SAFETY AND SECURITY MEASURES IN BUILDINGS

[PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE]

SUBMITTED BY: GROUP-1

1. 2. 3. 4. 0702403001 0702403005 0702403006 0702403020 PAVITRA SAHU SRUTEE BHUT SURYA SIKHA NAYAK SUSMITA SEN

SAFETY AND SECURITY MEASURES IN BUILDINGS:

Safe and secure living is more than just locks and security features. Fire, falls, terrorist attacks and earthquake activities can affect your safety. Be aware and prepared and you can significantly reduce the safety risks in your building. In addition to respecting all relevant provisions, laws, bylaws and regulations concerning safety and security measures on a building site including, without limiting the generality of the foregoing, those contained in the National Building Code, in Law 17 (Act Respecting Occupational Health and Safety, RSQ Ch. 5-2.1) as it relates to safety and security, It is the responsibility of all building occupants to promote and maintain lifesafety. Raise awareness Provide general life-safety guidelines Promote self-monitoring and compliance Provide assistance as needed

We have considered some major safety and security issues for the buildings are as follows:

EARTHQUAKE SAFETY MEASURES:Building Safety and Earthquakes, describing earthquakes and their effects on buildings. Most earthquakes are caused by rock movement along rupturing faults located in the earths crust. Structural systems using concrete or masonry shear walls are stiff and result in buildings with short periods, whereas more flexible moment frame systems have longer periods. In general, a large portion of the earthquake energy is contained in short-period waves. Therefore, short-period buildings with stiff structural systems are designed for larger forces than long period, flexible, buildings. This concept is also applicable to the amount of force individual structural seismic elements and their components must resist. Stiff elements must be made stronger because they will attempt to resist larger earthquake forces than flexible elements in the same structural system.

TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION The types of construction usually adopted in buildings are as follows: a) Framed construction b) Box type construction FRAMED CONSTRUCTION This type of construction is suitable for multistoried and industrial buildings 1. Vertical Load Carrying Frame Construction This type of construction consists of frames with flexible (hinged) joints and bracing members. Steel multistoried building or industrial frames and timber construction usually are of this type. Such buildings shall be adequately strengthened against lateral forces by shear walls and/or other bracing systems in plan, elevation and sections such that earthquake forces shall be resisted by them in any direction. 2. Moment Resistant Frames with Shear Walls The frames may be of reinforced concrete or steel with semi-rigid or rigid joints. The walls are rigid capable of acting as shear walls and may be of reinforced concrete or of brickwork reinforced or unreinforced bounded by framing members through shear connectors. The frame and wall combination shall be designed to carry the total lateral force due to earthquake acting on the building. The frame acting alone shall be designed to resist at least 25 percent of the total lateral force. The shear walls shall preferably be distributed evenly over the whole building. When concentrated at one point, forming what is called a rigid core in the building, the design shall be checked for torsion effects and the shear connection between the core and the floors conservatively designed for the total shear transfer. The shear walls should extend from the foundation either to the top of the building or to a lesser height as required from design consideration. In design, the interaction between frame and the shear walls should be considered properly to satisfy compatibility and equilibrium conditions.

NOTE Studies show that shear walls of height about 85 percent of total height of building are advantageous. BOX TYPE CONSTRUCTION This type of construction consists of prefabricated or in situ masonry, concrete or reinforced concrete wall along both the axes of the building. The walls support vertical loads and also act as shear walls for horizontal loads acting in any direction. All traditional masonry construction falls under this category. In prefabricated construction attention shall be paid to the connections between wall panels so that transfer of shear between them is ensured. Earthquake Construction methods usually follow for building construction are: EARTHQUAKE STRAPS

Earthquake straps are metal, cloth or plastic straps that prevent furniture, appliances, and electronics from tipping over during an earthquake. Earthquake straps attach different objects to walls, preventing them from tipping over and injuring people. FOUNDATION RETROFITS

Many buildings in earthquake zones built before 1980 do not meet modern earthquake safety requirements. Making the building more resistant to earthquakes involves retrofitting it with bolts to attach it to the foundation and straps to prevent the structure from sliding off of the foundation. In some foundations, plywood is added to increase the lateral strength of the place the walls meet the foundation. BUILDING MATERIALS

The best building materials for earthquake zones are materials that will bend, and will not break or shatter. Wood bends more than masonry or concrete. If masonry is used, heavy concrete supports with adequate re-bar to allow for flexing during earthquakes is critical. Supports must have enough re-bar to prevent the concrete supports from shattering or collapsing. BASE ISOLATION

In new construction, the type of earthquake remediation will depend on the type of soil below the structure. In some cases, a technique like base isolation may be called for. There are a number of base isolation systems available. One technique places the structure on rubber mounts which allow the earth to move under the structure without moving the protected structure. The other technique involves

using material that slides, such as a lead-bronze plate on a steel base, to allow the ground under the building to move while isolating movement of the building. DAMPERS

In larger buildings, like Taipei 101 in Taiwan, a large damper is placed at the top of the building to counteract ground movement. This method uses a tuned mass, or a mass optimized for the size and weight of the building, that acts as a pendulum to stabilize the building as the ground moves underneath.

REMEDIAL

MEASURES

FOR

EXISTING

BUILDINGS

TO

ENSURE REASONABLE FIRE SAFETY:

Following are the mandatory fire safety measures in existing buildings for different occupancies and categories i.e., All buildings of 15 metres and above in height. Non Residential buildings of 500 Sq. metres and above in area irrespective of height. Assembly and Educational buildings of 6 metres and above in height.

Items marked as * may not be insisted in case Apartment Complexes of height above 15 Meters and below 18 Meters, schools and other buildings where the floor area on each floor is less than 500 Sq. M and height is below 15 M.
FIRE SAFETY MEASURE MEANS OF ACCESS

Provide one entry and one exit with a width of minimum 4.50 meters with head clearance of 5.00 meters by removing cables, wires, arches, etc to ensure access to the Fire Vehicles.

Provide facility for external access by Firemen to upper floors through openable, windows in closed balconies and panels in glass facade, etc., for facilitating Rescue and Fire Fighting purposes.

FIRE ESCAPES OR EXTERNAL STAIRS:

a. Fire escape shall not be taken into account while calculating the number of staircases for a building. b. All fire escapes shall be directly connected to the ground. c. Entrance to the fire escape shall be separate and remote from internal staircase.

d. The route to fire escape shall be free of obstructions at all times except the doorway leading to the fire escape which shall have the required fire resistance. e. Fire escape shall be constructed of non-combustible materials. f. Fire escape stairs shall have straight flight not less than 125 cm wide with 25 cm treads and risers not more than 19 cm. g. Handrails shall be at a height not less than 100 cm. h. Fire escape staircase in the mercantile, business, assembly, hotel buildings above 24 m. height shall be a fire tower and in such a case width of the same shall not be less than the width of the main staircase. No combustible material shall be allowed in the fire tower. SPIRAL STAIRS The use of spiral staircase shall be limited to low occupant load and to a building height 9 m. A spiral stair shall not be less than 150 cm in diameter and shall be designed to give the adequate headroom. STAIRCASE ENCLOSURES a. The external enclosing walls of the staircase shall be of the brick or the R.C.C. construction having fire resistance of not less than two hours. All enclosed staircases shall have access through self-closing door of one-hour fire resistance. These shall be single swing doors opening in the direction of the escape. The door shall be fitted with the check action door closers. b. The staircase enclosures on the external wall of the building shall be ventilated to the atmosphere at each landing. c. Permanent vent at the top equal to the 5% of the cross sectional area of the enclosure and openable sashes at each floor level with area equal to 1 to 15% of the cross sectional area of the enclosure on external shall be provided. The roof of the shaft shall be at least 1 m. above the surrounding roof. There shall be no glazing or the glass bricks in any internal closing wall of staircase. If the staircase is in the core of the building and cannot be ventilated at each landing, a positive of 5-mm. w.g. by electrically operated blower/blowers shall be maintained. d. The mechanism for pressurizing the staircase shaft shall be so installed that the same shall operate automatically on fire alarm system/sprinkler system and be provided with manual operation facilities.

RAMPS a) Ramps of slope of not more than 1 in 10 may be substituted for and shall comply with all the applicable requirements of all required stairways as to enclosure capacity and limiting dimensions. Larger slopes shall be provided for special uses but in no case greater than 1 in 8. For all slopes exceeding 1 in 10 and where the use is such as to involve danger of slipping, the ramp shall be surfaced with approved non-slipping material. b) The minimum width of the ramps in the Hospitals shall be 2.4 m. and in the basement using car parking shall be 6.0 m. c) Handrails shall be provided on both sides of the ramp. d) Ramp shall lead directly to outside open space at ground level or courtyards of safe place. e) For building above 24.0 m. in height, access to ramps from any floor of the building shall be through smoke fire check door. f) In case of nursing homes, hospitals etc. area exceeding 300 sq m. at each floor one of the exit facility shall be a ramp of not less than 2.4 m. in width.

LIFTS

a. Provision of the lifts shall be made for all multi-storeyed building having a height of 15.0 m. and above. b. All the floors shall be accessible for 24 hrs. by the lift. The lift provided in the buildings shall not be considered as a means of escape in case of emergency. c. Grounding switch at ground floor level to enable the fire service to ground the lift car in case of emergency shall also be provided. d. The lift machine room shall be separate and no other machinery be installed in it.
SERVICE DUCTS/REFUGE CHUTE

a. Service duct shall be enclosed by walls and door, if any, of 2 hours fire rating. If ducts are larger than 10 sq m. the floor should seal them, but provide suitable opening for the pipes to pass through, with the gaps sealed. b. A vent opening at the top of the service shaft shall be provided between one-fourth and one-half of the area of the shaft. Refuge chutes shall have an outlet at least of wall of non-combustible

material with fire resistance of not less than two hours. They shall not be located within the staircase enclosure or service shafts or airconditioning shafts. Inspection panel and door shall be tight fitting with 1 hour fire resistance; the chutes should be as far away as possible form exits. c. Refuge chutes shall not be provided in staircase walls and A/C shafts etc.
FIRE DAMPERS

a. These shall be located in air ducts and return air ducts/passages at the following points: i. At the fire separation wall. ii. Where ducts/passages enter the central vertical shaft. iii. Where the ducts pass through floors. iv. At the inlet of supply air duct and the return air duct of each compartment on every floor. b. The dampers shall operate automatically and shall simultaneously switch off the air- handling fans. Manual operation facilities shall also be provided. c. Fire/smoke dampers (for smoke extraction shafts) for building more than 24 m. in height. v. For apartment houses in non-ventilated lobbies /corridor operated by detection system and manual control sprinkler system. vi. For other buildings on operation of smoke/ heat detection system and manual control/sprinkler system. vii. Automatic fire dampers shall be so arranged so as to close by gravity in the direction of air movement and to remain tightly closed on operation of a fusible link.
OPEN SPACE

1. *Providing 6 Meters Leveled, Metalled, access space (open to sky) by removing obstructions like Fixtures, Structures, Parking, Booths, Cabins, Generators, etc., to ensure movement of the Fire Vehicles around the building. 2. In case the above is impossible in the existing premises, provide removable partition in place of masonry compound wall for enabling joint access space of 6 meters all round the building with a turning radius of 9 meters at corners.

3. *Providing drainage/manhole/water tank covers with adequate strength to bear the weight of Fire Vehicle i.e., 25 tons. 4. No-Parking Rule shall be strictly enforced in the 6 Meters access space for Fire Vehicles.
MEANS OF ESCAPE

1. 2.

3.

4.

5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

12.

13.

14.

Providing External Staircase (minimum One Number) with 1.25 meters width constructed either with RCC / Fire protected M.S. In case the above is impossible in the existing Premises, provide horizontal emergency exit through adjacent buildings via suitable bridges preferably at terrace level. Additional 1.50 meters (minimum) width Internal Staircase(s) where aggregate width requirement is deficient based on (i) For every 50 cms. Of stair width, the number of occupants allowing is 25 and 50 and (ii) Travel distance should not exceed 30/45 Meters to facilitate means of escape. In case the above is impossible in existing premises, suitably enhanced horizontal exits shall be provided preferably through Fire doors leading to adjacent Fire compartment, which in any case, are required, if floor area exceeds 500 M2 /750 M2 in case of Mercantile/other occupancies. Emergency Lighting with Battery Backup of minimum 4 hours in corridors/common passages and staircases to facilitate means of escape. Generator for reliable alternate source of electric supply. Public Address System with Battery backup. Manually operated Fire Alarm System. Ventilation shall be provided at every landing of the External staircase in all floors for venting smoke to facilitate means of escape. Corridors and staircases shall be kept free from obstructions like goods, merchandise, etc., to facilitate means of escape. *Fire Doors with two hours fire resistance shall be provided at appropriate places along the escape route and particularly at the entrance to lift lobby and stairwell to prevent spread of fire and smoke. *Compartmentation if Floor area more than 500 M2 /750 M2 to restrict spread of Fire and Smoke by providing Fire resistant walls/doors at appropriate locations. Smoke management measures in respect of Internal Staircases (protected Escape Routes) for all High Rise Buildings and buildings having mixed occupancy having covered area more than 500 M2 area. Safeguard against ingress of smoke or fumes from Fires in Transformers, fuel tanks, parked cars, cooking areas, etc., into building or exit paths.

15. 16.

*Provide Fireman Lift for every 1200 M of Floor area, if the building height exceeds 15 Mtrs. A swing door shall be provided in all grill type and collapsible door type lifts to avoid smoke getting into the lift.

FIRST AID FIRE FIGHTING EQUIPMENT

Portable Fire Extinguishers shall be provided as per IS Specification 2190:1992 in all floors. Enhanced requirements may be stipulated, if so required, for ensuring safety by the Fire Service Department.

FIXED FIRE FIGHTING INSTALLATIONS

Based on the heights and occupancy prescribed, fixed Fire Fighting Installations shall be provided (Hose Reels, Dry Riser, Wet Riser, Down Comer, Yard Hydrant, Automatic Sprinkler System, Manually operated Electric Fire Alarm Systems, Automatic Detection and Alarm System, Underground Static Water Storage Tank, Terrace Tank and Fire Pumps). Subject to approval of the Fire Service Department, neighbors could have shared installations (for example as in gated community developments, group housing schemes, or as in a series or groups of buildings in a central area, market, colonies, and the like) taking into account the requirements of the largest building being shared.
ELECTRICAL SAFETY

1.

2.

Electrical wiring and installations shall be certified by an Electrical Engineer once in 5 years for Apartments and once in 2 years for the other occupancies. Fire Safety of batteries system in UPSs to be checked in particular. In all High Rise residential complexes and in non-residential occupancies like mercantile, business, assembly, storage, provides: Fast acting Miniature Circuit Breakers (MCBs) to clear short circuits before they can develop into fires and External main power switches to enable isolate power and forestall short circuits and consequent fires, in the premises, when it is not manned. However, Security/Fire alarms and emergency lighting to remain powered through separate low power well protected ancillary circuits.

3.

4. 5. 6. 7.

Air-conditioning shall have fire protection measures like Automatic Dampers, etc to prevent spreading of smoke and fumes which could otherwise endanger life security. Transformers shall be protected with 4 hours rating Fire resistant construction with smoke vent to outside, unless separated from Main Building by 6 Meters distance. Transformers if provided indoor or in basement, shall be provided with automatic High Pressure Water Spray system. One Foam Trolley of 22.5 liters capacity at Electrical Transformer as mandatorily required per IS 2190. Prevent Combustible oil used in Transformers or Diesel Engines, Spreading Fire to other areas, by providing soak pits and curbs. Transformer shall have access for firefighting from minimum three sides of it, especially if it is located outdoor within six meters of any building. This will enable overcome the serious deficiency in Fire Safety of the transformers and surroundings with are otherwise difficult and costly to rectify.

LPG/COOKING GASES

1. L P Gas pipe lines shall be run in separate shafts away from the staircases on external walls. 2. Adequate ventilation shall be provided for storage of LPG cylinders. 3. Periodical checking of LPG stoves/pipes/cylinders by authorized Mechanic of Gas Distributor.
FIRE SAFETY PLAN AND FIRE DRILLS

1. Occupants shall be made thoroughly conversant with their action in the event of an emergency by displaying fire notices at vantage points in broad lettering. 2. Fire Notices/orders shall be prepared to fulfill the requirements of fire fighting and evacuation in the event of fire and other emergency 3. Fire Drills shall be conducted once in three months for the first two years and subsequently once in six months. 4. Training of the Security/Teaching/Medical Staff and selected Employees in First Aid Fire Fighting and Evacuation.

GENERAL

1. Conversion of occupancy without prior approval shall not be permitted. 2. Stilt Floor and Basement shall be used exclusively for parking purpose and permitted utilities only so as to help prevent parking encroachment into access space for Fire Vehicles. 3. Good Housekeeping shall be ensured. 4. Terrace Door shall always be openable from inside, without keys. 5. Automatic sprinkler system shall be provided in the basement if the area exceeds 200 M.
SPECIFIC RECOMMENDATIONS

1. In Industrial occupancies access to internal buildings and vulnerable fire locations to be ensured. 2. Provide bridges between adjacent buildings with Fire Doors for emergency exit. 3. Provide smoke barriers for every 280 Sq. Mts. Floor area for in patients in Hospitals and ramps for evacuating in patients. 4. Special smoke management measures shall be provided for Multiplexes, large Shopping Malls if inter floor compartmentation is not feasible. 5. Smoke venting measures shall be provided particularly for Cinemas, Assembly, Mercantile, Institutional and Industrial occupancies. 6. Fire Cracker godowns, etc., should not be allowed in Residential/Mercantile areas. SIGNAGES Signs must be used, where necessary, to help people identify escape routes, find fire-fighting equipment and emergency fire telephones. However, signs may not be required for very simple small premises where all the exits are in regular use and familiar to all (eg, in a small village school). Appropriate signs should also take into account the age and ability of pupils or students. NOTICES Notices must be used, where necessary, to provide the following: instructions on how to use any fire safety equipment; the actions to be taken in the event of fire; and Information for the fire and rescue service. All signs and notices should be positioned so that they can be easily seen and understood.

SECURITY MEASURES: BASIC DESIGN OPPORTUNITIES FOR SECURITY

Long-term solutions should be planned thoughtfully to balance security, the desire for openness, and financial priorities. The following are some opportunities to consider when integrating security into building design. LAYERING AND ZONES OF SECURITY It is important to think of a building as a series of concentric layers and zones within those layers (site, faade, interior, interior specialty spaces) and to consider the level of security required for each. The level of security increases relative to ones proximity to the building and its most critical functions. A targeted protection strategy, which locates certain assets in a specific protected area, can be more cost-effective than trying to protect those assets in multiple areas. Installation of perimeter security is common when standoff distances are required. BLAST STANDOFF Security perimeters are set as far out from a building as the site permits to decrease the likelihood that a bomb, particularly a vehicle bomb, could damage the structure. The greater the standoff distance, the less hardening a property needs. Effective standoff is easier to achieve when the tactic is considered before construction rather than as a retrofit. In government buildings, a 50-foot standoff distance is now the requested norm. In congested urban areas, however, such a standoff distance is nearly impossible to achieve. HARDENING THE BUILDING When a standoff distance cannot be achieved, another option may be to harden the building. This can be accomplished by constructing more mass, perhaps by using more concrete, incorporating fewer windows, and enhancing the structural system. Windows may also be designed with a blast curtain that absorbs the force of an explosion instead of resisting it; these curtains diffuse the blasts and catch shrapnel before it reaches the buildings occupants.

LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE Landscape architecture can play an important role in providing natural security protection, not only for directing people through the grounds to appropriate entrances, but also as barriers to protect buildings from vehicles. Planters and bollards in front of buildings may provide protection while enhancing the physical appearance of a facility. THE PARKING QUESTION While garages serving government tenants require employee badges for parking or restrict truck access to patrolled areas, businesses often have fairly open access to parking. A parking garage may be, in fact, one of a buildings most vulnerable areas. Potential solutions include requiring employee badges for garage entry, limiting self-parking to badge holders, and restricting large vehicles to controlled areas. ACCESS CONTROL Some businesses are implementing stiffer measures for controlling access both inside and outside their facilities. Security at suburban sites tends to focus on exterior access control, while downtown office security focuses on interior access control. Variables such as the size of the building, the amount of pedestrian traffic, vehicle access and proximity, existence of loading docks, and type of parking available are considered in making decisions about exterior access. CRIME PREVENTION THROUGH ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN Natural surveillance reducing blind spots and other measures to increase the ability of occupants and casual observers (police on the outside and legitimate visitors inside) to see and monitor persons and activities. This includes sufficient numbers and size of windows for visibility in and out, along with low shrubs and high tree canopies so as not to obstruct visibility; Territorial Reinforcement Establishing some sense of psychological ownership and responsibility among building tenants and employees so as to increase their vigilance, and the likelihood that they will defend their property against incursion by challenging intruders or reporting suspicious acts;

Natural access control using doors, walls, shrubbery and other natural or manmade obstacles to direct vehicle and pedestrian traffic to limited numbers of controlled access points. Isolated or "risk" areas such as loading or delivery docks should receive special attention, including increased lighting, locking, and observation (patrol, alarm, or when a building security staff is present, CCTV) - all to deter or prevent unauthorized access to the building while monitoring activities; and, Maintenance and management owners / operators taking steps to ensure that the building looks well cared-for and crime-free in such areas as lighting, paint, signage and the prompt repair of broken or defaced items. This sends a message to criminals, and others, that someone cares and is looking-out for and responsible for the building.