some applications require a tag to have a specific directivity pattern such as omnidirectional or hemispherical coverage. Applications with mobility: RFID tag will be used in situations where tagged car moving at speeds up to 1 km/hr. The Doppler shift in this case is less than 30 Hz at 5.8 GHz and does not affect RFID operation. However, the tag spends less time in the read field of RFID reader, demanding high read rate capability. In such cases, RFID system must be carefully planned to ensure reliable tag identification. Cost: RFID tag must be a low-cost device. This imposes restrictions both on antenna structure and on the choice of materials for its construction including the ASIC used. Typical conductors used in tags are copper, aluminium, and silver ink. The dielectrics include flexible Polyester and rigid PCB substrates like FR4. Reliability: RFID tag must be a reliable device that can sustain variations due to temperature, humidity, stress, and survive such processes as label insertion, printing and lamination.

range, antenna gain, and impedance which give to a designer a good understanding of the antenna behaviour. In the last step of the design process, prototypes are built and their performance is measured extensively. I design requirements are satisfied, the antenna design is ready. Otherwise, the design is further modified and optimized until requirements are met. DESIGN: Proposed RFID tag antenna section:

Fig. 1. RFID tag antenna design process.

(2)

(3)

a = radius of the patch(0.931cm) h = height of the substrate =relative permittivity =centre frequency

@ 2011 http://www.ijaest.iserp.org. All rights Reserved.

Page 140

Dharmendra.Gutta et al. / (IJAEST) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGIES Vol No. 5, Issue No. 2, 139 - 143

Why do we use dipole antenna for transmission? 1. Partially Isotopic nature. 2. Low input impedance. 3. Maximum gain. 4. Good efficiency. 5. Low power application. II. Dipole antenna design; Wave length= 5.3571 cm . Length of dipole antenna=wavelength/2 (half wave dipole) III. READ RANGE Let us demonstrate how Kurokawas method can be applied to analyze the performance of a passive RFID tag. The fact that passive RFID tags are powered solely by the incoming RF energy, combined with cost and fabrication requirements, imposes a unique set of criteria on RFID tag antenna design, including frequency bandwidth, directivity, size and form, sensitivity to different objects the tag is placed on, reliability, and, finally, tag read range. Read range is an important characteristic of the RFID tag. It is the maximum distance from which the tag can be detected. One limitation on the range is the maximum distance from which the tag receives just enough power to turn on and scatter back. Another limitation is the maximum distance from which the reader can detect this scattered signal. The read range is the smaller of the two distances (typically, the first one since RFID reader sensitivity is usually high). Theoretical read range depends on the power reflection coefficient and can be calculated using the Friis free-space formula as
| |

IJ
Fig. 2(a). Dipole antenna
ISSN: 2230-7818

Where is the wavelength, is the power transmitted by the RFID reader, is the gain of the transmitting antenna ( is EIRP, equivalent isotropic radiated power), is the gain of the receiving tag antenna, and is the minimum threshold power necessary to power up the chip. Typically and are slow varying, and is dominant in frequency dependence and | | primarily determines the tag resonance.

IV.SIMULATION RESULTS

@ 2011 http://www.ijaest.iserp.org. All rights Reserved.

ES
(4)
Fig.2(c). Dipole antenna 3D radiation pattern Fig.2(d). Dipole antenna 2D radiation pattern
Page 141

Fig.2(b). Dipole antenna in vacuum box

Dharmendra.Gutta et al. / (IJAEST) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGIES Vol No. 5, Issue No. 2, 139 - 143

Fig.3(a). Circular microstrip patch antenna

IJ
Fig.3(b). Circular microstrip patch antenna in vacuum box Fig.3(d). Circular microstrip patch antenna 2D radiation pattern
ISSN: 2230-7818 @ 2011 http://www.ijaest.iserp.org. All rights Reserved. Page 142

ES

Fig.3(c). Circular microstrip patch antenna 3D radiation pattern

Dharmendra.Gutta et al. / (IJAEST) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGIES Vol No. 5, Issue No. 2, 139 - 143

V.CONCLUSION In this letter, a SHF passive RFID tag with two antennas was proposed. A microstrip patch antenna for receiving and dipole antenna for transmission. The designed antenna would be potentially useful electronic toll collection application .Response time of RFID tag is reduced by using circular microstrip patch antenna for receiving and maximum coverage area is attained by using dipole antenna for transmission. REFERENCE
[3]. M. Philipose, J. R. Smith, B. Jiang, A. Mamishev, S. Roy, and K. Sundara-Rajan, Battery-free wireless identification and sensing, Pervasive Comput., vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 3745, Jan.-Mar. 2005.. [4]. Catarinucci, M. Cappelli, R. Colella, and L. Tarricone, A novel lowcost multisensory tag for RFID applications in healthcare, Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett., vol. 50, no. 11, pp. 28772880, Nov. 2008. [5]. C. Kruesi and M. M. Tentzeris, Magic-cube antenna configurations for ultra compact RFID and wireless sensor nodes, in Proc. IEEE Antennas Propag. Soc. Int. Symp., San Diego, CA, Jul. 2008, pp. 14 [6]. [A. Mehdipour, H. Aliakabarian, and J. Rashed-Mohassel, A novel electrically small spherical wire antenna with almost isotropic radiation pattern, IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett., vol. 7, pp. 396399,2008. [7]. G. H. Huff and J. J. McDonald, A spherical inverted-F antenna (SIFA), IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett., vol. 8, pp. 649 652, 2008.J. D. Kraus and R. J. Marhefka, Antennas for All Applications, 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2002, pp. 352 362.

IJ
ISSN: 2230-7818 @ 2011 http://www.ijaest.iserp.org. All rights Reserved. Page 143

ES

[1]. Hong-Kyun Ryu, Gichul Jung, Dea-Keun Ju, Sungkyun Lim,Jong-Myung Woo An Electrically Small Spherical UHF RFID Tag Antenna With Quasi-Isotropic Patterns for Wireless Sensor Networks IEEE Antennas And Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 9, 2010 [2]. K. V. S. Rao, P. V. Nikitin, and S. F. Lam, Antenna design for UHF RFID tags: A review and a practical application, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 53, no. 12, pp. 38703876, Dec. 2005