Nutrition in Animals

1 KEY WORDS:
Absorption Amino acid Amoeba Assimilation Bile Buccal cavity Canine Cellulose Digestion Egestion Fatty acid Food vacuole Gall bladder Glycerol Incisor Ingestion Liver Milk teeth Molar Permanent teeth Oesophagus Pancreas Premolar Pseudopodia Rumen Ruminant Rumination Salivary glands Villi Saliva

11 QUICK ROUNDUP
1) Animal nutrition includes nutrient requirement, mode of intake of food and its utilisation in the body.

2)

3) 4)

5) 6) 7) 8)

The human digestive system consists of the alimentary canal and secretory glands. It consists of the (i) buccal cavity, (ii) oesophagus, (iii) stomach, (iv) small intestine, (v) large intestine ending in rectum and (vi) anus. The main digestive glands which secrete digestive juices are (i) the salivary glands, (ii) the liver and (iii) the pancreas. The stomach wall and the wall of the small intestine also secrete digestive juices. The modes of feeding vary in different organisms. Digestion is a complex process involving: (i) ingestion, (ii) digestion, (iii) absorption, (iv) assimilation and (v) egestion. digestion of protein starts in the stomach. The bile secreted from the liver, the pancreatic juice from the pancreas and the digestive juice from the intestinal wall complete the digestion of all components of food in the small intestine. The digested food is absorbed in the blood vessels in the small intestine. The absorbed substances are transported to different parts of the body. Water and some salts are absorbed from the undigested food in the large intestine. The undigested and unabsorbed residues are expelled out of the body as faeces through the anus. The grazing animals like cows, buffaloes and deer are known as ruminants. They quickly ingest, swallow their leafy food and store it in the rumen. Later, the food returns to the mouth and the animal chews it peacefully. Amoeba ingests its food with the help of its false feet or pseudopodia.The food is digested in the food vacuole

111 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1) The breakdown of complex components of food into simpler substances is called a) digestion b) nutrition c) Rumination d) ingestion 2) The following gland secretes digestive juices a) pancreas b) liver c) salivary glands d) all

3)

Starfish feeds on animals covered by hard shells of a) carbon b)calcium carbonate c)sulphur dioxide d)sulphate

4)

Teeth grows during infancy called a) canines b) molars c) milk teeth d) incisors

5)

The other name for food pipe is a) oesophagus b) stomach c) liver d) alimentary canal

6)

The bile plays an important role in the digestion of a)proteins b)fats. c)carbohydrates d)vitamins

7)

Removal of faecal matter is removed through the anus from time-to-time. a) ingestion b) egestion c) digestion d) assimilation

8)

Finger-like projections, in amoeba is called a)pseudopodia

b)villi c)fingers d)stomata 9) Fat is completely digested in the a) stomach b) mouth c) small intestine d) large intestine 10) Water from the undigested food is absorbed mainly in the a) stomach b) food pipe c) small intestine d) large intestine Keys: 1) a 2) d 3) b 4) c 5) a 6) b 7) b 8) a 9) c 10) d

FILL IN THE BLANKS 1) The breakdown of complex components of food into simpler substances is called__________________
2) Bees and humming birds suck the nectar of ______________

3) Infants of human and many other animals feed on ______________ 4) Snakes like the __________ swallow the animals they prey upon 5) The grass is rich in __________ 6) The pancreatic juice acts on ________________and______________

7) The main steps of digestion in humans are ___________..,___________,_______________,_______________,____________ ____. 8) The largest gland in the human body is ________________. 9) The stomach releases ________________ and digestive juices which act on food. 10)The inner wall of the small intestine has many finger-like outgrowths called _________. 11) __________ digests its food in the food vacuole . Keys: 1)digest ion. 2) plants 3)mother milk 4) python 5)cellulose 6)carbohydrates and proteins 7) ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation and egestion 8) liver 9)hydrochloric acid 10) villi 11) amoeba

True/False against the following statements :

(a)

Digestion of starch starts in the stomach. (F)

(b) The tongue helps in mixing food with saliva. (T) (c) The gall bladder temporarily stores bile. (F) (d) The ruminants bring back swallowed grass into their mouth and chew it for some time. (T)

MATCH THE FOLLOWING

A 1) 2) 3) 4) Keys: 1) a 2) c 3) d 4) b A 1) Salivary gland 2) Stomach 3) Liver 4) Rectum 5) small intestine 6) Large intestine B a) Bile juice secretion b) Storage of undigested food c) Saliva secretion d) Acid release e) Digestion is completed f) Absorption of water Food components Carbohydrates Proteins Fats ( ( ( ( B ) ) ) ) a) Product(s) of digestion b)Fatty acids and glycerol c) Sugar d) Amino acids

( ( ( ( ( (

) ) ) ) ) )

Keys: 1) c 2) d 3) a 4) b 5) e 6) f

One mark questions

1) What is Digestion? ans)The breakdown of complex components of food into simpler substances is called digest ion. 2) What is egection? ans) 3) Removal of fecal material from human body

Name the juice secereted by liver? ans) bile juice

4)

Name the juice secereted by pancreas? ans) Pancreatic juice

5)

What are the fingure like projections in small intestine? ans) villi

6)

Which teeth is used to cut food? ans) Insicors

7)

What do you call digestion in animals? ans)rumination

8) ans)

Name any one unicellular animal? Amoeba

Two mark Questions

1) What is ingestion? ans) Food is taken into the body through the mouth. The process of taking food into the body is called ingestion 2) How many types of teeth are there? Name them? ans) 4 types of teeth are there . They are a)Incisors b)canins c)premolars d)molars 3) What are villi? What is their location and function? Answer : Villi are finger-like outgrowths present on the inner walls of the small intestine. They number in thousands. The main functions of villi is to speed up the absorption of the digested food in small intestine by increased surface area for absorption of the digested food. Each villus (singular of Villi) has a network of thin and small blood vessels close to its surface. The surface of the villi absorbs the digested food materials. The absorbed substances are transported via the blood vessels to different organs of the body where they are used to build complex substances such as the proteins required by the body

4) Where is the bile produced? Which component of the food does it digest? Answer : The bile is produced in liver. The liver is a reddish brown gland situated in the upper part of the abdomen on the right side. It is the largest gland in the body. It secretes bile juice that is stored in a sac called the gall bladder .The bile plays an important role in the digestion of fats

5) Name the type of carbohydrate that can be digested by ruminants but not by humans. Give the reason also Answer : Cellulose, a type of carbohydrate which is present in grass can be digested by ruminants but not by humans. Ruminants have a large sac-like structure between the small intestine and large intestine. The cellulose of the food is digested here by the action of certain bacteria which are not present in humans

Long answers questions

1) What are the compartments present in digestive system of human beings? ans) The buccal cavity, (2) foodpipe or oesophagus , (3) stomach, (4) intestine, (5) ending in the rectum and (6) the anus. Is it not a very long path? These parts together form the alimentary canal tract). The food components gradually get digested as food travels through the various compartments. The inner walls of the stomach and the small intestine,and the various glands such as glands , the l iver and the secrete digestive juices. The digestive juices convert complex substances offood into simpler ones. The digestive tract and the associated glands together constitute the digestive system

2) Explain an activity to show that effect of saliva on strach?

ans)Take two test tubes. Label them A and B. In test tube A put one teaspoonful of boiled rice; in test tube B keep one teaspoonful of boiled rice after chewing it for 3 to 5 minutes. Add 34 mL of water in both the test tubes. Now pour 23 drops of iodine solution in each test tube and observe. Why is there a change in colour in the test tubes? Discuss the results with your classmates and your teacher. The breaks down the starch into sugars. The tongue is a fleshy muscular organ attached at the back to the floor of the buccal cavity. It is free at the front and can be moved in all directions. We use our tongue for talking. Besides,it mixes saliva with the food during chewing and helps in swallowing food. We also taste food with our tongue. It has taste buds that detect different tastes of food.

3) Why do we get instant energy from glucose? Answer : As we know during digestion, carbohydrates which are complex substances can not be used as such by body for its energy requirement. They are further broken down into simpler substances such as Glucose, which takes time. Glucose is the end product and simplest form of carbohydrate, which is readily consumed by blood cells. Blood cells converts this glucose into Energy, Water and carbon dioxide using oxygen from respiration process. Energy so produced is utilized by the body for brain and various other functions. Therefor direct availability of glucose gives us instant energy as it surpasses the other time consuming processes involved in digestion of food and its conversion into usable components. 4) Which part of the digestive canal is involved in: (i) absorption of food --small intestine. (ii) chewing of food -- mouth . (iii) killing of bacteria --stomach (iv) complete digestion of food --small intestine. (v) formation of faeces-- large intestine.

5) Write one similarity and one difference between the nutrition in amoeba and human beings. Similarity: For Nutrition requirement, Amoeba traps food article in a food vacuole. Here digestive juices are secreted into the food vacuole. They act on the food and break it down into simpler substances. Gradually the digested food is absorbed. Similarly, In human being, the inner linings of stomach and the small intestine also secrete the digestive juices. The digestive juices convert complex substances of food to simpler ones. Difference: Amoeba feeds on some microscopic organisms. When it senses food, it pushes out finger-like projections, called pseudopodia or false feet around the food particle. The food is trapped in a food vacuole. Where as Human beings consumes different forms of food through the mouth using real fingers and utilize it for his nutrition and energy requirement through the process of digestion at different level.

6) Label Fig. 2.11 of the digestive system. Human Digestive System

7) Can we survive only on raw, leafy vegetables/grass? Discuss. Answer : We know that human being , including all animals, fungi, many bacteria, nongreen plants do not possess the ability to synthesize their own food like autotrophs. Hence for food supply , they depend upon autotrophs like green plants either directly or indirectly. The green plants (leafy vegetables / grass) trap solar energy and manufacture their food in the form of glucose. As glucose is the most useful, readily consumable product for energy requirement by human being, therefor we can survive only on raw, leafy vegetables/grass.

Extended Learning Activities and Project 1. Visit a doctor and find out: (i) Under what conditions does a patient need to be on a drip of glucose? (ii) Till when does a patient need to be given glucose? (iii) How does glucose help the patient recover? Write the answers in your notebook. 2. Find out what vitamins are and get the following information. (i) Why are vitamins necessary in the diet? (ii) Which fruits or vegetables should be eaten regularly to get vitamins? Write a one-page note on the information collected by you. You may take help of a doctor, a dietician, your teacher or any other person, or from any other source .3. Collect data from your friends, neighbours and classmates to know more about milk teeth. Tabulate your data. One way of doing it is given below: S. No. Age at which Age at which No. of teeth No. of teeth first tooth fell last tooth fell lost replaced 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Find out from at least twenty children and find the average age at which children lose the milk teeth. You may take help of your friends. You can read more on the following website: www.health.howstuffworks.com/adam-200142.htm