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lom sinceelygrcJefullo
Donold Holden,I\,4ory Suffudy
ond CondoceRoneyfor lheif
wisdom ond gL]idonce.

Ed'led by MarySLrilodyand CandaceRan6y

Oe{ign€dby BobFlle
Graphicp|oduclionby E lenG€ons

Cogright@1986by Wat6on-G
LrpliI Publoations
Fn$ pubtished 1986in N€wYorkby Watson-Guplill
PLrbllcations,
Publications,
a dMsioi ol Billboard nc.
1515aroadwayNewYork,N.Y1003€
t ir'ry ot Congr€s Cat loging.ln"Publlcatlon D6lt

Lrssolls tom Michelangslo.

1. F$tEdlawing-Tschnique. 2. Drawing,
FgEirsaE-E{hniqu6. 3. [4ichelangelo
Buonarlo,
r475-156a-Thern€€, moti!€s. l. Title.
ifc6t5.B8'/ €86 743'.4 86-11107
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Disttrtsd h !E t niled Kingdomby PhaidonPress,Lld.,
Li@ab Eols€, SL EbbebSt., Oxiofd
All riits r€s€.Ed. No pa.t of ihis publicationmay be
rwodr€d 6us€d h any iom or by any means graphic,
electD.*i n nE ls*:al. indlding photocopying,recod'ng,
lalirE, 6 hturdir| $rage ard leidevalsystems-wilhout
sm€.t pr.tri*irx: d t|e Fui*rer
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 L

CHAPTER
FIVE
TheUpper
limb uu
IHEMUSCLES OF]HEUPPER A?IV €9
TRICEPSTIHEIHREEHEqDED MUSCLE90
THERELAIIONSH P OFlHEFORMS OFIHEARIVTOTHESCAPULC92
..,. THEIVUSCLES OFIHERAISED ARM 94
' TllEIVIUSCLESANDBON€S Of Iltr FOREARM96
.. itE lvuscrrsor nE FoREARM
ANDIHUMB98
.
: IVASSINGIHEFOREARN',oo
THEI\IUSCLES
OFIHEIIAND '02
SIMPT]F/INGlHEI{AND'04

CHAPTER
SIX
TheLowefLifllb ,oo
THEFRONTOFTHE 1HIOH,10l
THEMUSCTESTHAT
IVO!€THE iHIGH 408
THEIIAMSTRING
l\ilUSCtES4,10
THERELATIONSH]P
OFIHETHIGH TOi}IE PELVIS112
lHEBONESOFTHE KNEE4'4
THEFOR]\4S
OFTHEKNEE1'6
THEBONESANDMUSCLES OFIHELEE ,1'18
lHEMUSCLES OFTHEFIBULA'20
THEI\iIUSCLES
OFTHECALF /22
THEFOOT: THEBOIWARCH 124
THEMUSCLES OF]HEFOOT 426
TIANITHE UPR]GHT
ANIV1ALi28

CHAPTER
SEVEN
Droperyr:c
FSTABI
SFNG VPSS 1I4

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WTHLlcllt ANDSHADF
,, .THEGESTURE-oRRH\+jM
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INTRODUCTION
nne do,/ \dh e vlewingo drowng show Rothetin o moslp eosurable woy,l wsnledlo
Vhod on etperience thot offected m-- st down wilh you,lookai lhesemognficent
:eeplyLs cosuoywo kedlhroughiheroom, worksond beg n d scussng thoseospeclsof
:aw o drowingI coudn't toke my ey€solf, eoch wgrkthol o recleo resi1l.observeoswe
:nd ol lhe olher drowlngsseemedsho ow os mosiimporlonilo lirstrolefgure drowing
! and undslingushed by comporson.Thoi Iire drawngsseecied ior th s trookshow
I :rcwingwoso nude sfudyby M chelongelo ih,. figurein manywrols posesirom a ldi
lihough h o d b e e n l o m i o r w l h terenlpo nlsofvew Thereiso greoloppodu
'.ilcheongelotworkol my fe, iseemedlhol nly here10observehowo moslerdrcflsmon
t .nly now perhopsbecouseof myeducolion foreshodens monyol the fofmsof lhe body
I :nd troinng,waslrecept\€to hh nfe|preto ond chongeslheif shopesin ihe different
_?nsof lhe figufe nfocl,ilwasosf hodn-.ver
:eenlhembeforeondlholnothingcouldbe Anyonewho serously $ontslo underslond
-ore exciiinglhcn lo be n ihe presenceof greolfrguredrowingmuslde\r'cie o conslder
_ gh Renoissonce od ond flnoly hove eyes ob e omounloflirnelolhesludyofonolomy
_rolcoud seeit hoveonlyconcenlroledon the moslimpor
Sincelhol doy I ho!€ been lhoroLrghly n ionl musclesond musce groupson l1_ie slr
,c\,€d n the processond mogicof drowing face of the f gure Forgreolerclorlv I ho\€
_.1efgure My increosedknowledgehos ncludednextlo Michelongelob workso di
_e\€rde$royedlhe sponlonellyond mogcl ogromof lhe skeleton showng ony ihe mus
' hosonlyenhoncedilgreoiy ln foct,I ho!€ cle or muscesunder discussionTheseore
'rund thol drowng wthouto frm foundolion nlended io he p you underslondond re-
_ lhe p ncpes of onoiomy s morediflicuI anemberexocilywhereo fom beginsand
ron ihe ocil.rolsdrnng of lhoseprnciples
When begonio wte lh s book,mYinTen- Thesewrl ngsoTeio be consideredon in-
_3nwqsio keep the spirl of fgu€ drowing troductonorcotolyslio o pfofoundslLlciy thoi
.iocl.lho!€ nol oltempledio soyeveMhing yo! w spendlhe restof )o!r doysenJoyng.I
roi con be saidoboul drowing,nor frove fei stronglyihol \tonled lo createo book
- ed to lisiolLihemuscesoflhe h!mon body ihoi would knockdown some borefs ond
iclher,in o mosipleoslroblewqy,I \tonleclto a low \,oungorihisio beg n to reqllyundef-
: i downwiih \,ou,lookol thesemognifcenl stondthe lormsoffhe flgure,lilscleorto me
I ,,crksond begindiscusslng thosecspectsof thal f wonledihe reoderlo shoremy g€oT
',llch6ongelo3\^ofklhoi ore ceoresllo ob- enihlsiosmfor onolomyanddrqwng prlnc-
:?tueos wel os mosl imporiantio lilsl_roie p es, wou d have lo expresssome comp ex
'3iJ|edrowng, deos in o more simplfed wqy ond I loke
when lbegon io wriieihisbook,my inien responsibiV lor thot.
rn wosio keep lhe spit of figuredrowng N4orelhon on!4hngese, lhis book is ihe
_ioct, ho\€ nol oliernptedto soye\€Mh ng express on of o lo\,€affor thol I hovehodwllh
-ci con be sod oboui drowng, nor hove I the exhoordinorydrawlngsof lhe greolesl
- ed to sla I the mlrscles of the humonbodl mosterof the figure,Mcheongeo.
Michoe Bubon
NewYorkC ly,1986

I
l
I
 ONE
CHAPTER

UNDERLYING
THE
OFFORM
STRUCTURE

,l\.

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SKETCH'S FORINFNUDES
1508,tadd point ontl p.n
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is n9.ForMicheonge o, drow
Eorm eleMh
I ng s o pfoceou€ rcr oercrmrnrng rcrm
the i uson of form s merelyappfoxmoleiJ
lorm is ndicoledby lighl ond shodeolone
Theshopeof o form sdelined exaclly by ihe
use of ne, fire lhree seaied figLrreswere
drownwilh lighl sketchyInes colled p€nr''
menli 'Yepenlonces," or chongesof m nd
beforclhe lnol contourisdrown.
Prelminorysketchesor conlour drowngs
thol ndicoteoverolproportonsondlhe ges
fure of the pose o€ essenliollo sLrccessfu
fgu€ drowings,Thereis not much poini in
movingonlo sLrch deloilsos hondsor€elor
Preliminory
Skerches
10lhe nsidemodelng of lhe fgue wilhoul
firsieslab shingthe ollside shopeoJlhe fig
uTen o geneTotwgy
E!€ryfigurehoson implcil oclion,or ges-
ture.]helneA connechihe portsof lhe body
lrcm heodio ioe and suggesis lhe geslureof
nrepose.Gestu€istheh.4hmor musicofthe
figure.whichcreoleso peosingrelotionsh p
benreen one form cnd onolher Mchef
ongelo ncorporoledo slrongsenseof ges
turein o lof hisdrowngs.Hhboldcurvingond
spirolinginespre\r'enled lire posefrcm be-
comingstiffond wno'rurol,
 Formwithline
Indicoling

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ealg

lllchelongelo drew consfonil\4 ond be-
ItI cousepoper was expensi\ein the six-
leenthceniuryh spogeswelen\oroblyflled
wlh o\,e opping sketchesond studies. lhe
skelches on ihispoge cleory demonsirolehis
eorly esioblishmenl of powe !1, e\ocot\€
dlowings.Thebod, untoliernginesusedlo
ndicotelhe oulsideshopeof ihe odulttg!€
and ch d {A)ore beoulifuydrown Oncethe
oliside conlourof o llgufev/osdelermined,
Mcheongelo begon to indcote more de-
io ed forms He representedskeeiol ond
musculormossesby quick,light nes Forex
omple,ihelnesol Bindicoiethe col orbones,
or c avcles;ihe shod nes in lhe oreo of C
suggesilhegreolpecioro muscles on lop of
lhe r b coge.A seresof shorllnes,which\dere
then applied lo lhe arge mosses, suggesi
formsthoi ore lo be in shodowtnole lhe
cur\,edlineson the bock ofihe thlghoi D.
 *

I
 of Form
TheShopes
The n o fgureson ihe rqhlotlhs drowing,
! whch ore renderedn lqhi ondshode(4
wereperhopsfrctskelchedln line,muchlike
the n o frgu€s on the eft (Bl
Itishelplulfilsiloindcolelheoulsideshape

*# in o looseond genero monner,

of lhe figLrre
wilhoulbeing concemed oboul mnor de
toils.l€epng in mindhowlheheod,ribcoge,

*.r
'i
ond pe vicmosses
),ou muslo so
orelo be p oced inspoce,
delerrn ne the poslonsof ihe
ormsond egs,Onceyouho€ opproprole y
drownlhe oulsde shopelo del lle lhe direc
iion ond size of ihe forms,lhen colefully
ond poienlly refne ollthe genero linesio
ochievethe flno ouisde conlour ine Asyou
obser\ethe oulsideshopesof thesefgures,
noiicelhe\,orouschongesin difeciionof lhe
lnes l.liimotely,lhe linesof lhe f glle connol
be vogue;ihey must cleory fepresentthe
onolomy lt s mportanl, ho\^€!€i notlo drow
linesndicolngdetalsL.htilthe d fecllonsond
propofiions ol the lorgerformsoreexocty lhe
woyyouwsnilhemObviouslythesiudyof lhe
shopesof ihe formsof ihe bodyisfundomen-
io io drowingihoseformsoccuraieyAsihe
trueshopes of lhe boneond rnuscleslructure
ore underslood,lin€sbecome \€ry eosyto

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rVO SOTDIERS SEEN FROM

BACKINVAROUSPOSFS
't534,block cholk
s e / t ' / 4 f t t 1 5t 1 o . 6 . n l
TheSkelehlFromewofl(
ln the d'owing ol efl, tou con see how
IMchelongelo bu i feshyforrnson lop of
lhe skeletolshucture.lheribcoge (AJondlhe
pevis(B)ore hugebonystructuresonwhichto
boselhe enlireposeondgesture, Londmork
oflhe iLesh greonyfromone indviduollo
\r'ory
onolherOnsomemodelsthen pp esorelowl
on olherslheyore high Bonesg \,eo reloble
setof fixedpoints,or ondmorks,on whlchto
buiLdo drowing.
lvloke onofomcol drowlngsolong with
)o!rdraw nggfromthe model.Ofcourselour
rnode does nol ook like on onotomcal
\-:.-. drowng,bui by mokn9occomponyng skel'
' ' etolondmuscuordrcwngs,youore liflinglhe
t'._'.
curtoinof skin n orderlo seelhe uhderlyng
strlcturethof detgrmneslhe shopeson lhe

Agoodwoylo eorniheformsofihebody s
lo proclicedrowingthe majof mossesffom
onoiomy chorh Drow ihe frcni, side,ond
bock views Closeihe book dnd see how
much'ou can dfowlrcm memoryll lsa soo
good ideo lo proclice drowing frcm the
greotmo$ers,lf N,lchelongelocon gi\€ )ou
on ideowherethe linesshoud be pul down,
whal betrerhelp coLJldyou ho1€?Another
wqyio eorn isio dtaw ftom o reolskelefon,
Skelchihe skeeion o\€r yourfguredrowings
io seeif lou hove ploced ihe bonescorrecily,
Monybonesore directlyLJndor lhe skin-for
tv,
'ii instonce, ihe skul,the knee,ond lhe bonesof
ihe feol and hoads
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SIUDESFORTNETHREE CROSSES
1520 2', block ond Ed cholk
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scopula(shouder blqde)
der Jont (bol-ond4ockei)
B,ACK
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a2nlb6oneoch side ,
 SIDEVIEW

verteb|oe( ib)

pelv,icc€sl

onieiorsupeor ilocspln€
(petvlcpotntj

s pubh
symphys

(kn66lns
Proportionol
Systems

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 Ihese boxes ore bosed on the
lenglh af the slernum. ^lale lhe
relallonship af lhis lenglh la alhet

I n drowing,the fgure s bu I oul ol mosses bone,or sternum, minuslhe xiphod process,

I lhol hoveo relofonshp io eoch oiher:Th 5 s wh ch s ocoiedot lhe boliomof lhe siern!m
acLectpropodons n o ploportono sYslem Thelenglhoflhe slernumnlocleqLrolslhe
_-reori st con usewhoteverporl of lhe bocly longlhof selerc oiher seclionsof lhe onoi-
^? kesos o lnl of meosureThenhe need omy Forexompe, l eqlols the engthof The
:- y anol\/?ehow lhh chosenunil Ie oles10 clovcLe, the lengihol lhe shoulderblode,or
:: erpodsofthebodyTheonc enl EgYplons scop! o,lhe d sloncebelweenlhe scopuoe,
_:c o propodionolsystem thoi\dasbosedon the lenglhof lhe hand m nuslhe tp of lhe
-,. englh ol lhe midde fnger opp colions th rd f nger ond lhe w dth oi ihe heod
:: rhhsyslemoso occur n cerToinexompes n oddton, ihe siernollenglhmutpled
:'Greek orl Accordng 10 lhs syslern, the one ond o ho f limesequa slhe lenglhofihe
:^qih ofihe midde fngermulip ed by n ne' heod (fromthe top of the sku io the boliom
_:.n equos the heght of ihe figure The ollhechin)ondthe englhollhe foreormThe
:^glh of ihe hond muiplied by ien or the slernollengihdoubed eqLrols ihe engih ol
:^glh oi ihe looi muLlp ed by sx a so op- lhe r b cooe,iheoppfoxmoleu/dih oiihe fli)
: .x moieslhe heghiof on o\€roge hlmon coge oi iiswdesl poinl ond ihe engThofihe
upper orm, or humerus Ihree iimes ihe
ri l'redeveopedlhe drowingshownhere, lenglhoilhe siernurn eqlo sihe Lengrih
ol tte
'. a.eongelowosevdeniylhnkng of lhe lhighos\de oslhe lenglhofihe egwihlhe
:_!i1 of lhe kneeond how il le oieslo lhe fool, lhal s, the heighloi ihe fooi (ihe dis
:-: formsoflhebodyAflercorrecly render lonce fromihe onke io lhe groLlndl
:-e porlsoitheknee n ine,M cheongelo Ho\,e),ouevercompleledo drowng oiihe
:::eeded to odd lght ond shode-noie figureonlyio fnd lhoi lhe head isioo srno,
- :' -e ght in lhisdrowingcomesfromthe ihe orm s ioo long,oI the body sloo wide?
=' .-i iowqrdthe fronlol lhe liglrre Thecurefortheseproblemsslo workosmuch
-: nlerestng lo observelholihe engihoi osyoucon wth proporions,TheoncienlorT
-:..39,ihoi s,lhedisloncefromlhetopoisis of Greece lo\,ed lo work wlh meosure
-: ::-rmon lendon,(4, of lhe quodrlceps mentsond numbersond thosehormonoLrs
-,:: . io ihe knee ng polnl,or tuberce oi numbersloundihe rwoyinlothereoi onships
-: -: . equa s the enerlhof lhe br,aosi- of lhe forms of lhe lgure
lBl,
Proportions
Used
byRenoissonce
Artists

'iat

H'

Qy underrtondngthe reoionshrps
glween
be- usuollymode n the owerlmbs
fofmsin a siondnq f qLrfeyouw Accordingio lhs systemof meosuremenf,
hovea beller deo of whot io expeclwhen ihe heod lselfconsiitules the irst meosure
lou encounlerfglres in seotedor €clinng meni(A).Thesecondmeosuremenl h the dls-
lance beireen lhe chin ond ihe nppes (B)
Arlisisof ihe Renossoncewere fond of Thethird meosuremenis lhe d sloncefrom
Lrsingihe englh of Jhe heod os o uni of lhe n pp es io the e\€ ol the no\,e (C)rihe
meosureThe engih of Jheheod mulip ed iourlh fromthe no\€l lo ihe crolch,or sym-
sevenond one hof lmes equo/slhe loto physspubls(D)jtheRfihffornihe crolchloihe
he ghiof on a\erogeliguretlheheod lengih leve of lhe mddle ol ihe ihigh (E)rlhe sixth
mullipliedby eghl equohlhe heighloJololl fromlhe midde ol lhe lhighlo ihe le\,eof the
personrond the heod lenglh mulllp/ied knee (D;lhe se\,enfhfrom lhe knee lo lhe
roughlyby sevenequo slhe he ghl ol o shod m dde ol ihe ower eg (G)jond the eighfh
ndviduol.Renossonceorlsh usualy used fromlhe mlddleof the owerleg io the bol
eghi heodsas o meosuremenl simpy be- tom of the foot (H)
couse il s eosier10 subdivdeeighl lhon I yo! oppy lhe englh of lhe heod to lhe
se\,enond o holf.Ofcoursenolo lrnodeho€ w dihsoisorneoi ihe mossesolihe figufe,),ou
ihe some height D screpdncyn heighl in con seelhol lhe lengthol one heod equa s
mosTinsionces, occursn the o\^€rlimbsrlhe lhe d sloncebe veenthe nipplesos we os
lengihoilhe heodond lnrnkdoesnot\ilryso lhe d slonceocrossthe \ro si,
much.Thelefore, odjuslmentsn heghlwefe One ond one hol heod engihsequo lhe
 -: ,"r,. .iL--.

S,AMSON ANODEUL AH
iLsiancebeireen the ormpihos wellosthe y'6youdrow conlinuolyscon\,oursubleci 153Arcd chdlk
lemoeb The lntroduclionol bod proporlionsresulls loli t 15.!, 1272 \ 395 ch)
,ldlh of lhe mo eh pevc massrlhe
seLvicrnossss ghllywidet whenyou Looktoo longat ony givenpan or
the lengih of tu/o heodsequoh ihe ds- delollof lhe body n odditionto lhe propor
'3nce ocross lh,a moe3 shouders;the lionolsysiems thothovebeend scussed here,
=moeb shouders ore sighty norrov€t The why nolexplore ond come up wlh oiherrelo_
.nglh ofiv/oheodsso soequolto ihe lengih uonships olyourown?Themorereollonships
:i ilre lhigh. thoiyouconlindosyoudrowlhe moreoccu_
li so mhiokeiobeg n drow ngiromlhelop role yourlgure wiL be. Proporiionosy$ems
:: ihe heod ond oliempl lo fn shyour drow_ shoLrldbe lseful and comiodoble Mchei_
-g of ihe bo1lomoi the fgLrreojl n one ex ongeos meoslrremenls oi ihe llgure ore
:arion Lnsfeod, sketch n ihe poris of The ceorly differenllrcm lhose ol soy E Greco
'j!re n o generolv/oy,lndicoing proporiions Thefemoe fgu|e oi DeLoh ond the orger
:_c ceslure,Thnkof ),ourfiguredrowng oso lg!re ofSornson tholyouhovebeenstudyng
-.p on whichyo! simpyv,/oniio pon ond here ore dfown occordingio proporlionol
:;coler ihe plocemenlof the porlsof lhe syslems thal ore roughyihe same I s ihe
..:dy lhe esloblishmenl of po nts,or lond lengths lhe Lrnits
ol of meosurelhal ore d i
-ark, ond the plocemenlof inesconneci €leni noiice lhol the heod ol Sornsonis
_3 lfese poinlsore mportonl n poitng i\r ce os lorgeoslhol oi Delioh
: aperproporijonsbetv€enlormsofthebody
 Fonns
Designing
The eftecllveplocemeniot one obleci in
I fe otonto onolheroblecfs\ery mporlonl
in a work of orl. Thelhingsthot )ou leorn
oboul drowingo sngle figurewillo so be of
help in composlngo piciule mode !p of
groupngsof frgures. Juslosthe€ iso geslule,
or h)4hm,throughoulihelormslhol mokeup
o singleflgure,theremuslbe a rhy,thm lhot
conneclsmuliple imoges,
In ihis drowing of Hercuesengoged in
d sporole octions, lhe gesfuresof lhe ind!
vlduolfguresbiendhormoniousylo creoieo
unifed composillonThoifhormonyofgestue
cousesthe eyelo fow freelyfromone fgure
lo onoiherTryio visuolize
curved,ffowinglines
thofconnecithethreef gufesin lhlsdrcwing.
A good composilionollen hos numerous
fildhm hesrunnlngln monydifferentdirec-
lionr,Thus,ihe podsof o drawingore never
ireoiedas bh ond piecesbul workiogether
lo forrno lorgerlnljy

Rhy'hmlinesindi.ote lhe flaw ot

.rD.Jenlenlwithin o drcwing ond
rclote indiviluol figut$ ta the
compositr, os o whole.
 t
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IHRFELABORS OF NERCUTES
1523 rcd cholk 144" ' 16qr
(27.31t 4223ch)
DoDoged
 Form
Complex
Simplifying
Thk is o foscinolinoskelchnloving mony
I fgufesondmuchdynomc oction,lis!c-
uobe becouseii showshow lvlchelongelo
lhoughl oboui ond drew compicotedcus-
lers oi inlerocJngfgures Theseliguresore
drownos simpe iornrs,bll the drowingis in
1.., no v\rcyvague,Theseporoionof one muscle
mossirom onolheron lhesesmoi bodiesis
,
c eorlydeined by Inei ond shorl holched
nesore paced on thosetiguresor porlsol
fgures1o €presentshoding Nole lhat lhe
ighi source n N/ichelongelo's drowingsol
mosio wqyscomes from lhe efl
Wrelherlou are workingon o drowingof
one fgure or o hlfdred fgures,il is wiselo
keepo lihe foms smple lf youcon v sucize
one hundredfguresos one lorge rnoss, you
w I ha\e discoveredo fundomenlolkuth
oboui whot greatdrowingenlois lhe sub-
ord nolionofdeioi io ihe elfeclverendering

'
lrt' ,
tW..1 ,
16l:r-

;' -r,/,:
t:''
4

fheseswtli.g lihesdenanstole
the wcy rotiaus fiqutes Elote ta
each alrer dthin lhe can'ert af o

SXEICHESTORTI]EDEADRIS]NG
1534,bl@k cholkll r 161,'
127.94, 41.91en) Dohoaed
 I

i
I
TWO
CHAPIER

ANDNECK
HEAD
THE

rHECRUC|FXrONOFSrPETER.deloillS!5,btd.kch.tk3?1i'/51".1r'{26239\15s39.n)

28
l I
Th s h o delo I of lhe drowinglhol oppeors
I on poge 131.lheoldestmossing concept
|.Bedby orl slsfor lhe head h lhol of ihe boll
ond the owl. Tryto seelhrough deloils of lhe
heodosif lheydid nol exslond nolelhoi the
t rolncose,or cranium,sosphefe(Al.ondthe
mossofthe iJce, whenthe feoluresore dis-
'egoded, oppeors lic be on o\r'ol(B).ll is ex-
iemey imporloniic wderstondthe slzeof
li|e bo oflhe heod in le olonshiptolhe size
Mossing
lheHeqd
of theowl of lhe nrce.Thebolloftheheod,or
cronium,willRlinloa perbcJsqloretthe ovol
ofthe loce isone ond o holft mesoslongos
lhe boll of the heod. Peopleofien moke lhe
ihe croniumloo smollforthe foce
Theorlisl mustalsoconsiderhow these1vr'o
large mossesore io be ploced, lhe relo
lionshipof ihe ballof the heod lo the owlof
lhe foc€ will of cou6e wry depending on ihe
posiiionof lhe heod.
the relallonshpat the poll of lhe
hed b t'heawl at thb fo.P wj
chonge os the mode/3pcrtion
chonges
29
 fheHeodin Spoce
Posifioning
The iosr or dfowng,ucl"rcomplcoied
I fo{m5os lhe heod in o llted posilions
greaiy essenedf youlrst th nk ofthot head
oso slmpeiorm o bock,cy ndetorovo
ond ihen placeihiss mpe form n o posilion
lhoicor€spondsioihedes redposion oiihe
heod Disreoord ng ihe ieolures,
Thedrowng
of ihs heod con be Lrnclerslood os a cyiin-
der kemossilling ntolhepoperoilh,-lopos
the bolTorn of the cylnderproleclsforwarclf
o cy nder were poced n lhis posion in
spoce you woud see some of lhe c rcuor
underpone allhe boltomor bosebul none
oi the c rculorlop plone.Nolce lhal lh-- nes
represenifglhe hol (Aldefne ond ernpho-
sze ihe cy ndrcol shope of ihe for-oheocl,
' ond ihol the rlesusedfor the borderof lhe
r.: i:: i:
;,,. oweriaw (BJsuggesilheunderpone ol the
cy rdetvsuo z ng lhe foceoso cy nderwih
;:.,'rr inesencrc ng t also heps nsurethot you
ploce eyes,nose,and mouthon the heod

la irs,te lf)e ptapet tlll af the

hedd lr .dtowirg. t is helptulta
lhi.k af the fa.e as o cftnCtical

SIUDYOF IHE NEADOF DA\II..I

1524-21 tot totet)
ed chdtk, bldck choik, ohd peh
I
13', \ 31/,',63 42 t 21 se cn)
L

30
 *

. l. ,,..

,'. .:
'1.
,
'r' \:: 1]' '"t,:!:,.-,'
i
'':'

31
 Syslems:
Prcporfionol FociolFeotures
ri.,,* : -$; r
f# ..r The I fsllhinqsyoumighlnoice n lhisdfow-
I ing of o heod ofe the beoulfulond com
p exdetoih,blllhedelaiharenotwholmoke
ihs drowing greol Whol h mportant lo
nollce s lhclthe smollerforms o€ drawnso
thotihey appeorlo reslgrocefullyon lop of
lhe ofger mossof lhe heod ls€lf.Heods '.{
drownby Micheangeoovr'cysgile the u
sionof beng o solidmossn spoce.
Whendecid ng on lhe plocomentol lhe
feotures,t s hepful lo dividelhe loce inio
Thrds Youmightwantlo rln ghl horizonio
lnesoroundlhe ow - ikemossof ihe foce al
the evel of lhe balures.Theforeheodfrom
the holrinelo ihe brcw (4 woud represenl
one lh rdi lhe nosewoud represeni the sec
ond lhirdtond lhe spocefrcmthe bofromof
lhe nose (B)lo the bollom of the ch n (CJ
woLrldloke up ihe losflhird.lhislosisecton
con be furthersubdividednio ihirdsin order
lo ploce lhe moLrihond chin colecly The
seporotonof ihe lps willbe otihe botiomol
the firstlhirdtlhetop of the chn wil be neor
lhe boltomofthe secondihirdrond the bol,
j'' tomoflhechinw be ai ihe bollomol the osi
,,.,' thirdYouhoveto soy"neof"of "oboul,whsn
speokng of meosufemenhbecouselhere
ofe no obsolutgrulest youcon justnotlcehow
c oselyiheleoluresofihe mode corespond
io the c osscal proportonsoui ned obove
n iems of depih, ihe reoilonshipof ihe
boiufesmustoho be c eory esloblishedThe
nose s fodhefforv,qrdlhan lhe mouihiihe
upper lip is mo€ forvr'ord lhon ihe owerllpr
ond ihe chln s fortherbockthanihe mouih.
Iry drowing consiructonlines-hor zonioi,
\ericol, ond diogono-from one feolureio
onoiherThephllirum(D),or areo obo\€ ihe
cenler of lhe lpper p exiendsdownwqrd
frornlhe cenlerof the boseol the nose,lhe
:l philirurnformso rnosi nlereslngplonet I s
conco!€ irom lop io boitomond oso con-
co\€ iromsideloside.Thsistheonlypone of
,1. iisknd on lhe enl re lgure,
the moresensili\,eyou ore io reolronshlps
belween vorous ieoiures,ihe belier your
drowngswi be. Nol€that on mognory\€r
/ .-'a Uco ne exlendingupwordlromthe bock of
ihewingoJihenosewouldconneclthispoint
of org n withlhe innercornerol the ele.
.- r' )* -{-' When pasilioning the feo Noticeloo thot the chn sirop (E)in this
J *"';l ' ^.trct il is helpful ta divide lhe
loce inla lhnds wilh light hai
drowlngservesaso contourineihothelpsio
exploinihecuri€d ospecloflheunderplofe
ot the owerlow(Fl Ihe ch n stroposo sepa-
roles the ower jow flom onother cufted
pone,lhe cylindorof the neck {Gl.Youcon
seelholihechn ntesecisthe neckot o ower
f elellhon doesthe backoJtheskull. Thebase
oflheneck s owerinfronlthon in bock,which
gives i o fo^/crd ihrust
 tl
I

'itt'r'-+

I
I
I
I . ::: .- oiLt,5323/.bto-\.1o\'.. ot )3-3 )3\A-ar
 lheFeotures
Defining withLightondShode
- : .:=re' c eorwheiherlh s slhe l]owiire symboof o so d s weokened.
I--:::
I :' : - an oro womon, lvlcheionoe o Olco!rsewiihihe heod rilh s posltion,the
sde ond podonsoiihe fronipionesof ol of
,,.-:. -19 crlsfsnlo sketchlinescrevs thesmolerforms olthe heodoreo sovisibe,
.. ^nsCrowing Thereo revery€w slroighl osorelhebockord sde ponesofthe neck.
.:3.efe Michecnge o wasconcernedwih Thed rect ght n thisdrowng comesifom
.leci nga soldheodono faipieceolpopet ihe efi ondihe iellecled ghlcomeslrornthe
,n cars besloccomplishedby usingcurvecl r ght.Thesideplonesof ihe heod ore in ght,
nes Ihe linesof lhe hol (Aond B)he p c or fo whereoslhe frontpanes of lhe foce o€ in
iire foundness ol the heod Thelinesof lhe shodowLghl and shadedel ne ihe meelng
siernocledomasloidmuscle(C)help lo de poces of fronlond srdepones,ll rsmost m
fne the neckos o cylinder po onllholsr-rch clefnilionbe estobshedby
ThislhreequorlerposI on clromolicaIy n- lneor by ghl ond shcderolherwhelhe forms
creoseslhe uson of ihe heod os o lhree- of the heod ond lace w I oppeorfol
dimensionol foranThnk of a cube drown n Themergingol thefronlondsidepionesof
juslsucho poslon Nowd.ow of lh nk of o lhe nose (Dl.s ernphcszedby lhe obrLrpl
cube poced n o compelesde vewt nole chonge frornlghi lo shade Therdge oi o
form,ihe iunclureof l^/o panes,shouldbe
nlio y eslob shedby drowng o line.
l/ore roundedformsore ndicoled by o
moregroduallronslon ofva ue fromiighiio
clork.BecoLrse ol th sgrodLraprogression.ihe
loreheocloncl neck oppeor mor,-ro!nclecl
ihon do lh-6nose,rnollh,onclch n on which
ihe clrongeifom lightio clorks obrupt.The
nose.mouTh.ond chin are bocklike n op-

Tlreeor sbeoli fu lydrowno nd posilofed.

tsfroniborder s ocaledallheholwrypo nl
of ihe sde of ihe heod f th s worco siroqhl
profe viewihe lop oriheeorwoudoppeor
e!€ w th lhe browondihe bofom ollhe eor
woLrldappear e\,1rwilh lhe bofonr of the
J nose.8!i snce ihe hed.l s I 1e.l.lownword,
ihe ear correspon.l ng y iilisupword n con-
kasl lo ihe nose ond o\irl oi the loce Th-.
more the hecrd s t led, ihe more ihe reo-

Afierp npointingihe conecllocoiionofThe

eor youshoud generolly--stabsh ls olrlsicle
shope NoleM checngeob corefuoiJeniion
lolhelubekecort ogesoflheeor lhefm,or
heix (E)rlhe Yshopeclnnercorl oge oi ihe
onlhe x (Fl, which cLr^/es dowri\,lord
'.1 o ongsde ihe he ix;ihehro smalprojeclions
oi lhe irogus(G) ond ontilrosus(H) /rogus
comesfromlhe Greekwordmeonng goofs
beorcl"ril s herelhol hoirsn lhe eor occur
Thecorliogessurround cnd deine lhe hear
ing cono, or concho 0. Theeor/obe!) s
hondsomeydecorotedwlh lhe eorrnO.The
cortiogesformng the eols ond nosecon-
linue10grow througholtour lelme, whch
meons od foks somelimeshove er1roor
d nor y bg eorsond nosesi
 a

^s

.l

a;-!, NEID,1516,red cholkS' \ 6lr" 2AS \ '165nnl

TheRelolionship
of Voluefo line
lf VoLrcon opply qhiondshodelo o cV n
I Oer yolr con dfow ihe necl of o mode
Oflenlhe heod coslso shodowon lhe neck
Mcheongeo knew lhol such dork spois
coud spoillhesuble effeciof ghl. iis nier
esing io nolelhol oilmes, he om iredor jLrsi
borey suggesledsuch cost shodows(A
Thereo refewexlremely dorkionesin ihe eye
'i
. onclore reoled 1oo llhe olher eemenlsof
sockeioreo{Bl,ondthecaslshodowiromihe
nose [C] is oso qule subJe ,\ o .ue,
Micheongeo ,,!caexircmelycorefu cboul
cosl shodowsand oiher dorktonesused10
defne forns n ghi oreasof hh drawngs.
Youcon undersiondhow lhe drcclon of
ihisheoclwasesiob shed by vsualzng hvo
mpo(onTconsirucionnes;mooneo hor-
zontc ne runningthroughlhe eyesond o
!€rfco ne runnnOlhrough ihecenierofihe
foce Thenose s beouifLrlydrowncnd per-
tucllyp oced coftislenlwth the directon of
lhe rnossof the head ll m ghl be he pfu lo
lh nkofonimognoryorrowpiercing ihe bock
ol ihe mossoi lhe head,ot lhe eve of the
bottomof lhe nose,ond com ng oullhe froni
of lhe head ol the some eve Thisonow
woud ndiccle the direction n which lhe
nosesnouroDeolown
TheInesoflhh d.aw ng oreveryexpress ve
clrowng.Lnesusecltodeineformsoflenioke
ihevo uesopp ed ioihe orgermosses ln ihe
oreasihai lhey possover Forexample,ihe
ne oi lhe lroi iso aonTour ihai isdrowno\er
ord explonslhe shopeol ThefoleheoclThis
ine s very ghl os i lrovehlhroughihe high
ighl oreo [D]ol the mossoi lhe heod ond
becon'es.larl<er as il r'rovesnlo lhe shadow
oreo(ElTherno$ ofihe foce sstrocl,od mrch
os o large egg woLrdbe The/ighi s fo nO
fronrabove efi ond lo\dordihe ironl.Sucho
ighlng schemeifsuresthot threeJourlhs ol
lhe heod s in ighi wh e one fourth s n
Theinesusedonlhe efl sideofsuchfofrfs
os ihe eyebrows, ihe l.ls oi the eye,ihe w ng
oiThenose. ondihe lpsoreolliglriernione
thanthe nesusedon the rightsde.
Theeyebrows olso rcpresenledby nes
lhoi eclro ond expoin ihe fofm obo\€ ihe
eye Thesepofotonfiefr'r'een the froniond
sideof the foreheodoccursct F Thecurved
LnesLJsed for lhe eyeldsdelinelhe rounded
iorm of lhe eyebol, and lhese iinescurve
sighiy up\dord,ndicolng thoi lhe heocl s
t led s ghllydownwcrclThe ine usedlo sep
orole the lps oso curles.slightyupward
Slroghl nesonywhereon the f gurelend io
IEADOFFEMALP
FIGURE
3ld ' 55/l(2121 \ 1129cn)
,n
 theNoseondMouth
Shoping
T h e r g h l n g s c h e m ee m p o y e d h e f et r o sa
I R)vofrle or Micheongeoe o enge lqhl
soufce from lhe efl lowsrd ihe ironl ond
obove ihe figure, L nes os wel os lghi ond
shade n [,4cheongelo3 drawngs ore olwcys
bosed on lhe orlislsp'oiound underslondng
oi forrn.Thevo ues con be ihoughloi os lhin
oyerc of skin plocecl on lhe so d scu pluro
forms of the figufe P,s n ihe drowngs seen
eor er,eyeld linesore cqrefulyclrownherelo
convey a sense of lhe mass of lhe eyeba l.
AdisTsrarey nd cole fhe eye oshesbecouse
lhey hove so lllle fo|m
McheongeoS unclerslondingoi ihe poris
ol The nose ore c eorly demorislraieclhere
Theoreo bel\reenlhe bfows,obove the nose,
s colecl lhe giobeilo (Al 1is o down\aord
s o p n g p c n e , w h c h c u r \ e su f d e r o n c l o w o y
from lhe lighfsourceemonolng from obove
SLrbllegroylone oppl-ad lolhe g obello sug
gesTsih scLrrvingowoy lrom the lighi D reciy
beow th.,rgobela s The Jrone c€oied by
ihe bi.lqei of lh,- nose.which s composeii of
l v / os m . r / l n o s ob o n e s( B J . l h ipso n e . w h c h s
iooclo.l by ghl, wideris os l sopes.lowir-
\,!ad .rfd lerrrrfoles on o evc ihoT corre
spoftls wiThThe nner corncrsol ih.- cyes.The
ower hn iollhc cy r.lcrjiko rierl] oflhc fos{l
lrecomes rnorc noffow os it eiTencis(lown
rfTolhe bulb oi ihcrorc (Cl The owerer.rol
thc nosc s formed by ihree smo . rolnded,
,t'l
38
yelblocklke masseslhebub, niheceniet
ond Thewngs on eilhersde,wh ch ore por
lio y embedded n the cenlro and slighiy
orgerbu b Nolce howMichelangeobmas-
lerfu monpulolionof \4true cousescerioin
oreosol Thenose io odvancewhie oiher
oreosTecedeThereolonshipben/eenihe
formsoflhe head n lermsoi deplh s oiwoys
we consdered b'y Micheangeo For n
slonce,onelee sihoi n h sdrawngslhenose
sc eaflyiorwardoiihe eyesofdiholihe eyes
ole ceoriyfor\,lordof ihe eors
ft4icheongeobdrowi]rgsof mouihsfever
ookfol. n thisdrowng lheTes o ceofsense
oi Tfremouihcurvngaroundlhe loolh cy n
der of the underyingsku The upper p
which s o clownwarclsopng pone, receves
essghithqndoestheoweriip,wh chslopes
upwordTheowerlp lnlhisdrawng hosbeen
shacledosone woud shodeo horzontacy
incleflhe upper p ismade up ofihfeeiorms
one in the m .l.lle oriclonc on eoch sido
whie Theow--r p s made up of hro forms.
Once Thesirlclureof Thehe,:,:ls esTob
ishecl,you sho! d TokecoreTo dec cleon ihe
exocTocoTionol lhe leoTLil:s. A qoo.l eye n
ihe wrongploce sworseilran o bod drawfg
ollh(--cyen lhrir ehip oce \lnr.rlirco !l ftJof
hornrna onrl v-^dico r,-s o(f,ossyolr
nxxlcl! lftje vr lhot yo! can .lejemii'r the
le ai onshp of lh--f-.aiues
 . -"'*11"'

_j- t
tA s lda, 242.'

39
TheMuscles
ofExpression

i'

-'.
.Jl
SIUDY FOEruE HEAD
OFTI]EDON MADONM
'15034, red.hdlk
/'h \ 6* [24 \ 1715cn)

T he dominorng rormortheheod sthesku cronrum,hoso iendinoussheeilhol exlends

I Theob, i1lto drowlhe heod vlettEbosed o\€r lhe lop of ihe cron Lrmlo lhe foreheod,
on on underslonding ofthe shopeoJlheskull. wherefibersogoinoccur.Allhe fo€heod the
Thoreole o fewveryihin mltsces ol ihe foce musce term noles in the skn obo\,e lhe eye
Thoii ll oulihebonysiruclureol ihe skutt.
These brows.Theoccipiiojronlals hosihe funclion
cre the musctesoi expressionAddltionolltj oi lfiing up lhe eyebrows,creoiinghorizonloi
lhere ore lwo musceson lhe heod, wh ch wrinkeson lhe foreheodos seen n lhe ex-
mo\e the ower jow or mandbe, ond ore presson of surprse or ollenton 1
usedfof chewng food Theele s sufioundedby se\€ro musces,
Themusclesof expression ore slrucluroly Theseincludehro selsofcirclilor
muscleslhe
\€ry diJlelenlfromlhe musclesof lhe body nnerondoulerringsof lhe orbiculorh ocu i (B
the mlsclesiholmo\€ lhe bodyofginofeot and Cl Theinnefrngs,or po pebralpori (Bl,
one bone ond insertnto onolherbone.The are respons be for openingand closingihe
muscesol exp€sson o soorginoleon bone, eye ds. The ouler ring,or obiiol porl (C),
on ihe skuI,bulihey inserlinlotheskinofihe oboveTheeyes,whenconlraciedw llpulllhe
irce Whef lhesemusclesconirocl ihey pLt/l skin beireen lhe eyebrows s ghlly down
the skin,producingwriousfcrcioexpressions.word,cousrngshortverilcolwrnkes lo op
Theocc p to-frontolismuscle(A co\ersthe peorbei/,eenlhe brows.Ths muscleexpres-
Oock,lopond fronlof the cronium,Thlsm!s- seslhe letlocll\,eor mediloli\e slo1e,
cle, orginoiing n Jberson lhe bock of the Anolhermusclein lhe ele oreo islhe cor-
 i

-Jgotorof lhe eyebrowor corugolor super nseriinio ihe musce fbels surrounding ihe
: i (D),o \,erysmaI muscleor ginotingon lhe moulholthe lower p Thedepressor lob ln-
'3reheod,underlhe occipiiolironiolismus- ferioispu lsthe ov,€rlp down in lhe aclions
ae. Thecorrugolornserh nlo lhe skinoiihe oTcryrng.
-ndpo ni of lhe eyebrcws,pu ling lhem n Youmusiunderstond thal lhesemlsclesof
.,rordond up\,!ardcreolng expressions of expTession ore ol inlerconnecledwllh one
anolher n ihe r porlcu or oreos;lhusin ihe
Oneofihe musclesofthe nosesthe p^/ro- subllemo!€rnenisof the eye oreo or the
_ridolisnosi(E).li orsesfromlhe nosa bones moulh regon, severolsmollfociol muscles
rnd exlends upvr'crdlo nsed nlo lhe skin moy be in\€l\,ed n one expression. Or the
ceiweenlhe eyebrows, Thismusce pu s lhe loce moybe express ng moreirronone emo-
:kn obo\€ lhe nose downwqrd,creoing lon n o drowingol lhe heodsuchoslh sone,
shorthorzoniolwr nkes ol ihe bridgeof lhe lvichelongeodoes nol d.ow lhe ndviduol
rosechoroclesl c of lhe express on ol o nger focio musces;he mosses iirem,lruThe cer_
one oflhech efmuscesof ihe rnoLrlh hlhe ioiny knowsol ob,orriihem ond tronsoles
.ygomotcusrnojor (D I oig noles ol lhe lhem inloo drowingolthe heodlhoishowso
cwerborderoflhe cheekbone, olzygomoT|c greoidea of expression.
cone,ond exlendsdown io nserlneorlhe
aorners of lhe mouthwhen conlTocled, osIn
ine exp€ssonof oughtei thismuscleplls
iiie cornersoflhe mouihupwqrdond tolhe

Thezygomolcusminor(G),onothermouth
'nusce, of sesfrornthe fronloflhezygomolic
aone,coser io lhe nose Theelewtol oflhe
Jpper p, or e\'oiorlobi superios (H)rses
iom ihe lowerboldel of ihe ele sockeT, or
arbiio covlly lhese iwo muscesexi'enddown
'o inseriiniolhe orbcuorLsorlsin lhe oreoof
'le upper p Theyhovethe funclonof ftng
1e upper ip neor ihe midpoinlwh e lhe
:ornercofthelipdropdown,os n expresslons
al g ef.
Theorbcuors orls0, a circuormLlsce
.vhichsurrounds ihe moulh,hoslhe funciion
rf closing lhemoulhisouleribersbendwlh
:nd con act ogoinslthe wriousolh-armus_
: esthot ore otiochedio t
Anolhermusce ol lhe moulh,co led ihe
: evoioroflhe upper p and lhe wingoi ihe
-3se,or e\olor lob superoriso oeque nos
fromlhe lpper
-1,so th n rnuscleorlginoting
:.d of the upper low or moxilo,extending
i swnwordlo inserlnlolhe wing,oro o, oi lhe
_3seond lhe upper ip Theseformsore lfied
- ihe ocl on of sobEng.
Iheconinus,or ewior ongu oris(l!, orises
-3m the moxllo and inserlsinlo ihe skn
I30\e lhe con ne looth Thismusce litisihe
- 3per lp,exposinglhol loothto giveo sneer

ofthe angleof lhe mouTh,

ihe depressor or
::cressorongu oris(L),orisesfrom ihe mon
: ae, or owerlow qnd exiendsupwordto
_:garnlolhe cornersolthe moulhTheiunc_
_ar ofthismusce islo pul the cornersoTThe
-auih downuordn expressions ol ogony
-e depressorofihe ower p, or depressor
:: nferors{lvl),ohoorignoieson irremon-
: : e. Fromihere ihe muscleexiendsup lo
 oflheJow
TheMuscles
the h{o musces of mostcolon edend
I do\anhi.rdtromthe mmovobl--slillioihe
molcbe owerlow On lhe bock port of lhe
cheek s lhe mossefermuscle(Al,whch ex-
lends down$ord and bcclolofd from the
zygomoicorchoflhe sku lolheongeoiihe
owerjo\,vBybeing owqreof lhe posiiionof
ih s mlsce, you can underslondis funciion,
which ls lhal of fo sing lhe lowerjow This
powerfulmusc e con be fellby c enchinglhe
owerlow h th ckifont bordercreoleso sho
lowdepression on the foce,d recly ln froniof
,:,*
: :a- 3r A NEADtOR TllE LASTIUDGEMENI 1534 block ond Ed cholk l Sl/t' t
42
Thelemporos musce(Blislocoledonihe
sideotihe cronum in the temporo fossc ls
lbers possdownwordunderlhe zygomolic
orchond inserinio the coronod processon
lhe owerjow Ths musce workswih ihe mos-
selermusce lo rose lhe oweriow when o
personchews,lhe oiernoing coniroclon
ond reoxalionoi the iemporalsmusce s
opporenionlhe sideoflheheod in iheoreo
ol lhe lemples Ancenl onolomslsnarned
lh s musce ond lh s oreo of lhe skuI lem
poro s,reolng iollme,becouseliisherelhol
hoirslLrrnwhle so qulckiy
.. .ir . . ..t:.i ,i
 -...;,Ji

TNEMASSETER
MUSCLE IHEIEMPORALIS
\4USCLE

O r gn :

to ihe corono d process

 -...;,Ji

TNEMASSETER
MUSCLE IHEIEMPORALIS
\4USCLE

O r gn :

to ihe corono d process

TheFomsoflheNeck
The orfl$nrsiseesbrm in lermsof sirnple
I mossbeic€ goingonliosmollerforms ond
deloil.lhe neck is essenliollv o cvllnderllke
moss,lvichelongelone\,'erlirlledto empho-
sizethecyllndrlcol qlollly of ihe neckwhichis
widetot the bosethonot lhe top lhe neck
ossumes o cvinddcolshooebecouselhe flsi
lvroribs,whichlbtmlhe boseof lhe neckore
chculor,]he hlgherle\,elof lhe neckIn lhe
bocklhon ln the fronlof the body€6ull$in o
fcMurdthrustmoredfomotlclnwomenlhon
In men.the sldesof the neckCyllnder or€
fomed bVthreescolonusmuscles-onleior
m6dlus, ond pod€fior.Ihe6e muscle6gdend
upv,ordfromthe ffnt two ribsic the upp€r
neck\erlebroe,]he 6cdlenus muscles couso
the n6ckto b6nd,
Onthefronioftheneckihereole importont
icrmsthot piojector.rtv,ord ftomthe cyllnder
'lhese
mo$, o€ th6 cortlloges o@!ndlhe
wlndplp€, or trocheo, whichfom the\oice
boxorloryrx,Theshopeof thelorynxlslhot of
on upslde-down lrlongl€. Theopo(of lh€hl-
ongle ls locdtedat the pli of the ihroot(Al,
ondthe upperbordercofi€sponds to o le\€l
lustbelor tho low€rlow Theportof thevolce
boxthdl lvlchelongelov ts mostlnlei€siedIn
portoylnghele lslhE upp€redge @),whlch
prcJecis liofom the ldomt opple,
Ano\er fom thdt i!4lch6long€lo wosw€ll
owsr€of ls th6 hlold bone,o smollhoBe'
shoe+hooed boneoboletheAdomtoDole
thol helprholothe wlndplpeIn ploc6,thls
smollh)he b hot vlslblgon th€ rurlbce,brJt
occurswherelhe underplone of lhe lower
JowlepoiEis6ftom the fiont plon6 of th€
THESCALENE
IVUSCLES neck
]ho lhrootmufclosleatowr tho corillqger
of the\olca bo(,lh€9ethlnrduscies ole mos-
Orlgin- f--'-, J sgd, ond fhry lprm the generol cyllndor
9hopeof fd9fronlof lhe neck
\)C

lorynx(\,olcebo0r Adqln!

SIUOYFORIHE.HEAD
OFAN E\IAXOEUSI
'1517-18,
Bd 6&R
'ht\, x Hl 123.26, 19.6*'n)
 t

i :
IheStetnocleidomosfoid
Muscle
The two nernoceidomostod mlsces resi
I on, ond ore porlio v embedded n the
cyindermossof lhe neck,Theyore ropelike
muscesthot exlendfromthe top ofthe ster
num up to the heod beh nd the eor They
nserinio lhe moslod process(A)of lhe sku
Eachmuscleis oi ls widesiobout ho tMoy
downtheneck.Alls lowerend tbronchesoff
inlohro iendonsrone lendonisotiochedto
ihe top ol lhe siefnum(B),ond lhe other s
altochedlo lhe clovcle (Cl.Thesehdolen-
'.'i., .ot,' donscreoieo smollhongLrlor deprcssion(D);
I

lhe heod of lhe c ov cle s ot lhe baseof this .,2

..ri,...-'
depesson Theiendonlhol oltocheslo lhe
.t .j:
" lop of lhe sternumh verypronouncedand
'd cordlike,whie lhe one lhol ollocheslo ihe
clovcle isrolherf ol ofd brood Theiendons
thol ollochto ihe sternumformlhe pil oflhe
ihroat IEJf lhe slernoceidomosiod muscle
on one sldeoflhe neckconhocis,ihe heod
wll roiole in ihe opposiledireclionor t i
downwordloward the shouder Theselwo
musclesusuolly\^/ofkogo nsleoch oihot bui .4
whenlhey do wo.klogelhe, ihey cousethe
heod lo be lhrownup whie smuloneously
pullnglhe neckdown,
G l\4ichelongeo hos drown ihe steF
nocledomosioidmusclesn o subiewsybe"
cause,oshasbeennofed,iheyore delollson
ond porliolyembeddedn ihe orgermossof
,; D ihe neck Theymusinoi oppeor ioo prom-
B nent.ln ihs drawingo smoI podlonof ihe
orge tropezusmuscles vlsble (FJ, EetMieen
the slefnoclodomqsloidmusce and ihelro-
peziusiso rolherlargefiongu or depression
co led ihe 'onofomicolsollbox"(G)
i
Theneckh consiruciedlor greoi freedom
ond vorlet of mo!€meniThesho!dergidle
(i,,/oscopuloe ond ]u,o c avic €s) s ihe ske-
elo siruclLrreupon whichtho l oshyformsoi-
DOMASTO
STEANOCLE D
MUSCLE

Orlgin:

ST]JOY
FORHEADOFTHENUDE
ATLEFTABOr'EPERSIAN SIBYL
',511,ed cholk
14h \ 7lt t3s86 , 1937@)
4
 THREE
CHAPTER

TORSO:
THE
t..
Fl l'.

ANTERIOR
REGION
righi
r. .a:-:: . ..

ths':
 ft

Plocing
lhelorueMosses
oftheBody
l nr formlhotthe orisldrowsw obviolrsv ook ng Lrpol lhe body of Chrsl bLriyou o€
Ahove o cerloinposton ondd recionreo ook ng down on h sfeeiond oilhe sku otihe
'/elo thespacelholsurrounds il Theposition base of lhe cross The heod of lhe figure s
: delerminedbythe locolon oflhe obiect n direcled 10 lhe rghl lhe rb coge s turned
:oocetlhe d recion s deiermned by wh ch lowofd lhe iefi ond si led londordrihe moss
r.gy ihe obiecl h focng. mogne on oxis o f t h e p e v s s i l r n e d s i g h t y t o t h e g h t o n d
a oced vedcollyihroughihe cenier oi the llled fo^altrrclio\rcrd The eft.
rbjecl Now mog ne ihoi lhe objecl roioies Thereare ih€e mpcrloni orge mossesof
rround ih s cxis.Thedegreeof roloion s of T h eh u m o n i g L r ei h e h e o d T h e r i b c a g e , o n d
.cu6elhe obleclsdreclon Thequeslons on tire pevs A: hos ceen shov/n n iire eor er
:rlislaslcbeforeclrowinga I gureoreiWhcts sludy oi ihe hecd, i ! .rc!_ rnporionl lo
'.e dreclon of ihe part oJ the body onr
:rowng? s I d ecled lowsrdlhe ell oI lhe
.ght and by how much?Howfor foovardor siori dro\^/ng ihe 'gLJre i s 'e .iLr ircn' ihe
cocL^r'ord in spoceislhe form eon ng? Fur- b e g i n nn g , i o d r r w i h e s g - a s s e . <a s s r n p e
iitermore,ihe orlistrnustconslderlhe relo lorms,for exomc L cn egg, :cne€ a! .:er,
'onshipof h sown poslon n spocetothotof o r b o c k l t i s . n L r cehc s e r i c p c a e o a . - c 9 r
-heobieclbeingdrown Hedoesnol hovelo f o r ml k e l h e i b c o g e n o d f t c r ' p . : r . . . , /
Crowlheoblecl n lhe posiliofiromwhichhe d r o w i n go s i m p l eb o c k i n i h a i p o s i o . ' : : '
!ews I bulil hedoesnot,he rnusldelermne Youcon then skelch I lhe r b ccge o''sr i'e
ire positionfrom which lhe iorm s To be block Snce lhe humon figLrre s tne most
drown,ond he muslmeniollyoccommodoTe complex iorm on oriisi can drow i s neces
s o r yi o s e e r g h l i h r o u g ho l l h e i n i r c o i eo n d
l\4icheangeodetermned ihe poslion of confls ng clelo h lo the crrge,simpe mosses
th s ligureverycorefuly n odv.rnceYo! ore

Ihese sinple bax figurcs

con be Lsed l. detetnine
lhe elolire pasilian af lhe

moses the heod, r/b

 . 'i;ii,::
,$.€/,:
.i:i :i
jj )v:"'-
i:v'
,,-*# ,4

S?

':t

':':..
: OVEPTHE
DEAO
CI]RISI
':
1 2 3 2t 2 6 . 2 . n )

51
 {

r..' 't,
 {

r..' 't,
 of theT0ls0
Ihe Plones
nons der whol porlonsotlhe vorousporis
\rof the igLrreyou ore lookng ol n ihis
drowng.Do)ou seelhe loo fionl sde, or o I
ofthese?Theseare the plonosof o form.
Dsregordlng detoilsforo momenlthinkof
thetorsoaso orgeb ockcreotedbythofioni
plone (4 ond ihe sde plane (Bl The sde
plonesofthe lorsoole ol o sighl obluseon-
g e lo thefrontp ane,mokingthe bockwider
lhon the front of lhe torso
rnogne o seresof linesrunningfrcm lhe
lop oflhe shoulderslolhe n pp es,lromshou
der lo shoulderand from npple 10 nipple
Thesenes\^/ould definelhe b g lop ploneof
lhe chesi(C),which iswiderol lhe shouder
ihon ol ihe nipples,lhls pone lncLudes lhe
fronlplaneof the delo d musce (D)
Youmoynolcetholthe occuroiedefniiion
/ of plonesisd reciy fe oled 1othe successful
hondingof ghi dnd shode.Forinsionce, the
armon lhe righiisdrownoso roundedblock
the lght top plone (E)is clearlysepooted
fromthe pane in shodow(F)
Thetocilholbolhihe ffonlof thelorsoond
o sectionoflhe sldeorevisibe giveso power-
fu i usionofihe figureoso lhree-dimenslono

Themoslinlrigunglhingoboulfiguredrow-
ing s ihot ii requkesyouto ihlnkond do sev-
erol differeniihingssmuioneously, Snce t s
diilicultin lhe beg nningio ddselero ih ngs
ol once, I moy be he pfL.tl lo consldefony
one eement ol o iime,e\,entholgh lt is !n-
dersioodihoi oll e emenisof o drawlngore
nierleloied.Theelemenhof o good figure
drawngareline,mossonddeioil,proporilon,
thrusi,onotom\tperspecii\€, lighiondshode,

Whenbeginnng o drowng,iiisoflenhe p-
fLrlo consder onlyihe plonesAfleryouha\,€
esloblishedihe ouhide shapeof ihe lgure,
drow inesthotseporoteone ponefrom on'
ofher Thinkof ond drow lhe plonesof lhe
lorgestmosses f rsi lhen go on io ihe plaries
of lhe smollerforms

Ihese slmpledrcwings werc dohe os

preliminorysketchesfo determine lhe NUDEMALE FIGURE RIJNNING
lorge plonesal lhe la6o frcm lhe frcnl, 1496 150],,pq, b@n ihk ond block chotk
bcck and lhrcequoners views 1a! \ 9./d(3).47| 23.13m1
 l

)*'-

{
'F'
f
 Gidle
IheShoulder

};
&:
T.
:,J '-

.'
-iir
..i'
:{-

'.-i;t"x"i;-" ,-'.

-.. ;''
\.;]?.*{-.

I n lhisslrongdrowing,whch k lessfinjshed slernumThlss ght ollochmenito the restof

I lhontheprecedingdrowng,lher bcoge is
dromoilcolyUppedforv/ordli s cleor thoi
Mchelongelodrewthe ligurewhie beorng
n mnd lheiop orsuperiorview ofihoiform
Theshouldergirdle,which reshon iop of
ihe b coge, conssh of lhe hro clovlcles(A
ond B) ond ol lhe 1uo shouder blodes,or
scopuloe.Thescopuloeore bolh co\e€d in
lhLsposebyihe hvc mosses of ihe iropezius
musce [C ond D).Theshoudergirdle s oi-
ioched io ihe rib coge ony ot the pil of lhe
lhroolwherelhe clovclesmeeiihe iop of lhe
the skeeion offordsthe lwo scopuoe ond
fu/oc oviclesexiensivemobLly1Sinceihe up
per limbsore oitachedlo ihe scopulobylhe
shoulderloini,the ormsore oso onlyslighty
ottoched lo the restof lhe lrunk oi the body
ond ore olsocopobe of greol movement
\lewed from the fronl,the c ovlc e oppooB
osa slroghi line,butwhenseenfiom obo\€,
os I s in lhs drowng, ils S shope cun€ is
It is inleiesiingio observein suchon un
nnshed drcwng os this one which c€os

':helongeo decided lo workon frsi ond
_,, Thoseoreosthol projecl lorvr'ordihe
-:n ihe shoulders ond ihe righlorm ore
: moslde\eoped Theheod,howe\,ethos
:_ yei been refrnedievdenly lhe odisi
._ied ilsl lo e$oblshthe symmelryof ihe
:_:- der gndle
-e poston oJlhe siernlm scn impodont
-:-.r whendrowng lhe fibcoge n o djllicult
r,rrcn. Ve\{ed from lhe fronl,ihe slernum
:.:ecrs os o vertcol line,bLrlfromihe slde
: .!ru€ of lh s bone con be cleary ob-
.-.e.. HereMicheofgeo hosdrownlh-.
ii-r'i -
1
stefnum(E)n a waythot c eof y definesthe
d rectionof the r b coge lorbordihrLr$jng
ond l led downrard lowordlhe righi n ihis
drowlnglhe siernumoppeorsmuch shorter
Coler up ihe siernumwiThlhe Tjpof your
lngerond seehowlhed recijonoJlhe orger
moss,lhe lono, is weokened.Suchsmo el
forrnsos c ovc es,breosfs,
or lile sternum,f
drowncorreciynperspeclile,wlgreoilyen-
honce the ilusionol lorgermossessirongly
pilchedJoMordor bock in spoce
 ofile Chest
IheForms
LI ere iso mognifcenl drowing oJthe torco.
fl the b€osi muscles,lhe iuo greot pec-
loroh, peclorclis mojor (Aond B),exiend our-
wqrd from ihe sidesof the slernumond the
lnlernolholfof ihe lo^r'er borderof the clov
cle to inserlIntoihe orm underthe shoulder
muscle,or deltoid (c). lhe fiberslwistos lheY
neor lhe insertionpoinl, Ihe two greol pec
torol musclesote sjmlLorln shope lo llot
bloclc,whjch wrdp oroundthe fronl upper
holf of ihe ib cgge, givlng lt o somewhoi
ffojlenedoppeoronceintheupper€gion,or
icp shelf, of ihe chesi.ThegredtpecicTolm!s-
cles cover the front of lho b coge frorn lhe
clovicles10the le\el of the fftthor sMhrlb The
lowetbordersof theselwg mlsclesole ropre'
sented by h\lc llne6 (D ond E),wh ch cln€
oulurordond downv/qldliom the slernum
Mcholongelohos Indlcoledo smollbLlt
importonl detoll of lhls oreo lho frbersof lhe
pectorolmuscleneol the orm oro pusneo
foMord bV ihe delicld muscle,c€otlng o
smolleggllke bulge(Dobole lhe breootneof
ihe armplt.
A !€rtlcol groo\e (Gl s the rqsull of the
ploirudonof ihe peclorol musclesowayftom
lhe sidesof lhe sialnum.
the liefnLrmis shop€d\ery mlch lke o
smolll?omon swordwhlchpoinildownvlrd ll
l ls composedof lh€e pods iho hondle,of
monubrllmjihe body or blode (lometlrneg
t coLledth6 Olodlolus), whlchlsthelongeslpof-
I ioni ond the xlphoidprocess,whLchreplo'
i senlsthe iip of the sword,Theuppq exlromily
ot the siernumitms thleo noicheslthecen-
i ier noich forms lhe plt of lhe lnrooi (H) lhe
.1 lnnerendof oochclovlce restsinthenotcheg
on elihersde of lhh ceniro noich thg plt
of the stomoch0 l5formed bv the xlphoid

lHEGREAT
MUSCLE
PECIORAL

Orlgln:

(hondlel

sruDYFoR$ &qRrfploMEw
1s34-3tbtdcrchok
15t" \ 1YP9n9x 25.lo.ml
Dodidoed
.! :
'
*&.
 oftheTo|so
Forms
overlopping
Ll e'e , /ef onothe'qrond drowng of the
I lrqurelholtuns!rpossed n 15represenio
iion of o soid iorm n spoce,M cheongelo
\.!€ntedlhe igure3lefi shoulderond orm To
odvonceond lhe righikfee to od',cnce.To
pu somefo.msof lhe body fo^4ordwhile
pushingolhersbock,ihe ori sl i rsicor€cly
drowstheforms nspoceHerehedrewlherb
coge mcsscs o roundedbock, whch i is
fonir'crdal lhe lop ond irockot lhe boiiom
The efl orm is o bock ke cy nder lhe iower
end prolrudesfcrlherforv/ordlhon doesThe
lop Nexl,the orlsi fnds i helpfu lo cnot"e
lhe overoppng oi lorms f yolr ook ol lhe
fguret leltshouder,youcon seelhollhe dei
lo cl musce (4 ond upper orm ore ceory
posilionedn fronlof lhe etl pecloro smojor
musceondcovice;ihepeclorolondccvi
cle ore n fronlof lhe groo\e oi the sternum t
oncllhecy ndershapedneckTheseiorms e
n fronioiTheiigureS righipectoro,wh ch s n
lroni oi hisrghTarm Thsi lsiol] s occom
p shedby overoppng neslhol e.ho over
oppingfoimsot Thebod\r
Noice loo ThoT on lhoseoreosol lhe body
ihoi prolecltoru4.ird rirereara sirongvolLre
conirosisTheolh,-rlorms n the.ircwng orc
ol5orendcredn ghiand shocle, buTthecof
nosTisnot nearly$ sirongos on ihe proleci

It s niereningio nolcehowMcheorigeo
haschorigedtheshop,6 of ihe pecTorosmo
jor musce (8) ftom lhoi ri the prccedlno
drowng n thcrlvr'orkih smusceoppeorsaso
fol. bock ke mossrnihsclrowngiTisspher
ico Theoclionorfunclonoflh s muscesTo
drowihe orm to lhe lroni ollhe bocly
Theserroturs mognusanlsce s mode Lrpoi
n ne ifger kedglalonslhoioreocoleclon
ihe sclesoJlhe r b coge bul are lorgey h cl-
den by the peclorolsmolor Thed giloiions
T ]ESERRAILJS orgnolefromihe uppereghl rbs,and ex
lend lo\4ardlhe backoi ihe r b coge,wrrere
VL]SCL'
I'.IAGNLIs
lheyconvergeond possunderihescopuo 10
iermnole ol h nnerborderThetwo serroTls
mognusmlsc espu the iwo scopuoe oporl
or iowordlhe fronlof lhe iorsoTheuppersx
dgiloions o€ coveredbylhe pecioro s mo-
lortihe owerlhre,oore vsibe on lhe surioce
oi lhe body ol C bei"veenpeclorolismclor
ondolorgebockrnusclecoledlhe otssmLrs
dors(D),o smo!poriofwhchisvsjbLe in Ths
pose.The dig loi orisoresomelmesconiused
wih the r bs,bui I bs ore poro el Toone on-
olher,whereosth s nruscLe ions oul on lhe
sidesol ihe r b coge reslingon iop of lhe ribs
 I
.a

iL,
,!::'
,lt

Ao
-a
:iUoYfORTHENUDF
ATEFTABOVE
PERS|AN
SByt,T6dond whl€ cho/k1Atu r 71/!!2699 \ 19OScht
 Abdominus
TheReclus Muscle
llrhenihe ormisrosed,theoeciorols mo
tt lor musce (Al lckes on o iionqucr
shope Thelbefs ol lhe musce exlendfrorn
the r b coge ond inseri nto lhe lpper orm
underthe deioid muscle(B)the mossol the
peciora smojoro soconsliuiesihe troniilop
or ihe ho ow oi ihe ormplt or ox lo (C) The
ieresmojor,o sma muscleon ihe scopuio,
iogeiherwliho sma pori on of ihe loiissmus
dors,formsa mass(Dl,which mokes!p ihe
bock flop of lhe oxi o holow Thelosilhree
d gitotions(E,t G) of the serratusnrognus
muscecre eegonly drown Theirposlion
behveenlhe pecloro smolorond oissmus
dorsimusces sceoryvsible
The pectoro regionol lhe lorso s sepo-
rcledfromlhe ob'dominoregiof bylhethor
occ orch of the rb coge.Ths s o orge
po ntedorchformedbythe cortiogesofihe
f bs ocoiedbe ow the siernum.The obdom-
no musce,or reclusobdomins (Hl,f s lhis
orchond e\:lendsirornlhe owerrbs qndJhe
x phod processol lhe slernumto ihe pubic
bonesorfio povs, nofiowng os lrlescends
Ihe neo olbo ( wh le ne l iso slrongien'
.lon lhoiextendsdownlhe csnlerol lhe rec
lusob.lonrn s,cliv.lng lhisrfusce iri ho f \r'er
lco y Themusce s furlherdlvcledby lhree
horzonlol.or lransverse, iendons One ien-
don crosses the abdomenotihe leve oflhe
nove; onotherrilersecls the bollomol lhe rib
cogei.rndihe Jhrd occLrrs beh,/eenthe bol-
lornoflheslernumondlhe bollomof the rb
coge flhemusceswe deveoped.asil sin
ih s drowng, lhe lndviduolsectionsof the
musclecTe vsbe. Exceplior o smo i!'
ongulor-shopecl musce, pyrom dols,wh ch s
ABDOMNUs
RECIL.]S locoled obo\,ethe pubic bones,rectusob
dom n s isthe onlymusceon lhe froniol lhe
obdomno regon.F\rronrida s s covereclby
Jonytssue,wh ch proteclsthe pubc bones.
ThereciLrs obdom nisworks ogoinsiiheslrong
muscesof the bockto ho d ihe r bcoge in on
uprghi posion, coLrnieroclngthe force ol
Or0r. grav]y Thhmusclecousesthe lorsolo bend
fo^rordrI o so formslhe wol on lhe fronlof
lhe pelvc bosin,wh ch proleclslheorgonsof
digeslionEoch ndviduoLsecJon of lhe rec-
lLrsobdominusmuscleh lke o porlionof an
tl
-.gginshopeondconbe dm orlyshodedn
lhs poselhe rb coge s lilledforwsrdoslhe
pevic mosss plched bcck ihe obdom nol
muscesfodedon hefolo eve iLrsl obove

STUDY FORTNENUD!YOUIN
Or'ER THEPROPNEI DANEL
1511 rcd cholk avet bldck cholk pepobtiahs
131/ t 9fd',(33.66/ 23.31cn)Dohoged

62
tiguor j'1, .

ll ll-re

-rgnus
:/..

's Ins

-r_g rcrr t)',

: r-:3nsoi

63
TheExlernoloblique
T his s o mostinJeresl ng drowingot lhe fig-
I ure ln whch youcon obserueo rib coge
lhcrl lsdlsiincllylipped to one side.The116shy
mossofJheexlernoobliquemusce,or obliq,
uusexternusobdom nus(4, exlendsfrcm lhe
losleighl rlbsof lhe b coge ond inserhlnic
lhe iop of lhe pelvis,or ilioccreslthe shape
of lhe exlerno obllque ook like o leordrcp
from mony ong es, n ihis pose, hore\€t lhe
efrernol oblique oppeors os o rounded
block,Whenlho lwo obique musces simul-
toneously coniroct,theywo in concerlwiih
lhe reciusobdomlnisio bend lhe body for
v,,ord. Whenonlyone contrcc,ls,lhe ribcoge
isrotoigd,of pulled,loone sde, Ihesem!s-
cles olso prelent o ddewsysclllqpse of lhe
db coge.Ihepelvlcmosslsboundbylhe llloc
crest (B),by ihe abdomen (C),whlch slopes
downvrordbei\re€n lhe lh ghs, ond by the
buttocks(D).
Theodhi olJghttoknownot onlythe forms
of the bodtl the mLJscleg on the surfoce,bLJi
olsolhe chongesln ihEshopesofihese forms
ln the dlffefenlmowments.A musclemoy
become thlckerond $oder ln d sloie of con-
lrcclion,or ll moy be €loxed and reloilvely
ffotlened. Obsefwtionosw€llos under,siond-
ng lhe oc,lionor funciionof q mlscle wlll
enobleyouto drow lhe foms wlthiruth.li ls
offonsl\€io see o drowlng of o llgure in gr6ol
octlonwhlleollihe mlsclesoreportro'€dos
Ino 16oxedstote,oro €clinlngfgurewliholl
lhe foms coniroclodqnd buging Inon oul-
londshmonneriTheonci€ntGr6ekodlsh,ob-
seryngtho nlde oth elesot ihe gymnoglum,
bscome mosieA ot porifoylng the exdcf
onolomyoflhg body In mo\€ment.

o gif:
the losleighlrbs
(lhe libe6 nterd9 ioie
w1hlhe d qltotonsof
lhe lo{er senotus mosnut

FIGURE SIUDYFORTHE
'ECrrE OF
QASCTM
1501,block chotk
'16"x 10h
[40.44 t 26.01\n]
ig-

lq

f .l&'
. '
).# /',t
t, t
lat-
i l' ,r*
)ge

t'i

lvely

, is

|,.

'z:
t.
q.
,,b
lng

1 nis

)s,(F

rins,
j {J,

tre
This

onieror superor iac splne

o n i e r o rn i e o r l o c s p n e
 of Form:MoleondFemole
Voriofions
Th6ls o ne drowingof ihe lemoe iorsoc.
I whichlhe bosicformsol lhe figLJre hc €
been coreful y ind coled, Figurgs ole olvcE
moreintereslng whenihe moss€soflhe boo,
ore onanged in opposingdireciions, h rs
drowinglhemodelsweighlison herrightl€g
Ihereforeihe pelv s h pushed'rp\dqrdon tE
ighis de of her bodylhe r b coge,whichl|16
downwqrd ond fo\dordlhe I ghl sid€ of ilE
body,counterbalonces tho iil of ihe pelvd
lhe ib coge s olsoiurnedslghllylowsrdltE
models lefl side,whereoslhe pelvic o€c
focesfondsrdloword lhe vie\det
lhe moss (A) represenls lhe exlerno
obllquemusce ll ls ony sllghtyseporolec
frcm lhe mossbelow ii, ihe g uleus medi-6
muscle(Bl,becouseihesei^lt formsappect
osonelorgemqsson monyfemoe modelsl^
generol,ihe musclesof lhe obdomnol 'e
glonofthe femolefiguleolemuchmoresub-
ile ond essdlstlnguished from one onolher
ihon ore cofiesponding musces ofthe mole
lgu€. The llne epfesenilngihe lod of l'ne
gron (C)ls nol os cleorydefned os ll vr'oub
be in o mole fg!€, Theformsoi D ond Ecb
nol €p€seni muscei iheyarecousedbythe
fatryllssueof the th ghs.
Ihe shopeof ihe deio d muscle(F)ls dif.
fefeniln menihon lnwomen,lvlen3 shoudels
ore brooder ond more block lke n shope,
whereoso womon'sdeltod lssphercqloiihe
topi flbersslopegroduollydownvlardcleol_
lng increoslngtullness oi ihe botlom of ihe

n drowLngsofTnole fgures,ihen pp e hiusl

obo\,e the ow€l border ond s ghily lo the
side of the peclorolmusce. n drowngsof
femole figu€s, howe\€t the breaslsresl di
recilyon ihe peclorolmuscles, onihe mlddle
lhkd of ihe rlbcogerihe I b coge oreoobole

I
lhe breosisisequo lo ihe rib coge areobe_
ow lhem Of courselheseare closscalpro_
portions,ond e\€ry mode is different, but
genero y breosisore p oced c oser to lhe
heod ond shouiders thon lo ihe obdomen
Vlewedirom ihe fronl, npples appeor io I
point oulvirrd iowqrd the sldesol the body I
ne\€rsiroghi io^dord.
I
I

OFCIASSCAI FEfi4AIE
SIIJDY
TORSO AN]IRIOR,
152A-21,bt6ck chotk
lold x 714 [25J2 \ 'r3.10cn)
is
,

t,

69
 FOUR
CHAPIER

TORSO:
THE
REGION
POSTERIOR

'!

L5j
Ii
'I
h
Dt
.,J Il!
{ll:r

r:
G
a*i

ANDFORTHEDAMNED

15*' / 1ar'dUAA1 t 24.99cnl

 Simplifying
theForms
oftheBock

A s hosbeen shown,Micfrelongeohod on mode lo ioke thh lnusual pose so lhol he

Aeiiroord noryobi ly to seecomp er torms couldcorefuly copyit?ll sun/ikely Hehadon
ci ihe body n lermsof lery simpe mosses, extensi/eunderslond ng of the formsof ihe
\oie ihe hvo orge egglikemossesthot ore lrody lhol o lo\red him io drow the hLrrnon
creoled by the rlb coge. The heod of ihe figurefrom oulofh sheod,wthoulomodet,in
liyng i gure smerelyndicoledol lhissfageof onyposlon n spocethofhewished. Drowing
thedrowlng.Micheonge o obviousy \,!'onied lrom liie is\€ry mpodoni,o greotiesi oi on
io eslobishthe symmelrycnd mossof the oaristsobiliv but i s no1ihe onty exerctse
iorsowithoulthe inJerruptonof lhe smoller necessory n leorninghowio drowltrefgLrre
iorm of Jhe heod The muscesorcundlhe Fgure drowng is noi copryingfrom o
backond sideof the ribcoge oreolsodrown mode Sfudylhe muscesso ihoi yo! know
os smol,egg ke shopes,wh ch ore porlio y wrrereeoch one comesfuorn,ond where i
embeddedno orgermoss goesto, os wellos ls aclon. \\,b ore oble jo
Thesublleilgureol ihe uppeftettcornerof drcw inesonty by knowingihe originond
iil s drow ng suggesiso iorso seen from lhe insertonof the formsDrowingof the formsof
sde lhe ouler line (4 represents the orge, ihe bodyccn comeonlyfTom onewhohoso
dominonlmossoi lhe r b coge,Thedefn lve comp eie underslanding of construcionond
nesond tonesof ihe finsheddrowng are onoiomy ProcJicedfowingihe ngurefromout
cbsenthere,olowng )oU1oobsenethe m- of yourheod,withouto modet.This son excel-
codonlinilio nesol o moslerdrawing enTV/oyio see f you reallyknowJhengure.
Do you lhnk ivichelongetoosked ihe
 oftheBock
DeepMuscles
n rowinglhe bocI iso gfeol cholengebe-
lrcouse lhree olefsof mLJscles influenceih
oppeoronce.The deep€slloler consislsof
lhe ereclorspinoemuscet which orlginote
ai the socrumond lhe bock of the pelvs,or
llium,extendup the bockbone,io inserinlo
the owerlorlebroeof lhe neckregion,Erec-
tor spnoe musclesbuLgeon ethersideofthe
\eriebro spnescousng o furrow(4 down
the m ddle of the bock, ond exlend ouiw,ord
lo lhe oreo ol whichthe ribslurn ond bend
lowcrd the onlerior of the boq/,
Ereclorspinogo€ lhlckestin lhe oreo of jr
/: lhe lo\derbock or umborreglonlB).ihey ore
It consequently mosivlsiblelhere,whee they
c€ol6 iwo cy nderlikemasses on ihe surfoce

_b$ of lhe body Thgyoppeorrotherfloi in lhe r b

coge oreo becousethey don't hove rnuch
flnclion lhefe.Theirfunciionislo exiend,or
pullbockv,r'ord,ihe lrunkof ihe bodyofb ng ii

I
$ bock oflet it hosbeen flexed,oI benl fondord.
Theyoso hove ihe imporicni ftrncllonof
helpnOtokeepihewholebodyhiheupr ghi

Ariistsoflen €fer io ihe deep musclegol ihe

spne os the shongcordsof lhe bock be-
\r. couseof lhe cylndedlkemosseslhey moke
., on the su oce of the ow€r back (umboi
regon,Mlchelongelolkedto ploy up those
muscesln h s drowlngsbecouseoftholr!€ry
humanfunclon ol holdlng us In ihe g€cl
posliion.WhendrowlngIn lghi and shode,
the odist th nl<sof ihe \ir ues on fuo greoi
ropesorcolumns, thesemosses becomewry
pfomlneniwhen the mode 19corryingq
heoq/ object.

SPNAEMUSCLES

Orlgin

STIIDIES FORADAMS
RIGHIIdEEANDINREEANGEIS
INlHECREAIION 6F ADAIVI
1511,ed dnd btockbhotk
11q." \ 7/a" [29.s3 \ 19.69cn)
t:
.4
.i
tl
, '11
 ondltsMuscles
TheScopulo
Tlre rhombodeus muscleswhch reslon dogonolyin ls uppef podon by o bony
I ihe deep erectorsp noemlsc es,formNvo rdge,or spne (D)Thhbonyrdge exponds
promnenimosses {Aond B)be /eenihe 1r,vo nlo lhe ocromon processot ihe summl of
scop! oe Theorign of ihesemuscess lhe the shouder (El
se\€nlh,or lcsf,neckveriebroand thel rslfve The suprospinclus musce (F) s ocoied
ihorocc \€debroe Thefibersof ihe rnuscles obove the bony rclge of lhe scopuo ond
Trovedownwordond ouhlcrd lo olioch to Tefmnoiesol lhe bock ol lhe upper orm oi
ihe nner,orverlebrol,borderofihe scapuloe lhe humerusundef lhe deloid nruscleThe
(C) Ihe fiombodeus musces pu ihe nfrospnolusmusce ond teres rnnor bolh
scopuoelogelher,thal s,lo$ardlhe bock foTmo rnoss(G) ocoled beow lhe bony
bone. f o mode! sho! derscre lhus pu ed riclge.Theynsertnio lhe upperorm besde
bock,lhemossof the homboicleusmusces lhe suprospnotus.Thefunclionofihesethree
oppeorcgrecty conirocled The fiombod mLrscess to pu ihe ormsbock\rsrdond lo
moss s mode up of fu/o seclons rhonr- roioieihern oufilard,owayfromihe fronloi
boideusrninoro nd rhombodeusmojor -'bui
Theorisilhinksoflhem os one moss Theteresmolor muscle(Hls occied beow
:i-f,.S FORII]ETISYAN
SIBYI
Thesccpua hasmusceslhotrestontopof nirospnolusand leresm nor I orginalesoi
''| 3 h " ( 2 3 5 t3 2 r . 2 7 c m l 1 t is o foi,lrionguar bone thol is crosse.J ihe owerporion of the scopulooncl nserls
nlo the lronl of the upperorm beneoththe
deTol:lmuscle Theieresmolor\dorks wlh the
teres minor.ihe infrospnoius,ond lhe s!
prospinolus io pLrlllhe ormsbock Bli i acis
o one io roiolethe ormsinwcr.l,lowrrcllhe
lronlorlhe bo.ly.Theleresfilld (rndo othef
lormscreole.lby lhc rnus.lesof lhe scqpuc
oppear os smoI, cgg kcishopes,whichore
pcriia y cmbedde.lln the argermassolihe

n ilr s clrowingthe lighioga n comesfrom

obo\4:ofi iyou.lisreoarda thesmollforms
lor o momeni,you con visualze ihe enllre
bcickoso orgef olTenedovolrthereiso ctecI
progressonol clorkefingione from left Tc
righl Thelighl crreo(ll,the ho lfone.or groy
oreo, beh,leen lqhi ancl shocieond lhe
shodowi uslroleih sprogresson,lnmode n-c
ndividuolsmolLlorms )ou shouclkeep ir
minclihsmovernenlof ght fto dofk.
i s importaninol oniy lo knowihe exocr
...' shopesof the scopuoe bul olso precisert
howondwherelo p oce thesebonesreolve
lo lhe rb coge Thescopuoe occupyihe
upperholfof the rlb coge,ond ihe d sionce
-.') belweenihem isequoliolhelengihoi oneo.

.a-j g€ol movemeni.Whenihe shoLrlders onc

armsore ihrownfoMord,the scopuloedrau
J" owsy lrom eoch olhe| when lhe sho! defs
ore pulledbock,lhescopuoeore drownic
word eoch oiher When ihe orm is roisec
higherlhonihe sho!det ihe scopuo rolote:
lronra \,eriicoto a horizonioposton on ihe
b coge Thekeylo delermn ng lhe posi or
oflhe sccpLrlo whendrowng o f gurewlh cf
ormro sedoboveihe shoulder islo ookot ihe
::
direclionolthe orm:1hescopulocnd ormw
 -----t.

&

rHERI-]OMBOIDEUS
MIJSCIE

c rnree ol lhese musces

luberosityol lhe hlmefls

75
 TheTtopezius
Muscie
T o.- o.--e oo-. ncnsvory occord ng lo lhe parlofihe nLrsc:
I - :e e , P ' - . o - , . r _ 5 liol s ocivcied f bolh shouders ore i!e:
:::'!: an t.e backof ihe neck,shouder the ibers ocoEd lhere wi pul ihe he::
:_: -33er back regon lls nner borcler ex- back, b,LJif ony one sde is oclivolec -..
':_:. n:n'ire bock
oflhe slul tothe osi or heodwi be pLr ed down io il-rcl sho! cler --
-..eJ: ro veriebro
l C ) T n e t r o p e z r . rhs a s lowerf bresolTheia of iheiraoez u3clrcn --:
ren.l noLrsslreeioreoson l, wh ch oppeoras s h o i r d e Tos o w n T h em d d l e f b e s o e . :
s ght depressonson ihe s!fface oithe body Thescop! ae drowihe shouce6lowara : _=
Tne erlent oi Thesedepressonsdepends on o n o t | r e rf l h e h e o c l s f x e d ,i i r e f b e r so ' ' _ :
The erTenToi muscu/ordeveopment ol the T r a p e z u si r i l r e n e c k o n c l s h o ! c l e r r e e : -
iro.le One afeo of ten.lon sheei s loccied
'lb.lfow
orouridiha lwelflhlhorac cverl,.bro oTlheI p lhe mLrsces ollhe back lo g !e _.:
of the ia oiiheTropezus musce (C) Anolr]er e i f e d o f a l h r e e d m e n so n c i g u r e , y o !- ! :
o r e o s o c a i e . lo l t h e s p i n eo f i l r e s c a p r a o n fo conTfo Thc\,1]!$ ori the m|rsclesD€i :=
ThesLrmmiof the sho! cer (D),on.] ihe lhrr.l w h c i r l o r m so r , ar ] i h e i g h T . w h i cchl e r . : :
.ireo nrrr()rn.ls lhe promirn|l 5ev,ariihcer T o r r eo.r l l w i r c h o r e n s h o d o \ rS k e k r h. " :
v (! !erT,-br.ron llE b(r.rkoi the r--ck (L).I hrs url{resol ihe orgcsl nrosseslr5t Thenso:.
o s Ta r c o i . r a r | o n d s h o p o . lo r . l s I o n s l the edllc bolw.iexrlhe I and sho.lc.i rir::
by th. trrfi:r rErg ns ol iho ltupezus ni!s. -- To rouril oli The lorms Ony geonr€ :
8.rtrrLr,atlre iropcriLrsr|Lr5ce 5 ior!1,-on.l sli.rpes s|rch .rs lr .Lrbc lrov.r $urp ec! :
/:t 1D'i t1r3/ . ,.6/.nl riints nio s.rvcr.rl.rrrrrsotth,o bock, ts nrnc wfoG on,- profe nrccls.xjoTfr(j
lri ,

76
 9 ) Ulal
(lreLr)
orqstra^
tD, ^r€trqlt
+u€uDot l.€!
orqafe qr q1zieL{ ol
€uoq r4ao.o €tri snzlnvuJHl
ltcsnDt
! brO
n t:i!'|h.
sao
{"'
suo
 Dorsi
lotissimus
/f, nothersuperfrciomuscleot lhe bocL s
tillhe loiissmusdorsi.Alonq wilhlhe bockoi
lhe shoulders ond a srnolllrlonguloro€a of
ihe musclesoflhe scopuo region,ihe iorms
that rnoke up the surfoceof lhe back orei
iropeziL$ ondthelwo holvesof afssimusdors
[Aand B).ihishuge,symmeircol musc]eorigi
nales oi lhe pe vis and socrum,exiendsup
ward overjhe lurnbofregion,lhe lowersix
poirs of rbs, ond the lo^,€rportionof the
sccpuloos it exlendsollwqrd io lhe ompl,
lhere loiisslmlsdorsi nseris,olong wiih the
leresmojot intothe fronlof lhe hlmerus,lust
below ls heod Thelowerport on of thisrnus-
cle,allhe socrum,pelvis,ond lo\derbock,is
justo lhln lendnoussheei.Beneoihthisihln
sh6ef,lheunderlynge€clor spinoemuscles
(C)showcleorlyon the surfoceofthe figlle ln
ths drawlng,
Short,holched lnes(D)ndicoiewhereihe
musclefberc'ofloiisslmus dorslorsefrornihe
lendon sheei n the lo\rerbock Theselinet
exlendlrom the higheslpo nl of the pe vls,
LJp\rgrdond lnv,'ordtoMr'ordthe bockbone,
Theupperboderoflhismlscle{E),whlch runs
horizontally over lhe deeper icrms of ihe
bock oi,the le\€l of lhe sxth r b veriebroof ihe
bockbone, posseso!€r iho lowErpofllon of
the scopua ond ihusholdsll downon ihe rlb
coge Thelroni bofderof the otsslmus dorsl
(D extendsdownv,ord fforn lh6 ormpll ond
clrves oroundio the bock of lhe rb coge, 1
creoilngo beouiifulIne on ihe fgufe,
Lqtssimus do|simokegll possibleto ow€r
I
lhe rclsedorm ond pu it back wlh fofce. I
TNE
LAT
SSN4US
DORSI
MUSCTE showshef cleody in such movemenlsos
ployng gol swmrning,choppng wood,of
p! lingono rope.lenob eslhe enllrebodylo
org n: be puled upvr'ordond fonr/ordwh-cr)ihe
ormsore in o flxedposlllon, Aciionsthal por
lcularly depend on ths muscleore rope
climbingond workon a horzonlolbor
Thehoh€sof the oiissimus dors ond ihe l
-nderlyng rio coge s-ggesl'he shopesot
lMr'olorge \^icfermeons, To ploce lighl and
shodeon suchdominoniformsin Wlr drow-
ing,lllshelpfuliovlsuolize, or elen ic indicoie
on ihe paper on orror showingihe direciion
iromwhichlhe lighiiscomng.Thoiwllleslob-
I shihe diect on of lhe mo\€menl of lighi lo
dorkocrossihe flgue. ll willolsope\€nt the
ighl fromjumpingto hil formsfromdlfferenl
direclions, lhuslendingto destroyihe I unit In
renderingmojorforms il solsohelptuio runo
I ne down ihe formsto seporoJethe light oleo
fiomthe shodoworea.Theholtlpneoreofo ls
alonglhol line.

'.--\ ..-
 lu. tZ LZ x t6 tZJ"%9 r, r r rloqr reDlqpuo per'rtg, lOnNdol Sl onls
u ^t
o+l
epct
-lod !
; ollpc
so q
"
...t.:
/l*::'"'-' *. 'e6o
puo
q! €
eqlt
eL l
'q4e
seul
,,,,.
utL.t
st')p
Fnl'
tdur
aL{ t
-6fo
sro
s lc
 lheBockwithLighlqndShode
Modeling
7!. t 101/t[19.69\ 2572 cn)
T..i$r. orqesuperfic Lolmuscles
lhoi cover sheetoi ihe lalissimLrs
dorsi The mossbe-
I m.J cf ihe bock lolissimus
dors ond lro tu€enihe bo1lomof lhe rbcoge ondlhelop
Deziis. ore relotivelylhin folher ike o of lhe pevh is represenledby lhe externol
cookei ond o€ thereforeinfuenced by oblique(ll.
lie tormsof lhe deeper Lrnderlyjng
muscles As lhey ore shownon onoiomlcolchodrs,
Lnltr sdrowingihemossofihe bock(AJobo\€ ihee o€ no linesona modelSbockseporot,
ihe spineol ihe scopulois forrnedby ihe ing musclemosses. Theformsoi the bock in
lropeziusond lhe underyingsuprospinolus.o finshed drowing ore dep cied by smol
The1r^omosses betweenthescopu oe (Bond mosses in lghtond shode,wh ch orepadolly
C) ore lomed by lhe rhomboideus ond lra- embedded n lhe greol mossof lhe bock
peziusmuscesA smollrnoss belowlhesplne lseI l€rnemberlhotdark nlhe ghl oi\4oys
of lhe scoplo (D) is caused by th-. n- oppeordorkerlhontheyreollyorc.Thesome
frospnotusmusce.liismosiimporlonlionoie oppliesfor relecied lighl ln shodow lhe
inlerockswilh,or tres lghls ov/oysoppeor ghterihon theyore.lf
thot ihe infrospnofus
possesonto,lhe mossof lhe deltoidmusce l1cufo lowo simpe rue,lhe vo ues),ouuseio
(E).The ow€r end of ihe scopuloond the shodelhe bock w be moredynomc and
or€rlyng leres mojor form o smoll egg occurole Whenmodelinglhe ightoreosol
shopedmoss(F)Theie€s major is locoied tour flgurc,mokethe dorksLghterihon they
d recly on the iop borderof lhe lolssmus oppeor lo you, ond when working n the
dorsi(GJThegreol coumngof lhe ereclor shodoworeos,moke lhe ighlsdorkerlhon
splnoe [H) ore v]sibleihroughthe lenclon meyoppeorrc you

"'f.
t

!{
#)

,9*.'

80
 ''":,:
::.
...
)cv€ tHl tQ sltcsfl,\
lsq
.\
eql ul
"4t
!.. oql-/e
',,
,,tFr-
i,i' )
.;
. !'.
 lheBody
Gidle:Boloncing
ThePelvic
Thee ore tuvosf,eelo grdleson lhe body,
I ihe shouder qifdleond lhe pevic girdle
Thefuncton of ihe shoulderg rdle s mob lilY
Onlys ghllyollachedlo lhe restof ihe ske'
eion, 1 olfordslhe upper lmbs lreedomoi

Thefunclionol ihe pelvc g rd e s stoblily

aswellos ocomoion oflhe owerlimbsThe
lwo orge ho\es of the pelvs (meonng
''basinl ole limly olloched n bock to the
socrum,ond in l|onllhe hvopubc bonesore
frmly connectedlo eoch other Thepelvs,
which €sts on iop of lhe heodsol lhe luo
lhghbones.or l6murs,hods up Thebock-

Theonlyporlsof lhe pevislhot o€ vsible

on the bock ore ihe pevic,or ilac, cresl(4
ond lhe sacrum(B).Theos socrumCsocred
bonel, os t wossomelimes co ed, \doslhe
bone ofleredup lo the gods n socriiceby
early rnon ll i5 ociuoly fve !€rtebroeihol
ho\,€osslied,or iusedlogeiherio iorm one
lfionguor-shopedbone,Thesocrumisnollot
but cufi€s ouhv]rd (con\€x)from iop lo bol
tom.On is boseond nd coiing ls widlhore
the posieriorpevic,or ilcc, spines(Cond Dl,
whichoppeor on ihe surfcceof the body os
andmorkd mpes.Theselondmorksole fat
therqpcrrtonwomenlhan on men becalse
the femolesocrumond pe visorewiderthon
ihoseofihe mo e. Theseiv/opo nls,logeiher
wlh lhe po ntlhatindcoleslhe bofiomof ihe
socrum(E), formo usefuconslrucion lr ongle
for clorlyingthe posilionof ihe pelvs ln ony
g\€n pose.A line TLrnning ihroughpo nis (C
ond D)wouldindcofe ihe iill of lhe pevis.
Eelowlhe socrumore lhe four verysmol
bonesthoi represenio ihoi remoinsof lhe
veriebroeihotformlhe humontoi, or cocc\,l.
The coccll s nol reo y of nteresllo orlsts
becoLrseli cur\€s lnder ond betuv€€nihe
lv/o bullocksand does nol oppeor on lhe
surfoceof ihe fgure.
lhe posilionof the pevh delermineslhe
o\r'eroI pose of the figure Lfihe model is rcsl_
ng herwelghlon one eg,lherghi eg jnlhis
drowing,lhepelvsisplshed Lrpon lhe rghi
C C IDLE
IHE PELV sdeond dropsoweron the opposilesideA
lhe smollerformsrnustbe correspgfldingy
liled To mointain ihe modelis boonce
ogoinslthepu ofgroviv,lheshouden coLrn
lerocl lhe d reci on ol lhe pelvis by tilt ng n
lhe opposiledlreclonjthot s, ii ihe pevis s
h gher on the rght sde,lhe shoulderw lle
hgher on ihe eft side

SIUDYOF CIASSICALFEN'IA[!FOQM

101h , 71h 125.72 t. 19.45 ml

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 Moximus
Gluteus
The qutelrsmo/mus[A] ihe orgeslond
I th clesl musce of lhe bodv formsihebul
lock ll ariseslromthe bockfourlhoflhe i ac
creslihe sccrum,ondthe cocc)r(Soflreof ils
fberslerminolen sheeisoff bers,orfoscio,on
':, ir'
lhe th gh; oihers nsed nio lhe bock of the
shofi oi ihe femur lusi beow The greoTer
trochanier(Bl,o orge,squoreprojecTion of
lhe femur ocoied jlsi beow is heod ond
neck Dependng on ihe conirocion of ex-
ponsonollhe g Lrleomuscesoroundii,ihe
grealerlrcchoni-.ro ppeorson lhe sudoceof
lhe b,odyasa c ndmcrkdepresson or pfoiec-
lon.Whenlhemode slondspedecly stroghl
wth weghiequa y dslrbutedon bolh egs,
ihe greaierlrochonlersore eve Howe\€r
when the weghi is ploced on one eg, ihe
grcotertrochonierof the slonclnOeg slhru$
oui ond oppeorsas o proieclonon lhe sur
.:,'l::' .t, loce Thelrochonleroflhe reloxecleg on The
opposlesde appeorsoso depresson
ThegluieLrs moxmus s bock ke in shope,
bll the foi ihol occursorj Ts ower border
solTe.is lhe shapelhereand creolesthe g u
1eo loLd(C) Nollcehow MicheLongeohqs
manp'r olecl lne n lhs oreo of lhe drownO
io nclcaie lhe unclerpane of lhe q uleLrs
moxmls ol ilslunclurewThthe Thigh
Theg {rleusnroxr'n!sexiencls lhe f execl,or
bent,thsh,thot s,pu s I bdck rlo ne wih
the lrlnk More rnporlonl,ii monlons lhe
body,whoserrlnk wo!d olherwiseir for
vlqrdol lhe hip jo nl, n on Lrprghtposion
r! LongbeloreDorwf\ lheoryof evolufon,Ars
iolle coled ihe giuleusrnoxinuslhe mosi
dhilngLrsh ng mlscleofmonDurngiheevo
(rionoryprocessilssze ncreosecl, ond iwos
ui rnoleLyresponsrbe for ihe roiolon of ihe
pevs iroma horzonioio o veriico posiion
HerelVchelongelohos ceory inclcoied
ihe lbers ol the gllieLrsmcximusinserlng
behreenlhe homstrng moss(Dlatlhe bock
CLJTEUS
ofihelhlghondlhevoslus exTurnusmusce lEl
'.1l.ir,,'lLls
l\'luscLE

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1534ond | 545,blaak cholk
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 FIVE
CHAPTER

LIMB
UPPER
THE

VARIOUS SI!D FSFORINE5 SJNECEIING

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lo puoLl eql lo uolsod eu€4xe eL.ll
Oulruesqoq peuroeleq ol qcnursraieql
uolllsodploi on uD
o+Lrrjod eqlJouo$olorro'uollou dnsJouollco
u 6!e eq1ur elor o sIDd oqo e csnursll.ll pueq
] UO l o ol ^ oqF eql sesnorqcLl/r\'LrllD reoon eul
p)o,i^olLuroaroj eql 'pueq rc 'xej ol sl soes q
eq Jo Uollcoe|11snrporeql 'LlroercJeu] io
seuoqeq+Jo euop sapululrolpuor^oqe eql
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sesrDpD€Ll6110eql DLndocs eql
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uo*ra6uu +uaqo s€qLr]oser l.lclqassocord
o-ss€3ord pocoloJ e+ uorl seslrDpDeq
foqs eql olndocseql LlorJs€slloLpapoeq
-oi {. sloeL! eu]DusIJelcsnu soeoq eL.lI
sdocrl eW puo sd€cp eql lo sessoLu eql
ueer^leqserr(H)ocsnurplo{ep eql lo xedo
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lep eq+punorrnspql sLlJlol e csnuleql $ep
- noqs eql lo 6 o eql o+ qn urroeq+eslDro1
s uotlcunls{ snraurnq oll lo uoqseq+}o 6pls
"+noeql u/r\opio vlDqroqo lu oo D lo ]les
-ul puo qulod aseqlLUo4pro^u/v\oppuelxe
p ol6p eq+jo s6q I eq1 o ndocseql ]o eu ds
aq] Jo urolloq 6ql puo 'sseoolouo!!ol3D
oql'at.^Dlc eql lo pr Lll rero Lr.lolloqaql
J p sepulolo ]t a6uD4 u,^^op-ep6dn !D ol
odoq6ul.rouJlssle csnurplolep ar$ueeql
pro \roJpeqsndueoq soq+oqlLrroloJo
uoFnleqlolsppo 6u !apo!! Buorlsql edDLls
locueqdsqpolpp et]llol sluno3roqc q^\lep
lnoqs eql lo lu olF)lros puo- Dqeql sre oc
puo punoro sdo} pro+opaq+ ,o uopod
Fddn 6ql C p pepclpu alD ecsnur eL-ll
]o $equra,!\oteqlrpeppourAlnllnoaqsl t3J
epsnurp ol|epeqlJopDdreddnpedDqslDq
eql reptnoqseql JoI LrJurns eq+lo lrourpuol
poloclp! irDac D q ondocs eql lo ssec
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eqt ua€/'veq o qte^ s )cDq eql ]o lvj o csnLU
sn?edo4a6roleql JouolJoollou-rs v pelDln
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TheRelotionship
oftheFomsoffheAm tofie scopulo

'
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" ig

Ll ere s onothermogntfcer]tsiudyor the

I I fe ofonsh/pbehtu€en the musceson lhe
15/ \ ? 140.41\ 22.36chl bock oi the orm ond on the scopLrlolhe
smollegg ke mosson the owerend of ihe
scopuo is ihe teresmajor muscte(Al.The
rnossobove I oi B s rnode up of ihe in-
lrospnolugmuscleond the ieresminormus-
cle.Secouseofthe bockvcrdposiiionof the
orm,you con notce lhoi ihesefofmsof the
upperbockorebulglngn o sioieof conlroc
iion.Resing overlhe lop of the shouder ond
receivng o lot oi ght isthe lropeziusmuscle
{Cl.Theseparotionof the tropezus and ihe
deliod muscleis indlcoiedby o chonge in
Thedireciionof lhe lineol D Doube curves(E
and D deine lhe shapeof lhe deto d
Inih s beniposiiionof lhe ormlhe formson
ThebockondlnsideofiheormoreVtsib e,The
exiernolheod [G],ihe nterno heod (H),ond
the ong heod of ihe lriceps(t)orea tcteorly
seporoTedfrom lhe lower border of ihe de -
lold.the commoniendon (J tiesabovethe
poiniofihe elbow(l()lo lhe lnsideofthe point
of lhe elbowis the inner owerend,or con
dyle,of lhe humerus(L),wh ch formso prom
nem iondmark
lhe abilly of the scopuoe lo mo!€ on jhe
rb coge ]sextensive. Thuslhe shopesof mus
clesin lhiso€o wllllorygreollyoccordln'glo
ihe poseoi ihe modet.
 , .:.
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.i. ;
cl,.
tr
t
TheMuscles
oflheRoised
Arm
/l n e\ce ent way to obsetuelhe r! ll of on
Flort slisin lire dfowinqoflhe fo sedorm. n
th s areo ihere ofe ihree musclesthoi orig,
noTelrom ihe corocoid processof ihe
scopulo.The ftrslrs lhe peclorolismino[ o
smallmusce lhot scoveredbythe pecloro s
mojorondgenefolydoesfoloppeoron lhe
surfoceoi ihe body lhe second s ihe shori
heod ol lhe biceps.lhe third is the coF
ocobrocholismuscle,whichoppeorson lhe
nsideofthe ormwhenlhe orm sroisedtiihos
lhereiorebeen coled ihe brucfixon mus
cle" SmoI and sienderil s visibeoiA. lt ex-
lendsupuordfromlhe ormptond nserhinio
Theupperorm oboui hal6,\oyup the shafiof
lhe humerusbeiweenlhe bceps (B)ondthe
ong heod of lhe lrlceps (C) The cor-
ocobrochios musce is on adduclorof the
orm;tholh,il pu sihe armlo\rsrdthe sde of

Aso visbe ln ths drowng s the ntefno

heod of ihe triceps(D),lhelnnercondye of
lhe humerus(E),the smollmossof ihe ieres
mojor(F),oncllhemossollhe loiissimus dorsi
(G).Theleresmojorond ihe oissimusdorsl
exlendfromthe bockoflhefigureandpcssn
froniof ihe longheod of the fceps io iermi,
nate n ihe froni01lheshofiof ih€ humerus.
Theolssimus dorcifofrns
the backiop oi the
ormpt wh e the peciorolsmolor (H)forms
lhe ffonlilop.
Mlcheangelomode mony siudiesof ihe
foisedorm,Hedd soaso wayof knowingthe
forms lr1this oreo and how ihey chonge
shopens ghty ditferentposilions. Theorigns
ond insgriions of ihe musclesinlol\ed in ihe
roisedorm moy presento chollengeat frsl,
buiwiihsludyloushouldbe oblelo drowthis
CORACOSRACI]IALS
MUSCLE complicoiedoreo of lhe fgure wilhoulony
dificu1yol o/1.

Orqin
TheMuscles
ondBones
oftheFoleotm
Thes!eleton orlhe foreofmsdrownhere n
I lhe posilionof dernipronoJionlhoi s,wrlh
N lhe pa m of lhe hand iurned holtutqybe-
h{een pronoton,or ioc ng downwcrd,ond
supinolon,or foc ng upwsrd,Whenihe hond
s in supinolon,the hvobonesofthe foreorm
ondlhe muscesoi ihe foreormlienexllo one
onolhetBLrlin pronoiion,lherodiusrololes,or
crosses, o\€r 1h6ulna,and lhe mlscleso so
crossTheforeormthen chongesfrcm a flot bll lls
a bockke moss to become cylindricolin
shope In dempronolion,lhe lv!4,bones On
lhe rodus(L),on lhe thumbsde of lhe fore-
orm, ond lhe ulna (lvll,on ihe liiileJnger
sde ond lhe foreorrnmuscesore in o pos
Tonwheretheyore beginnng lo crosslhem

At ihe elbow ihe iop of lhe u no jo nsihe

bollom of lhe humerus(N)os o hingejotnt
which permls flexlon(bending)ond exlen-
son (stroighlen ng)oflheforeormon iheorm.
Thetop or heod,ol the rodluslol s shoped
likeo horzonloldsc,whlch shollo\redoulon
lop Thisholowed-ouidisc fis up ogo nsl o
bo l-likeshope,ihecopilu urn,on lhe boltom
of ihe humerus, on wh ch tsp ns Thespinnlng
moton oflhe d sccousesthe rodiustoroiole
oroundlhe u natlhe polm oflhe hondisthus
lurned downv/ord ond upv/ord through
mo!€menisof pronolonond supernolon
Theprojecton of bone oi P represenh ihe
ponl oflhe elbowor olecronon.Thepfolec-
lon of bone on lhe rodiusbelowlhe heodoi
Q isihe b cipiialiuberosi\/11owhichihe i-^n-
don ofihe bceps s olloched
Thereoree ghlbones nihewrisi(R)liis noi
necessory io drow a I eighl wfhl or carpus,
boneswhenyoudfowtheorm,butii is mpor,
toni lo indicolethe mossor shopelhot lhey
creolebetu/eenihe fofeormond lhe hond
Fromthe iop of ih-. om lo the ilngersihe
sectionsof lhe orm become progressve y
shorlerond nofiower.The foreorm s ihe
englh of lhe upper orm essone-fifih.The
hond equos ihe lenglhof lhe foreormless
one lfth Themassoilhewrisisiwce aswide
os t is ong, ond lhe meioco.polbones(S),
whichfomlhe bodyofihe hond,oreirce os
long as lhe wlsi. Thelineof the knuckles(Tl
mokslhe meelingofihe melacorpolbones
ond ihe lirslof lhree sectionsof phoonges,
Jhe bones of lhe ingels. Thh mporlont
junciure is m dv/oy betuveenlhe lop oJ the
wrslandihe endsoflhe fngers.Thelengihof
lhefngersole roughy equollo lhe w si ond

On the onoiomcol orm on lhe lefi o ffol

 ta. oz \ 9r'9zt,ttt x ,*nt rptlc p4
3CtS
Olw tNodl ''!Odt dlotnoNstjlt v oNv r,luvldol oNV
aNw rln v lo srNo€araNlxr v{dv!r dor sr ctus
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'snpor eql puo rarol oLll!r sepurLr.rol
lo puo ureql]o qcol sepsnu]rnojJoon epourssorll
,^oqle eql e oqo u,Lort pro\\u^\op splelxe t3J rosuale eq+stuoaro, aql ro )poq eq+uo
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aql ro UoL-ls eql ID srouln droc rosualxero -ro oql uo eqFl ero sreproqlorelolqlnq
'soocrq o|c]roonsaL.ll
/\q pere oc srolcsnLU
F!,r eqf lo rosuqxeroutneql puo rlHjLunrol
- 6lp rcsuayero'$eOuUeql Jorosue])(e uolrl stqlJoasoJrns ieddn eql prcvnol
+uo4aq_L'LUrD
-uroc eql l[e] s orq s[Dlpo]drDarosuolxa ro uroerot eql xeuol soastqaq+qll^ !3ruoc
u0rO 'puoqpuD+slr,r a{]llolosuelxalolporloqs eqi u qror apsnL! sLll ssecoidplouoioceql
:g)sn6uolslopor d]oorosuelxero'puoqpuD lo dol eql lD Dun oql Joluo-Ueq.llo se.louurel
+sr,^^eq+]o rosuaFetDporOlot eql ero sac puo snraurnL]eql Jo jlor.l laro luor] eL.lllo
-snurrnoleql puoqpuolslr^\or.llolulsuopuel sepu 6fo slo qco4 eqt (C)sdec4 eq+puD
oulpuespro/qurop spuelxepuo snreLunLlM sdoctqeql uea teq etqBr\s (€)srotqcorq qli' 3l
eqt Jo (ll a ,4puoctoure.FeeL+p se+ou6|lo eql sDu/qoui ulrD oLllJoluo4 aq] uo elcsnul
 0ftheFoleorm
Ihe Muscles ondThumb
:' ,'
,4
ARMSIUDIES FORIHFIORD
Ll ere ore o seresof siudlesof ihe orm ln
ANDSILIO]ESFORANGETS I ldiihrofl posilions ond direciofs in
INIHECREAT ONOFADAM
1511,tud ohd blo.k chdlk spoce Theorm o1A s seporaiedfrcm ihe
eqd x 11'(21,27t 27.94q) bockg.oundby a bold line,whichdefnesils
form Thereore some fu/enly muscles n tho
foreorm,bulin frguredrowinglheseiormsore
mossedntolhreegroups lhe llexormuscles
as one group Theerensor mlsclesos on
olhet ond lhe longsupnoloros o lhkd moss
of lhe foreormArnoslolof lhese musces
o glnolefrom lhe condylesol the humerus
ond ofioch io the bonesol ihe wrhl ond
hond. Becouselhe musciesbecome tend-
inousobout hoif\4oydown lhe foreorm,ihe
conlour ol the am chonges.The egglke
shape of the lpper holf of lhe foleam h
cousedbylhe fieshytbersofthe muscesilhe
blocklke shopeof lhe lo\irerholf sformedby
the iendonsond ihe fu/obones lhe rodus
ond u no of ihe foreorm.
lhe fexor muscles(B),on the fronl of lhe
foreorm,orginoielromihe innercondye of
thehumerusondconslsiof fourrnuscleslhe
plonolorlerestthe ieror of ihe wrsl on ihe
rodius,or fexor corp rod olisiihe pomors
ongus;ond the llexorof ihe wdsion'iheulno,
or fexor corpl ulnors The pronolorteres,
which ierm noles ho fi\oy down ihe ouief
bords of the rodius,is one ol the musces
respons ble for the roioiionolmo\,emeniof
lhe foreorm,wrlslond hond li controcls,ro
loing (cfossngllhe rodluso\er lhe uno,
wh ch ploceslhehondpo m down[srd (pro
noion) The olher three supericlolfexo6,
whlch inserlinlo lhe undersde of the wrlst
ond hond,ole responsible for bendinglflex
ngl the wrsl ond hond fotu'ord,iowqrdihe
fronl ol the foearm.
Beneoththesefour supedcio flexolslso
deeperflexormusce,lhe llexordigtorumsu-
pefiiciols I s vsibleony where is lendons
oppeoron the wflstbehdeenlhetendonsof
lhe mo€ superficol iexors.Deeporsii ond
not visibe on the surfoces the llexordg-
iorumprofundus,d reclyunderiheflexdidg-
iiorumsuperfciols,the powerfL{l lendonsof
 ubro
:UI6UO
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losllcsnn
.,k
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:urqro
slt36nv!dot3l tru '+euoutn plo snlpor eq+jo uol+lsod
'ssour Joxeu eql puo oulneql o1 ogo eq q sl
Joluo4 eql ozllonsl^ ^+5eroc ooto
u!Fu/\ puo sfltpor eql lo uolltsodaq{ aluop qql 6ut/'orp ol lot eql,Lr.uoreddn eLtlp.ro^
l!o6p puo r9rllooo eoo dole o H +o seul 'o+LUDero] oql xausdecq eql dteqos|o t/r\
eql snpor aql qo€urepun ssod (g) ssoul +t{uo[ou]dns)pior\dn 6ucql urtodeql q+l^
,oxaggJo ouln eql alq,{ 'prol iol pe lnd elo puoqeql sulfl rlcrql 'oulneql ol |elloroduo +
g) ssouirosu€Uapuo snlpor eql uollouold -lsodo ol )cDq snpor eql 6ulplo,rrolDuold
,o uqJs@ a]l s/\oqs I p aood aql Joieluec eql$uto6Dqrorroloutdnseql sntpotaql ]o
a{ u puor] puo uxo erll ,ro 6! /v\olp eql pue le/' olaqloN s]losllpuosnFulnqet+p
'qurnq+ oL.ll
e^oqo Lljo€rol elipLro3 louratx€eq1e oqo sosrDL.lctq^(31
or.1.l
,ro poe raeol aql uo ssoLlt[ou]s o !ulo, etcsnursllorpDro qJo)qrc iolouldns6uo aql
! 6rO
cr't! tsq eq ,o qrod re '\ot or.{ rq 'sopsnul q peurol sl LurDaroleql lo ssourp1q.laql
rosueua loouadns eioLu eq+Iq pere/\o3sl .ploqcoq pLroqpuo
qFuet rteqllo tsol^ sr^erqqqtod rcsuetxero ls|r\\ eq1pueq rc pueue /€q_Lsnr€urnqeql
qurnq el+Jo rcsuaFeloqs eql puo isn6uol JOOlipUOCOUlelXeeq+ urort osuD'Llloelol
stcltodropnpqo rc 'qu]nqleql Jo lopnpqo eql ro fcoq eLll uo selcsnL!rcsueue eql
6uol eq+3n6uolslcrod losueye to 'qLUnL+ lrroercJ eq+p
eqlp losuetxe6uote(+:qlunqteql epredo sessoL!eorot eqt lo s6u,^o)p u pe p^ut lou
:urouo loql sepsnuiearql eL+/q pa+Dacs ssDLU str.tl erDAeqloeep ero sepsnuroql aseqlasnoc
'uroe,ioJ eql Jo)icDqeql uo soiou6uo rlc|.]/t\ -e€ srebuupuo puoq oql to outdsorolo 6ul
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 oftheHond
TheMuscles
n n lhe su'foceotlhe polm ofe1l!omLrscle
\rqfoups. Themossundef the thumb,the
thenormoss(4 n M che onge ot drowingof
the handolihetop ofihe poge,ismode up
ofthe muscesofthe lhumb Thereorefourof
them an odductoror adductorpo icisian
obductotor obductorpo lics brevs;o short
fexot or flexorpol cis brevs;ond o musce,
t
opponenspo icis,which rfakeslhe thumb
workln opposilionlo lhe fngers,Underlhe
lllle fingerore the hypolhenormuscles(B),
I whichcontroithe lilllelinger

,J Onthefronlof theforeorm, wherethe hond

meehihew sf,orelhec€oses,orwr nkes,of
the skinco ed w sl brocelels, C in the drcw-
. -. **!:J ng to the r ght Theyoremosivslblewhgnihe
Y. hondond wrisiore pulledtowardihe frontof
lhe foreom. The oreo on the po m of the
hond,befiveenihe ihenarond hypolhenor
'i. mosses, (D) n the top drowing,s formedby
lhe podding,whichpfolecislhe hond,Asthe
sklnon lhe hondfoldsoverlhe Jonls,w nkes ,
ore formedon ihe po m these nesofe oc-
cenilaled by ariisislo express form,
Crossing the bockofthe hond,in lhe r ghl-
hand drowng, ond extendng loward lhe
ihumb,islhe tendonof ihe ong extensor of
ihe thLrmb(E).On lho ouhldeborderof ihe
wdsiorethelv"otendon9of tho shorloxiensor
ond ihe ong abduclorof tho ihumb.on ihe
surloc€iheseformsoppeorosonelorgeien-
don (F)Belweentheselostlv/oiendonsand
lhe iefdon ot the long exlensoro depfesslon
(Gl called ihe "onatomcalsnutlbox"is ap-
poreniwherithe lhumb s pulledbocku/,ord.
At one tme, men snffed lobocco ffom thls

Thekeylo drowinghondswe s o com

p ele understond ng of lhe skeleiostructure
formsihol fi t oul.Youneed
ond oi ihe n-oshy
nol leorn e\,erysmollmusclebul only ihe
musciegroups,
lhe shopeslhoiorcos ol lhe ormossumen
foreshorlened posilions
ore cleodydepicled
n ihe lowefdrowingTheseclionsof lhe orm
MUSCLES
OF THEHAND shouldb-. visuoizedos cylinderspoced n
fronlol one onolherTheconiour ne usedfor
the rightormot H s ocluolyo serlesofsmo ,
cun€d, o\erloppng nesthot indicotethoi
lhe deioid moss{l sin fronloflheupperorm
moss(Jlond lhollhe uppercrm isin fronlof
the foreorm (K
The lell orrn n lhe lowerdrowlngot L is
ono opposooe mLrsc
exlremelyforcshorlened,Theseclionsof lhe
es
ormoppeoroso\l3soregglikefoms p ocod
one in frcntof onolher
 Lu.qa6t / ar'gzl,,1/tt\ ,0t rloqc pa lre, Nvr,\rvH
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 SIX
CHAPTER

THELOWER
LIMB

i' o/

i".J

..?s

STUDIESANDSKETCHES
FORITELAST J]JOGEMENI
1534.35,block chalk
11' t 161/.i
127.94' 4191ch)
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ieql jo ouos esol sdor|ponb eL.+'tueq s
SJoeqaqlueq^ d q eqlploql lurolpuoces
!|6uO o sessorcll puo sned eq+ uo dn sr ur6ro
sf esnooeq^poq eq1to lun4 eul ot q6 L.lleql
6uxeuJouotpurytolo$tppoeq+soqqrourq
ulqro
snpaj eL.ll '6e le,4o eql Jo loFlelxe eLll
sltll]ledq3q/n',{uoleeq eql uedo q6tqieql
lo luorleqt uo sepsnuieqll6q+e6o{buLlcv
q0lql
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op pql sqcsnLrj eorq aql 01relel uegoqspo
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i\luenbesuo3slslD lo] eco]rnseql uo Llrol
rolouro lou $ { arcJeleqlpuDe csnL!snureye
snlso^eql q+Deujepun deep sl 'snlpeurulel
s|wo!\ll sdtcu1 -ul sruso dnor6 qql ]o elcsnu q+rnoleql
rosdtcuqvnolHl oelo eeu)leql oNt Atonporose^rncqqq,r
'snureyesnFo eql Jo€ul lno+uocle+noelll
seop uoql |e e )a\ol o +opuo ilploq eror,!
eeq eql lo do+ eq+ o+lJler'Jncol sloeddo
snurelulsnlsDo!116u[uese]der eul rnoluoc
leuulel']l'NoUeq+ uorl pd\el^ ueqrlAolFloo
plro uopue+uourLuoc eql to o6pe 16!!leqi
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reulleq+uoI sestroE) snure{usqso^eql
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eqlro.luoteLl{o{punorospue86
I UOpUelUOLT.TLUOC eql 'O O6pele+noeql o+ul
Eiosll puD leNor]corl le+Der66ql lo Luolloq
I eql rDou1nL!e,eql Jo uoqsaq+p loo leq
-dn eq+uot sostro I qOql eql ]o ep s+noeq+
uo papco sl tcj epsnLusnulelxesnFo^aq_L
lJ) o q$ eqt]o atcreqnlro'tupdoltFaq eq+
olutpesulol lJlol eaui aql ouFsoralueuots|
ollepd eq so pro. u,rop senu&oc uopue+
!o!!L!oc 6ql aeq eq+lo luorl oql s+colord
'€colns xe^uoJo q+r ron6uol4^qonod
\ tr
'uopuel qql ut pepp€qure q 'otlalod ro
'(gldoca€Dieqt dnorostr{p sepsnlueql o
o] uouruloc s Llcll/r sloluel soecrrponoeq+
lo uopuel uoururoc orll lo ool eql o+uleeLil
oql e oqo eclolqp lroL.ls o selouur,|elpuo
s|^edoqljo eups30 llle^ oleq+uroj uopuel
6uo4sD sDselDuloloI ssoureql p uol+rod
elppllu eql saldncco M sroLirejsnlcer€ql
'snlpeLUrapl sqso eL.llpLroSnureNl
srusDeql'snure+xa snFo^aL.ll'slroual srucer
eql sepsnu rnol lo dn epoLusl I sroure,
sdel ponb oL+pelloJseJsnurrosualan
lo ssolue6roto srL.t6rql oll Jotuo4 eql ulli'
q6tqloqlP luotl otll
 ThotMovetheThigh
TheMuscles
nnlhe nsideofiheuppefporloflhelhgh
ry s o lfionqulof-shoped moss[A].Theod-
duclormosso g natesal the pelvsond ter-
minotesin the innersde of the shoftol lhe
femurlhe ower porlionof lhis mosss cov
eredby lhe quodrcepsfemorsmlsclesThe
odductormosss boundfromobove by lhe
iold oflhe groinond lhe obdominolmuscle
Theodduclorspu I lhe lh gh bocklo\4ordlhe
body fromo poslon of obduclon, n which
the ihigh s oMr'oy
fromthe body.
l^r'oolherimportontsma Iermuscles onthe
lh gh ore lhe lensorfoscioeloloe ond lhe
sarlorus.Thetensorfoscioelqtoe (C),whjch
1 orignolesprincipollyoiihepelvc po ni (Bl,or
onlerorsupeToT ioc spne,oppearsas o
smol mass jusi in fronl of lhe greoier
irochanier ol ihe femur Jusl below ihe
greolerlrochonietlhe musce exlendsinlo
the oiibol bond (D),o longbondol f berson
l lhe oulsideollheth gh ca led ihe toscioala
Ths band possesoverand holdsdown the
I
I vosiusexternus. Crossngthe outsde of the
kneeloint,the bond lerminolesoi lhe ouier
condye of the libo Generollylhe iolblol
; i bond s noivslbleon lhe oLrisideofthelh gh,
bul when ihe lensormuscleconlrocls,the l
i oiibol bond couseso s ghi ridge on ihe
ouisideof lhe kneeond o \€ryshoilowOroovg
on ihe wsiusexiernusmuscle
Thesodorusmuscle(9 o so orignaiesoi I
the anleriorsuperior oc spne. ll exlends
down\tordocfossihe insde ofihelhigh ond
sweepsorcundlo ihe nnersde otthe knee,
whereiiierminates neartheupperparioflhe
s.. innefsurfoceof ihe ibo,lhe sorlo us s only
obouf /o fingerswde, but ii h lhe longest
': .,";q'::-',i " musceofihe body tspirohdownthe nsld-.
.i ..{,... ..-. . of ihe ihgh n o beauiful c!r\,€ lhoi sepo
lhe quodrcepson lhe lronlol lhe lhigh
rai,,.s
ffomlhe odduciormosson the insdeof ihe
aqd t 1th' (212J x 28.26cn) ihgh. Thesodoriuss knownos the 'io or's
muscle"becouse in the posi lallors soi
crcsseggedon top of Iorg€\dorktab6s. In
that postion the sortoriusis cloory con-

Thesortorilsmusce ond th6tensorfoscioo

lotoeworkogoinsieoch other ihetefsor ro-
lolesih-oeg nwsrd,towordlhe body {medi
o y),ond lhe sododusrololesitoLrluord,o\roy
fromthe body (lateroy).Whenboih muscles
acJtogetherihey help lilithe thigh Lrp\eord,
 I
i
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!'\.1
! 610
 Muscles
TheHomstring
n the bock of the th gh s the homsfing
moss,or posleror femorol musces,A n
ihe right-honddrawng,wh ch ismode up of
threemusclesthe bicepslemors,the sem
tendinosus, ond lhe semmembronosus Ths
rnossof flexormuscesorignaieson the bock
of lhe pevs, or ihe heelof lhe schum,be'
neolh the g uleusmoximus(B)Thenro ten'
dons of ihe homslrngmuscesbronch oul
ocrosslhe bock ot the knee The nner
homstrnstendon (c) crcsses the kneeond
nserisnto ihe nsideedge of lhe lbia jusl
beow lhe knee Theolier homslaing lendon
(D)crosses the outsdeof the kneejoni ond
nserlsniolhe heodoflhe fbLrlo.n ls enl rely
the homslrng mossisshcpedverymuchlike
o foolbo tsfuncton islo bencllhe knee,ihls
'.\I fex ng the ower eg on lhe thigh.
Thedrowng on lhe efl provdeson exce
lenlopporlunlyio observethe sp ro quo t
of the sortodusmusce (E).lt olsoshowsthe
sroc is (Fl,on oddlcior muscleocoled di
recty beh ndthe soriorus.Thegroc ls(meon'
ns sendef' ln tatinl orsesfrom ihe ower
porloflhepeLvs, ola pointneorihemeelng
of ihe lvlo plbc bones Ths musce,wh ch
clelinesThe nsideconlourot ihe ihgh, ex-
lendsdownlvordr olonOwiththesoriorius ond
ihe nnerhamslrinslendon t nsertsnto the
innersurloceofihe tbia ot o po ntltrstbe ow
the knee ThetendonsofiheselhreemLrscles I
sweeporoLrnd the insdeoJthe kne6,whore
ihey{ormlhespircmossknownosihe goose j
foor tcl
Becouselhe homstrngtendonsore !€ry
shorl,I is dffcul io lfl the thgh when ihe
i
I
knee s unbenJ. I the knee bends, the
homstng tendonsore releosedond iththen l
eosyio ro sethe thightowordthe trunk.Tryitl
n theseonotomco drowngsof the leg,
M che ongeloco refulydel neoiedihe forms
Whendfowng frorn fe, howe\€r,he dld nol
I
t
T\^/OSIUDIES OF A SIRAGHTIEG
fAOM THE NSIDE ANOTNE8,ACK seeor drowmonyof the musces ndivduc yl
1 1 ' 3 [ 2 1 C 4 ' 2 0 . 3 2c h )
nsleodhe d€w them os mossesln o ile
drowng,ihe hamstringmosswouldoppeor
on lhe backofihe ihighnotosthreemusces
bli os one moss n the rshl-honddrowng
nol ce the line(H)runnng \€ri co y downihe
cenleroflhehomsftngs,This seporolion does
nol exlslon mosimodes lJ /o or moremus-
ces ho\,elhe somefunction,the sepcrotion
behleenlhe muscesw noibe ndicoledol
c in o drowng or wi be ndicotedony
slghiy by nes or shodng. li i\ro or more
muscleshovediffe€ntJunctons,lhe seporo
I on betu/eenthem w / be ind caled by strong
inesor shodng,
u!6!o
 ol lhelhighto thePelvis
Ihe Relofionship
I rrthisdrowingyoucon cleoryobse^€the
I reoiionshp ol lhe muscLes of lhe lhigh to
lhe muscesol lhe pelvc oreos.Theextenlof
lho lensorfoscioeloloe (Alfrom ihe pelvc
po nl (B)downwsrdond boclolqrd to lhe oui-
sideoftho lhlgh sc eorlyvisib e.Ihe exierno
obliquemusce (Cl resison the creslof ihe
pe visobo\,ethe gLuleus mediusmusce (Dl
Ihe groolerlrochonter(Eloflhe lemurond
the formsthoi sLrfioundit ore olsoc eoly de-
ined; ihe tensorfoscae loloe musce (Al
loms on egglikemossin frontof ihe greoler
trochonlei lhe sphericolyshoped gluieus
rnedius(Dlisobo\,eil, ond the g lTeusmox
mus lFl formslhe rounded,blocklikernoss
behind t. Thewstus exlernusmusce (G) is
seporoiedfromlhe homslringmoss(Hlby o
seresof shortInes 0. Rememberlhol lhh
cearlyrendereddefniiionoflormsindicoios
ihotlhesemuscesho\€ seporolefunclions
The ine represenlinglhe fronlof ihe lhgh
ond knee beouilulLyexpo ns ihe anolomyl
noieihe rectusfemoris(.J), ihe \l]siusexternus
10,the commoniendon(Ll,ond lhe potelo
(M)

FGURESIUDYFOR
lltE B,AntEOt CASCM
15u, pen ovetbbckchdtk
10.4" t 6rA [26.U \ 71.44cn]
Domoged bl donphds
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 oftheKnee
TheBones
The knee is one of the oreosof lhe body
I whelethe boneisc oseto the surfoceond
si'ongy influencesih form,Allhoughthe knee
hosmonycomponenls, ihey ol mokesense
in iems of lh funclionos o compoundjoinl
lhe lowerend of ihe femurwidensinb n{o
prcjeclionsof boner lhe inner condyle (4
ond lhe outercondyle (B).these condles l€sl
on the lop or ploifom, of the tbio (g lhe
poiella,or kneecop (Dl,hos okeody been
describedoso smollroughylriong!or bone
wlh o con\,exsurfoceembedded lnio lhe
orge commori tendon of ihe quodriceps,
whichcrosses the iiont of the knee Thepo-
telo les ln ffonlof the lo\derend of lhe femur
ond forms o projeciion on the flont of lhe
kneejthe ower border of ths prdecfionis
le\€l wlth ihe poni of seporollonbeiween
lhe femw ond ihe lbio. Theligomenlof lhe
pdte lo (EJterninotes ot the kneellngpolnl,or
jhe iubercleofthe iiblo(0 ]heiuberce ofthe J
w',
iiblo ls on unmstakoble andmark whlch
morkslhelowefboderofthekneejit19ceo y
vslblewhenthe eg isviewedln prolle.

"t

fhis diogrom af lhe benl kn6a

showslhe rckrlbnshiqaf the tibla
ond tenut ta tha pate a
 luc,9az \96a %e/ ,p/t9t,1.q.4.Dtqtz 0z9t Avo10 911LI]BI 3ol srotus
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 oftheKnee
TheForms
-I, flecouse lhe l,neeiswder in bocl,lhon in
\ d l, front.someformsof the boci.of the [nee
oreopporenlinthisdrowingoflhe frcntvew
Theouler homslringlendon (Al is visibe on
ihe oulsideof the knee lhis lendon insefs
intotheheodof the libuo (B).Thespko moss
lol,whichsmodeupofihemed ol homstring
iendonond the tendonsoflhe sortorius ond
groc ismuscLes, su€epsoroundlhe insde of
lhe knee,whereil lerminoieson ihe shoflol
lhe lib o Ths spiro mossof lendons cu^,€s
down lowordlhe f.oni of lhe eg, wh e lhe
outer homsfing €ndon exlends slroght
dowa nlothe heodof the nbuloon lhe ouler
sideof ih6leg Abo\eond be ow lhe pofelo
on the frontof the kngeorelhe lol mosses(D
ond E)whlch ore esponsibefor lhe greoi
vorioionslhol orlislsencounljgrwhen drow-
lng the knee.Eyeryoneb kneesore ditferenl
ond ihe fot massesoroundihe poleliocon
show!p os smollprojectng foms mosking
ihe restofthe onoiomyoflhe kriee.Theyo€,
howe\€tnot o grealilcior on th€ benl knee
r^\ os l-e) €c€oe nlo o hollowc eoled bv 'he
\ oo-or oll_e fecr.'o"o'^e op ol lre'lbo

porero

oLrierhomsiingiendon

lo ilblo bond
potelo goment
 . :, -.. ,.:::, aai.:d. rafi lH1t1o3l NStst3n9ll ]]VI v 9Iv CNVNv
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 TheBones qndMuscles
oflheLeg
-": I u + c 5 l h e r eo r e t a o b o n e . n l h e r o r e o r m ,
ir', r"' .. ,;
t, rhere ore tuo bone5 n ihe o^er leq lhe
o r g e ri b a , o c o i e d o n i h e n s d e o i i h e e g ,
o n d l h e s m o l e rf b ! o , o c a i e d o n i h e o u T ds e
T h e n n e rs ! r f o c eo f l f e s h a f l c f l h et b o o n d
lhe shorp anlerlor cresl cre enirey on ihe
surfoce.The cutue ofihe ibo from ihe boi
iol.noflhe knee lA)down loihe proiecion on
l h e n s d e o f l h e c n k e k n o v r ' cns t h e n i e r n o
n a e o u s( B l s c e a r y v s b l e T h e p r o j e c l o n
o n t h e o l t s d e o f t h e o n k e . l h e e x l e r n c. n a

fbu o iThe worcl rio eo us comes irom the

L a i n i o r " h a n r m e l ' o r " m a l e t : l T h e h - - a do f
TlreibLr.r rs ocoied on lheo{rts.le s!rfoce ol
The knee Ofy ihc uppor and ower ex
lrem tes of th-a l b! r ore v s b e on irre sur
facc. The shofi Lrn.leres tlre m|rsces oT lire
.q
i o l h e o l h r 1 ! - ' . r lfh . -i-b o s i h c i r r r . ' s a n T - -
r o r ( D l .d l e x o r t r r ( r s . r l-h- a i o r l l i r x r l c s . l ll h c
L r p p -h - rv o t h ( l s o l l t i eI b r r T t t l . J i ! l o r i o f l l r \
nrrn:u pdjlrs I iurl ol ihlicf kc.rf.ld sop
i l r r f , o f l t t r r n u 5 ! . o l l h o l o o l .w h e r c I
pa$.s L rdint.rlh .rf.l rnscrlsinTollrc lros.l
ol rtlr rfch rxlir l)ornr oi lic ltrc.rl lo.. llrc
l . 5 lr f c l N l o r n r LT hj j i l . l ( ) f J V c r vo r g c o n c i s
!i be wheie t cr.rsseslhe troft (n llre ()w.:r
,o! cn.l.rnke isnrnclon slo b,-.d (l--rlthe
iooi nrv]l.l The eq, wheri ih,- t.rot D n ihit
posi.D. iiie Tcl].lor.or be mod c,-ary

D re.J y lo ih,- o!lt|.ie ofih,- Ubo sornerrr

is The .,nq ollcnsor ol The To,4s. or ,Frl,Fns.]
. l . l l o r l n r o r . l L s ( E )l l i s m | ] s c e o s o o r s , - s
r ( )l t i ( l : r . ) l i h { ri t r t r o n . i p o r l
f r o n rl h - .L 4 ) t ) , -l w
of Tlref bLro lhe T.nclonoTThs ri|]sc e crosses
ire nonTollhe.rnke, wh,-r,ai div cl,qsinto l.rLrr
sflro erTenclonsllr.rTlonouton iir--T.rpback,
or .lors|]mol Thefool fhese imo er len.lo15
n s e n n t o l h e o s t p h a o n g e so f t h e s e c o n d
l h r o u g hi h . r f i t h i o e s A s l s n o m e i m p e s . l l r e
ong erlensor oi llre ioes exlends (uncursl
t h e s ei o e sa n c lh e L Ffse x t h e f o o i B o i h i b o i s
anleror oncl ihe ong exTensorc1renrcrssed
lnto one lorm or the froni ofihe eg
The ghl n ih s dravr'ingisironr the efiironi
of ihe fgure Youfab ly to clrow n ghl ond
slrade greoiy mproveswhenyoLrreo zeilrol
ghl os i oppeors on o lgLrre n noiure s noi
necessorlylhe besl ol-tl lor drowng Ari$s
u s u o l yd e v s eo s n g e i g h l s o u r c e , s n c eg h l
hlifg ihe igure lrom d ilerenl clreclons
iends lo breok up the lorms oflhe igure, cre-

ongelodd nol copy iohlng os l ex$ed n

nanrrebut creoted h6 own
STUD ESFORTNE CRUC]F FDHAMA\
\ A& t 2A96cn)
1 5 1 1 , e d c h a l k 1 t6 3 1 , U

118
 .t
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i
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rLr
0 ro
!elo ts6o1€![
{)
ell llMot tHi lo sltcsnl/,r
l
p
ra
.: ,
. ,i l , r f
i I on ihe ouhde or ihe eq The rorcl PeF
NIO T GURTSIUDESFONIHE SANLE
15U, pen ond btd.k chotk
1 A 1 ' . 1 . k 1 2 6 1 7/ 1 9 3 / c n )
l w o p e r o n e o m l s c e s a r , e f r o ml h e f b L o
o n e o m e a n s p e r l o n si o i l " r ef b u o f C e o r l y
vs b e on ihe ouls de of ihe eg s Tl-teong
peronecrmLrsce, or percneus ongus,A nfhe
r i g h t - h o n c l d r onwg . w hc h a r s e s i r o mi h e u p
p e r t w o i h r d so i i h e i b u o T h e i e n d o no TT hs
m l s c e p o s s e so r o l n o l h e o u i e t m o l e o u s
and exlenos Lrnderond across ihe fool lo
ierm nole n ihe base olihe meloiorso oiThe
g r e a i l o e l s m o l n f u n c l o n s l o e N T e n dl h e
lool;howevei beccLJseof lhe poih of is ien
clon acrossthe soe of lhe fooT,ihrs 'nuscle
oso s responsibe ioriLrrnrrgihe so e ouiwrr.l
leverirfg tl The short peroneo nLsce. ol
p-.roneusbrevis[B],orses fforn ifre ovr'ertwo
th r.ls of lhe lbLr o. Theferr.lon oi Th5 nusce
oho posses oroln.l ihe exlerno molLeoLrs,
blrl 1 rserTsinTolhebdsc ofTlrenrekrt.rrsoof
The l!e lol]. or ifih rrrerol.rrso The mnld o
ibre5 of lh s m!s.e ore covejed rry Theten
tuf ol ihe of.l fr:]rofeo Togel'.J wilr The
orq peri]nl:].l1. The pe(/re!s brevs ext--n.]5
Thel.rn by tflnq Thehee wh .r pLrslrrg th€l
ThertAofca mLr5c-as olc rorey s,oerior
.lrowr oj n.lvil|ro nrrj.l.rsr on-.1 on(l
slcnder Theyt--f(l io nrosi log--lh.J formrnq
ih--llcncra cy n.lri.rr shopcolThe ow.rr cg.
Vhef. lrowcver.the eg s I o iT.rieot llcol
o.Ji{)f ior nn.rncc. wh-^n llic --ni re weighj
.rt Th,- b(rly s on The l.r--5 lfrcse musc,-5
1'|rowup os sep.lruie fttffis onTh,-lor9-^rnr.'ss
o f t h - -e q M c h e o n q e ( ) t ) l l . n . i e c o r o T e . i l h e
oLrlscl,-ol ih.- fooTwlh no.rrlons oflhelen
dons ol the nto p.'roneol n|]sc es \,vroppnq
oro!fil ihc bcrckol lhe exicrfol nro eourr
r ths dfowng lh,- smo niossof Th,-short
el1ero oi ihe loes, of --xiensordSLTorlnl
brevs(Cl, s cleory visbe Th. ne rLrnnnll
OF CASCNA clownlhefronioi lhe eg r,-prer-6n lsihe I blo s
onler o| the te r.)on oth s m(rsc,- lDlcreoies
o hondsornecurye on ihe fronl of ilre onke.
Rememberthot the eg oLuayslo.s ihe fool
os o cLrrveALsonoje ihai lhe eg shoLrdr]ol
o p p e o r i o e n l e ro l l h e i o p o i t r e c r c h o r l h e
fooi; ihe aciuo meellnQpo ni s allhe bock
{
lne /e9 e.ters rhe ioor o/ rhe
boci pod ol /he orch cnd ror or
 r:Fil=:.'.lt
*:.].t'-t',
:ublro
:uErC (Dalored6uo)
r'tcsnNsneNol
sntNouldlHl
lltrs0r\ st\34€
snlNculd lfu
 oftheCoff
Ihe Muscles
The colf of lhe leg is rnodeup of hi/omue-
I cLes.The gostrocnemius (4 (the nome
meonstrog3be ly'l h a bulgingmusclevsi-
ble on lhe surfoceof lhe leg,lt hoslwo heods,
wh ch orig nole frcm ihe bock of the con
dylesof the€mur,ond it inserlsnlolhelop of
the pchilleslendon,on lhe bock of lhe leg
Thepoinlotwhichihefibers ofthe muscejo n
thol l,endon(B)\cr esfrom personlo person
bui usuollyoccursobout holfvi/,oy downlhe
bock of lhe leg lf ihe gostrocnemius is we I
de\€loped or In o sloteof controclion,the
juncfureof the mlsc e fibersond lendonwll
be cleorlydenned,lheinnerholfoflhe gos-
trocnemlus lson o lo\derle\€lthdn sthe olier
holfjlhe Innerholf thefeforeInserlslntothe
Achilestendonon o le\€lslghily owerthon
the lnsertlonpont of the ollier hoi Thein-
lefno moleolus,how€\,€f, ls on ihe higher
le\el lhon lhol of the exiernolmoleolusond
shoudbe so epTesenledln o drcwlng,
ThesoleuslC) (lhenone meons'floifsh')ls
o llot nluscleihoi esdlecily underthe gos-
lrccnemlus,ll or glnotesoi lhe upperpodlon
of the bockof the tblo ond fbu o ond Inseft
intothe Achillestjendonwellbeow ihe go!'
lrocnem us.Exceptfor ilsriowerfbers,the 5ol-
els s covorodby tho moIe superfcioL gos-

lheAchillestendon(D)lswlde oi lh upper
bofderjlilaperctouordlhe backollho onke
and ihen wldensogoln os t nsedsintolhe
heelbone,or calconeug(E)
Thepow€rlulcolf mlscleso€ lhe extengor
musclesofihe fooi.Theyenobleo personlo
putthe enl rewelghtofthebodyon lhe toes.
In lhis drowingthe iendon of lho tbiols
onterlor(0 lscleorlyvis
ble on lhe lronioi ihe
onkLe.lhe dorsumofihe fooi sdol ned bylhe
iendon of lhe extensorof ihe greoi toe (O).

MUSCLES
OFTI]ELOWER
LEG

o r gn

O r gn :
underneoihthe soslrocnemllrs,
rfomihe upperpodon
oi ihe bock ot the libio

nsedion:
cM€rthongaslrccnemus,
 uauaa ut eiD saataql puD
uqsueaa 0 srpal eqt NbL etl ua
laBue!\e u seot eq! pua uaxau
la ato$ o ut s!laal atl llat eqt ua
i\
Lu. r9aa | 960r)lrte t
itDq. )t.otq tz.oagl
"/tgt
AVClO glt tl3t ll.trdol s]otus
TheFool:TheBonyArch
Voucon leornogreoideolo boutlhe onol-
I om/ of lhe fool from studyingMiche-
ange 03 drowngs Theformsof ihe fool o€
determinedmore by skeelal slruclurelhon
byo nyotherfociorOnihe dorsumol lhe fool
ihere s only one sma musce,the shoriex
tensorof theloes,ondthelendonsof lhe ong
exiensorof the toesond olher muscesthat
ore ocoled on ihe frontof lhe eg.Theonkle,
lhe orch,ond lhe heeloflheloot oreformed
by lhe se\,enlorso bones lhe coconeus,
lhe oslaogalus, the ncviculorbone, ihree
cuneiformbones,ond the cubod bone.The
t"
iv:
FORANANGELN THECREAIION
STUDIES
OFSUNANDMOON INENUDE ABOVF
ATRIGHT DANIEI,
ANOTNEFGURE NGJOMI]
r'JTEND
9 w t 1 3 1 1 1 2 3 3/1 3 3 6 4 c n )
co con-auslorms the hee (4, osnoledeorlier
Abole i the oslrogolusrestsn the covt
formedby lhe lowerendsoflhe iibo (B)ond
lhe fibuo (CJnlhiscovt lacls keahnge
joinf, wh ch o owsihe fool lo mo\,€ up (flex
ionlor down(exiens onl lhe novcuor bone,
lhreecuneforms, ond lhe cubod bone form
lhe archofthe loot ol D
Beyondlhe lorso bonesore ihe i\e meio
lcrso bones,wh ch formlhe bodyofihe fool,
connecing lhe lorsus10lhe loes Eochloe
hosthreepho onges,exceplfof ihe greolloe,
which,ikethe thumb,hosony 1wo
, ' '%;",
\,
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. i :..'
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f-_ :
(Dq, snoa ou ou€lu
1(]01tHl io slNo€
 oftheFoot
TheMuscles
The fool h remorfoby s mibr io ihe hond.
..,._.1.;, I lhere ore dfferences,however; ihe greol
loe isnol os mobib oslhe lhumb.Aso,unlike
.!-. -. :r' lhethumb,whose posiliononthe honddlfferc
fromtholofihef ngers,thegreoJloe's poslion
on ihe fool isnot \,eryd fferenlfromlhol of lhe
othertoes.Whenlhe g€ct loe h lified,o len'
don-runnlng stroightdownlhe centerof lhe
loe-is cleory vsibleon ihe dorsumof lhe
fool. Ths h ihe lendon (4 of lhe exlensorof
lhe greol loe, whch orisesfrom oboul holf-
woyup lhe shoflof lhe fibuloond lermnoigs
inihe osi(dsto)phoanxoflhegreoiloe.on
ihe fronloflhe leg,thismuscleh complefely
co\eredby the moresuperncai rrusclesond
soh noivisb e,lislendonlsimporlontioorlsls
becouseil morksthe hlghpoinl,or rldge,on
the dorsumof lhe fooi. n thisdrawingnoiice
thol,ffomlh s fidge,N4lchelongelo hosmode
onep oneoflhe foolseemloslopegroduoly
downvr'ordond oulvr'ordiowrrd ihe litl e ioe,
whiLeihe pdne ot the insdeol the fooi op"
peofslo drop downobruptyThefuncilonof
lhe exiensofof the greol toe h lo extendthe
greoiioe by llfilngt up io\dordlhe fronlof the
leg
Theon y muscleonihedorsumoflhe foolis
lhe sho exiensorofthetoeg, osfoisd eor loi
whch orignalesotihe h6elboneond lorms
o smoIegg-shopedmassonlhe oLtlersdeof
ihe fool (B),direcily n fronl ol ihe externo
molleoLus, Fouflendonsextendffom il ond
insediniothe pho ongosof the ffrslfourioes
Theseiendonspossunderlhe fendonsof the
long exiensorof ihe toesond ihereforeare
fololyvisibeon the foot
Theskeletoorch on the innersideof ihe
OFTl-tEFOOI
N4ISCLES footlsflledoulond sofienedbyihe abdLrclor
O r gn of the greoitoe,or obduciofhol uc s (c) on
iheforiher(dlsfal)end of ihe metolarscbon€
of ihe g€oitoe s o proleciion(D)ihoi s an
mporlonl ondmokforihe odlsl Theouiside
conlouroJihe fool isdeflnedbyihe obduclor
of ihe tlle ioe, or obduclordjgitiminim (El
and by o second londmorkprcleclion(D,
whichiscousedbytheenlorgedc oser(prcx-
imoI end oi ihe meiolorsolbone of the tt e
toe ln ihh drowng, l\/lcheongelo empho-
sizedlhe powertullendon of lhe tbio lsonie-
riormusce (G)os l crosses lho onke loinllo
i,.rm nole n ihe nsideborder of the fool,

O r qn :

SIUDESFORTHELEGS
OFTHE LORDINCREAT ON
ot the boseof ihe meioioGo OFADAMHEADOFTHENUDE
1511,ed chdlkdet blo& cholk prepbollo*
\ 7Cf [2953 t 29.69m)
11C3',
 tcfl
NC
.,,.i
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':1:11
al
'tll
ul
i u
,'
'''I
-o
st
u
P
li
I
i
 Animql
Mqn:Ihe Uprighf
nfowinglhe egsolthe hlmon flguresnoi
l, thol d tierenlfromdrowng lhe orms.lhe
iricepsmasson lhe fronioflhe lh gh resem
blesfhel cepson lhe bock ollhe orm.One
musclegrolp openslhee bow ond slroighl-
enslhe foreormlo olgn wllhlhe lpperormj
ond the olher group of musclesopenslhe
kneelo slroghlenlhe lo\derleg ond olgn il
wlh lhe ihigh
Thef bersof lhe voslusexlernusmuscle{4
connectlo the commontendon (B) In the
drowinglhe muscleformso projeclionwhile
the iendon h porlrot€d os o llol oreo Ihe
t cepsmuscles on lhe fionl ofthe thighho\€
o common furlc'lontlherefore Mcheon-
gelot linesIndcoiing ndivduoLmusces are
subilyond ghtydrown t isimpodonlloren_
deriheth gh aso lofge,cyllndel lkemossond
ihe l ceps muscesos deloih portolly em-
bedded n ond wroppingaroundthelorgel
moss
one of ihe g€dldifferencesbet$€enmon
ond ihe ofhercnimosisthotmonslondsup"
rghi l isevdent n M cheiangelo3drowings
,j ihoi he knewvreI thot monyof the muscles
hove ihe funclon ol hodng lhe body up
ogolnslihe force of glovljy.porexomp e, ihe
rbcoge mosslsheldup by r€ciusobdomnus
on the lloni ol ihe torso,elec'lorsplnoeirom
b€hind,ond iho exiernolobl qLJemuscles on
lhe sldegiond gLuieus maxmuspfewnh lhe
pelvlsfrom foling foMald. And, os con be
s6en In the deto ol lotl, ihe knee lolnt h
supportedby lhe irlcepsmuscleol the thlgh
(C)ond ihe homslrlngmoss(D)

Befarao.iding lhe deloils ol mus

ci€ mossesond prcilberonc€s ol
bane, lhe lhlgh shautdfnn be
conceved as a long .yfindtl.nl

flGURESI]JDTFOR
IHEBATILE OFCASCIM
1504,btlck cholk
15q3',\ 14',[39.69 , 25.40.n]
 -i
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'tDLrle
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raorol:
Iu0c:
3uo L
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l
 CIIAPTER
SEI/EN

DRAPERY

TI]ECRUCF X ON OF 5I PEIFR

3 715 . 5 1Ei {2623e' 1553ecn)

130
 :.. a.: =,,.. a.'-.-,.4'tlt.p
leqln qr6r l !.lil 6doq9
aqt ot surollo. uai4c ,'adoro
. .'.,t":t:
'..,
.ir,..",'i
'ornol 3qtlo esodaqt uo DuLpLrad
'slol lDr
ep 'Drclsro'lrrr\ T^! oqD Aolr.r11
epur aqi ry aro qlrod lloddnt asellal3q^\
srapsuo.tsrlFfo aqllloodnsJoslLJ oo uroll
dorp13qlrit ^or0lo,^q eql ol Llrrolllocspol
..' arnollOULI s^D^ V slsorI
rapune\11]o )iLJLL-]1
\13LtaLrouioleLttlo edoqseLlls€)ioltuadorc
iradDrp ot s€rKldooqD- o|€p lnoqo 6ul
irro,r erolaqssouJqs qoFe slo,^^lo-ern61
eql 6uL^\orpueq^ e lesqo no^ enl aulos
aqL lsrLtsu-lrolra6ro aLll./sorppuo s Dlap
aqt puoiaq loot po]ire o r'doc^qs^os ol
tuossaceu lou s l lradDrp 6u.'v\DrpueqM
sarn6,€l.]1]o sluro]
ronasnur'6uorls €r+ {no oulq pLroe5uoq
Lr€ol arsllfuedDrpsasnoeouoeqc r\ san
-6,€qt punorDi quozrrotldor^ loql (VJsnu
q6nopio srrpLrtAtrbur^rn)a4 Llf,nur A.ra^I
aro6u aorpsr+urtu€dorp rqtlo sporaqI
6u!qs!lqDlsl
ssDW
tt,
._*
.l:
$:
,',J&*
.i... -rr.;,*,1.r"i.:,t'l:l
..r.--i.i.\ '* i
 \$\ir
)\ji
r,i
.
i
)
,r"
'4:
,L
 or Rhylhm
TheGeslure ofFobric
Cince droperyreslson o f gurethot hoso
lrgesiue or oclon he fobrictoo musf
ho\€ o rhyihm,or geslureThe linesof the
iods olA spiro downthe nsideof lhe lhigh
much ke ihe sorlorusmusce underneofh,
n o studyof the workoi Mlcheongelo,ii
s nol olwoysceor whch drowingswere
ocluoly mode by him ond whlch drowngs
ho!€ been lnoccuroleyoliributedlo hm,
N4ichelongoo schoorsoflen disagree, my
sellh nkthollhls s nol one of Nlicheonge ob
drowingsdespileils ollribulionto him The
nes do nol hove lhe sureness ond spon
ianeiy ot hk oiherworks. Nordo lhey deflne
lhe underlyngonotomy n lhe unheslolng
v"qy lhol ho\,e come lo expecl in his
skelches, Alsoihe honds,heods,ond feelore
rolherweoky porlroled

"i i i ;

it.
f,t.,

:,:
..

ll
IIREEMENIN COIIVERSAT ON
1526,peh ohd ink
14th \ 10 t3).8 | 25 cn)
 '
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INCONCLUSION

\..i:
sr \-

.'.i..tt:'.; 't' /54 'u"*r{

COMAAIOf HORSEMENAND FOOTSOTD]ERS

15A4,peh7 r 97h{1773t 25.03cfr)
ashnal N n Museun, AnaId.
I
GTOSSARY
Iheljollow;ng h o ris'otterrrsleqLe1ty e^coJnleredin he sfudyofo.rolomv,
qt duc'ljor o musclelhol pullstiM/lryfrom the mid Ine of the body
oclduclor o musclethof pu lslowqrd ihe midline of lhe body
condyle o orge bump on o bone
cr€sl o rldge on o bone
od€nsor c musclethol cousessome port of the body to slrolghlenout
llexor o muscleihof cousessome port of the body to bend
ins€rllon lhe end poln' of Tusce ottochrren'
o gln the flxed polnt of muscleottochhent
pondlor a rnusce thdt lurnsthe polm of lhe honddownword
proluberonceor lube|o6ily o smollbumpon o bone ,
splne o shofprldgeof bone
suplnolor o musclethotilrng ihe polm of lhe hond lpword
lemor o musclelhoi pedormso ughlenlnqflnctlon

a
a
 '601-80tdd rprotxo'rtcrnq3
$ur.]c
'901-r0t td :€ouaoH 'EUJfl
'0t dd recuaroll
1|orDuonS oso3
'&t-gzt'tzriz|ezr-ar' 9t -'rtl
'e0'-z0t't0r-00t'66-s6'16-96'e6-u 'eer-zer'6rr-s't6-0618-98'es-28
'9ffi9'rg-fln' 6L-AL'eL-ZL'9W9'69-8 'troL '69-89 ',19-99',99-t9 ',t9-09',8t
'99-29 '9t dd :urauoDH'ulnssnn '68-ge'Qe-ze
rede_L't -w 'Ev-zv 'Le-oe 'et-zr
',rr-or, 'Lor-fit'tt-g€ ',r-ot,'E-z', ad ruopuol'Llnesnllqq$€
'LZ '92-ra 'OZ'dd :rosput/\ tuorqtl to^cu
'6er-SetLet-gel,E r-z ,
'68-88 ',t9-99 'SV-VV'98 iE'eZ ZZ
',EL-Ow'6242 Ed
'gL tt do rprolxo'urnesnnuDeloLurlsv
re+uolutpodoSlc €louopDN oesiy\l sepoN
'lt,L-9i|dd racuaoH'[orouon€ ot^tr]crv
'gLNL
'dd '+,IV '9t vzr'rz,ozl
4q{ aeN lo u.in€sny\luDllpdo4er!
'96-96
'qcupua) tuuaH puo 11-9L E A9 00
qclpuol s eaooe s \eqdeu slq lq uopc r$uc,wo ecnporoer 01uolsqlLreo
'e tur.raH 'surnesnu
p /lJouenurutagzr-vzl'89a9 roJsuo[ce]locpuo 'seLrorqll 6ul4\ol
puote elc
od rpuoteeo !v lo LLrnesny\l - o' eqf o+epDL!I luauropel/v\ouiconjelDie
n, ,,
srrcilc s
Abdominolmusces,62 Coli muscles,122123 at.r'96 97,104 Gl€
Coninus,41 fnger '104 GIL
ingers,'104 Copilulum,96 122,124,'126
laat, 118-119, G]:
1oal,126 Coracoidprocess,89 ]egs,147, 118-119,126
Aceiobuum of hiploinl6T Corpus,17,96 thumb,99 G(
Achi esfendon,122 Externolmolleolus,
19,118
Acromionprocess,17,18,75,77 Costshodows,36 Exlernolobique muscle,64,66,68
Cheekbone,17,4'l Eyes,
34,32,4a-41 GR
Adduclormossofthlgh,108 109 Chesl,5859
Ch n $rop 32 Gi(
grocllh,
110-111 C avtcle,'12,17, 18,21,46,52,56,58 eyes,30,32,40 4l
thigh,108 109 Cacc\x, 18,19,82, 8A lghl ond shodeon, 34,36
lhumb,99 Colarbone,see Clovicle mouih,38
Commonlendon,21, 92 93,115 mlsclesol40-41
Anolomcol drcwn9, 16,71,100 Composlon,24 nose,38
Anotomcol soltbox, 46 Concha,34 pocemento132,38
Analomcol snutfbox, 102 Condye ol humerus, 92-93,98-99 prcporlionolsyslem, 32 I
Ankte.17,21,124 125 Condyes of bmur 122 Fdscio, 84
Anlerof supeioriliacsPne,19,66 Contourdrowng, 11 Femoe/tvlolelor oiions,68,82
Anihe x, 34 Corccobrochios,94-95 pe vis,82
Antirogus,34 Corocod processof scopuc,17 socrum,82 :
Nch,124 125 Corcnod process, 42-43 iorso,68
pit,62,95
ArnT Femur17,'18, 19
Ar$oie, 84 r bato, 17, 18,19,118-119,124-121
Arm-bone,seeHumerus Cronum,19,29,40 heod of, '19
Arms,88-105 relolonshp to foce,29 musclesof, 120-121
bonesot 17,89,96-97 C.icod cori loge,44 Fingers, 17,96,100,104-105
exiensionond flexon, 96 Flexian,96, 123,124
exiensors,97-99 Dollvn,Chores,84 Flexorrnuscles, 98-99,'110-111
Delold muscles,
58,62,68,89,92-93, bockof €9,110-11'l
104
loreom,89,96-97,'100-101, 94 95 loreorm,98-99
dorsiond, 78
loiissimus oclionoti 89 lowereg,'118-119
lengthof, 96 on lomoe,68 Foldof lhe groln,66-67 H'
movementof, 74,78,96,99 orign ond lnsedon,89 Focn, 124,124-127
musces,89-97 roisedorm,94-95 bonyarch,124-125
leg le olonshlp120
scopuo ond,92-93 Dep€ssofobi inferors,41 musclesof, 126-127
lendons,98,100 D giloiions,
60,62,64 Foreshofen ng, 52,56-57,89, 102
t ceps,90-91 DofsoLspnes of lhoraciclertebloe,78 Form,'10 27,38
upper 89 Da'srm,122, 124,'126
Axilo,62,95 Dropery130-137 bock,70
gestureof, 136 desgn ng, 24 25
Bock10,7219,8A-81 slmpting, 132 fofeorm,100
toms ol 70 supportpo nts,'131,132,134
modelng,80 81 Dtaw)ng,'t2,110,128,139 lneond,12-13
musces of, 72 79 drapery130-137 moe/lbmoe voriaiions, 68
Bockbone, 50 wiih line,12 overlopping,60, 89
Boonce, 82-83 p onesond,54
Biceps,89,90,94 95 Eor34 shopesond, 14 15
orign ond nsettion,89 Eorobe,34 slmplfuing,26 30,52,131
shortheod,95 Egyptonpropodons,21 skeLelol
slrlclureond, 16 19
Bicp tal groo\,€,58,/5, 78 ElG€co, 23 underdrapery131
Bicpiol1rrberosiv96 ELbow'17,89,96,
100 undeiyng structure,10,16-27,131
Brccholis,97
Breoslbone,see SlernLrm pointof, 96
Breosls,68 Ereclorsp noe,72 Go$rocnemius, 122 123
plocemenlmole/femole, 68 Enendorl 96, 123,124 Geomelrc forms,52, 60
Buuocks, 84 85 Extensord gitorumlongus,1'18119,126 Gesfxe, '11,16,24, 136
ExtensoroJlhe greotloe, 126 127 GlobeLo, 38
18,19,122'125
Colconeus, Extensors,
96 97,98 99 Glodious,58
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 Shope, iormsol chesl53-59
prof e of lorso,86 oi dropery131,132
pronolionoi hond,99 ol fornrs,14 '15 formsol 6l
overlopping
rb coge n spoce,52 oulside,14, 134
Posleror femorh,seeHomsTr ng moss smp fuing,132 po$eior ot 70 87
Posleror iLocspne.18 Shinbone, seeTbio prof e ot 86
Pouporlslgoment 66 67 Shorlexlensor of lhe loes,126-127 rb coge,50 52
Pren'rnoryskelches, 12,23 Shouder blodes,seeScopuo shouldefgkd e, 56 57
Shou dergirde,46,56 57
Shou derjo nl,17 Trogus, 34
locio feollres,32 Shouder muscle,58 Tropez us,46,56,76 77,8o 81,89
knee1obody 21 Shouders,82 83 orign ond nserlion,
T6-77
ol lgr'e.2o 23 Skeletolfromework16-19 Tro\,erselendons,62
Renossonce,22 23 Skul,40 Trceps,89,90,92-95
syslems ot 20 23,32 Saetrs,122123 ociionol 90
Spoce,lormsn, 30,52,56 57,60 externoheod ol92-93
Pyramidolis,62 Spne ofihe scopuo,18,75 nlerno heod ol 92 93,94
Slondng, 128 129 ong heod of,92 93
Sternoce domostoid,46 orlgn ond inserlon,90
Quodiceps,21,84,107108 Sternomoslod,34 Ir cepsfemoralis,seeQuodrceps
ociionol 107-108 Stefnum, 17,21,46,50,58 Iuberceof lhe libo,19,21
commontendon,107 Portsol, 58
org n ond inserl
on,107-108 Supnolor 97 99 Uha,17,18,19,89,96-97,100 101
Suprosp noius,74-75 mossng,100-101
Rodus,17,18,19,89,96-97 Symphyss pubis,19,66-67 mo\emeniof, 96 97
movemenlof,96-97 Uprght pose,128
Reciusobdominus,62 Torsqbones,124-125
Reclusfemoris,107,115 '116 Torsus,17,21 \(rue, 34,36,38,80-81,134
Renossonceproporions,22-23 mode ng ihe back,80-81
Rhombodeus, 74-75,80-81 Ternpora is,41 43 \tstus exlernus,107-108,115,116
Rhyrhm, 24-25 Tencion sheeh,76,78 orginond inserton, 107-108
Ribcoge, 21 Tensor fosce oioe,108-109 \bsluslniermedlus, 107
mosslng of,50,52 Teres major62,74-75,80-81,9293, \hsiLrs ,l07,115,116
iniernus,
poslon ng in sPoce,52,56 57 94 95 \brlebrae,'18,19
t pped,64 inseriion, 75 ceNical,19,14-15,76
Ribs,18,19,50,58,60,62 Teres minoi 74 75,80-81,92-95 eeclor spinoemuscesond, 72
corliloge o150,58,62 Thenor mass,102 latssimusdorsiond, 78
Thigh, 107 113 trmbat.19,72,78
Rimot eat seeHelix ironi ot '107 scalenemusces ond,44
homsirngsond, 1'10-111 scopuoe ond, 74 75
socrum,18,19, 72,82 84 movemenlol 108 109 lrapeziusond, 76
mole/femolevraotons,82 83 reloiionsh p lo pelvis,l'12-113 thotaclc,19,50,74 75,78
orion ol ereclorspnoe,72 Thlghbone, seeFemur
orign of g uleusmoximus, 34 Throol46,56,58 vtetgfi , 68, 84, 86,124,02
orign oi lol ssmusdors,78 Thorocc orch,62 on egs,84,86,120
108 109,110 111
Soriorius, Thumb,99, 104 105 a.t laes,122
oclon ol 108 mLrscles of,99,104 plocemeniol 68
ofign ond nserlion, '108109 reolionship1ofingers,104-105 Whiiene,62
Scoene musces,44 Throid codioge,44 Wist,17,96,100 101
ScopLra. 17,18,21,56 \bia, 17, 18,19, 21,118-119
musces oi 60,74 75,78 lLrberc e ol '19,21 Wistbroceleis,102
p ocemenlol 74 75 Tbiohonterior 118119,126
rcohonsh p io orms,9293 lt t, Xiphod process,
17,21,58,62
splneol l8 ol heod,30,34,46,76,83
onierot 95
Serfo'tus of pelvisfor boonce,82 83 Zygomolc orch,40 43
rrognJs,60,64
Serrotus Torso, 48 86 Zygomotclsmolor41
Shodows, 36 onleriorof,48 69 /gomotcusm not 41
bonesol 17,58
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