SVEUILITE U ZADRU

ODJEL ZA PROMET I POMORSTVO

PREDDILPOMSKI STUDIJ NAUTIKE I TEHNOLOGIJE POMORSKOG PROMETA

Engleski jezik struke VI

Seminarski rad

Sustavi elektronskih karata : Rasterske karte

Student :

Marko Barei

Profesorica : Vesna imievi

Zadar, 2011.

Using an electronic navigational chart (ENC) is a lot like using paper charts but with more information that can ensure a safer travel route for ships. Different kinds of information can be layered on top of the standard digital chart giving navigators a better chance of plotting safer routes. Electronic Navigational Chart An electronic navigational chart, or ENC, is the digital form of a marine navigational chart that is published to aid ships to navigate through international waters. It is, in essence, a database of information essential to safely navigating major bodies of water. All of these charts are published and conform to International Hydrographic Organization, or IHO, standards. The use of an ENC makes ship navigation easier and faster, and effectively safer.

A raster chart (RNC) is a direct copy or scan of an existing paper chart. Raster charts look identical to paper charts. All information contained within the chart is printed directly on it. What you see is what you get. When zooming in and out of a raster chart everything on the chart grows larger or smaller. When rotating a raster chart every thing on the chart rotates.

A vector chart (ENC) is a series of points and lines that make up the features on a chart. Vector charts look computer generated. Details on the chart can be turned on and off. Objects on the chart can be clicked on to learn more details. Depths can be monitored to warn before grounding. When zooming in and out of a vector chart only the geographical features grow larger or smaller where text keeps it's same size and orientation. Vector charts lack most topographical features.

Which is best? Chart publishers argue about whether vector charts are better than raster charts or vice versa when running on a computer. We feel that each type has its advantages, and either type can serve you very well. In making your choice, consider the following: Type of boat? First, what type of boat do you have? Vector charts can be displayed on dedicated plotters. Unlike most PCs, most plotters are marinized and can be weatherproof. Most operate on 12 volts, and many have screens that allow operation in bright sunlightfeatures you rarely find on a PC. Typically, we find that skippers of boats less than 40 feet tend to prefer dedicated plotters using vector charts, while those with boats over 40 feet tend to prefer PC-based chart systems. However, there are many exceptions. Appearance? (Second, what kind of chart do you want to look at? If you demand one that looks exactly like a paper chart, then you'll want raster charts. Keep in mind, however, that C-Map, Passport and Transas vector charts look very much like what you see on a paper chart, especially when displayed on a color computer screen. Plotter screens are usually smaller than

computer screens, which can make them more difficult to read. Ultimately the decision might hinge on what looks best to your eye. Use of Electronic Navigational Charts Electronic navigational charts give a ship's navigation system the correct information that allows it to navigate waters safely and in a fast manner. The essential information include the positions of ships, dangerous areas that allow for early warnings to navigators and extensive map and radar images. Using digital charts makes it easier for navigators to have access to all kinds of information. Because it is digital, it can be enlarged or made smaller, displaying important information to the navigator in a very convenient way and as they see fit. Navigators can skip using paper charts if the digital charts they have comply to vector format standards set for ENCs.

Elements of an Electronic Navigational Chart 5

Areas that determine coastal and harbor locations as well as those that dictate the approach of the ship towards land are indicated on the chart using a color coded legend. Of course, names of land masses and bodies of water are also indicated. This information is available in the standard mode of viewing digital charts. Other information like water depth and sailing directions are available in layers that can be applied to the standard view of the chart. The information in an electronic navigational chart contains standardized elements such as structure and format, ensuring that digital navigation complies to one ruling body, which is, in this case, the IHO.

RASTER CHARTS
Raster Charts are basically Electronic Photographs of the original official paper charts which are stored in a computer readable form. (Notes:This is not simply scanned image. All charts is drawing manually with all details of a paper's original. Due to this they have quality of a vector charts) The image is built up of a large grid of tiny coloured dots (pixels), normally at resolutions of 100 by 100 dots per inch (or more). This is the fastest, easiest and least expensive way to create electronic charts and they are created by simply scanning the paper chart. Various reference information is then added so that latitude and longitude positions can be calculated. The resulting raster charts can then be reproduced on a computer screen with the appropriate navigation software. Because raster charts are basically a photograph of the paper chart all the information is shown on the computer screen exactly as it is on the paper, i.e. all the symbology is the same, the text is the same, the white border of the chart is present, etc. This can be an advantage (the electronic chart is immediately familiar and understandable to the user) or a disadvantage (the chart can not be easily manipulated) depending on the users requirements and needs. Zooming and panning is also generally limited with a Raster Chart since when zooming in for greater detail, the photographic image is simply magnified and no more detail can or will appear.

The advantages of raster charts are as follows:

-Faithfulness of reproduction. The electronic chart looks just like the familiar paper chart -They are generally cheaper than the Vector charts -The coverage is generally much wider than the coverage of Vector charts The disadvantages are as follows: -No information can be selectively removed or displayed at different zoom levels -Generally raster charts are not easy to update (Notes: Our charts are easy to update) -Raster charts are generally slower to display on the screen. -Raster chart systems are generally more memory intensive and can take many megabytes to store the image of a single nautical chart. They are generally distributed on CD-ROM and therefore Raster chart systems normally require a CD-ROM drive. (Notes: Our charts has small size and can be distributed by Internet and stored on your hard disk)

Maritime transport is an important aspect of the economy of every maritime state and this needs safety and efficiency. Intense traffic and bigger ships require our focus to increase the safety of navigation. There are numbers of different tools and systems, which are used to satisfy these demands. Our forefathers have sailed using paper charts and sextant, today we use radar, ARPA, GPS, nautical charts and publications. One of fundamental aid for safe navigation on board ship has been, is and will be nautical chart. Through the history there were paper nautical charts. To satisfy the demands of dense traffic and to process a lot of information, which are coming to the ships bridge, modern navigation needs modern computer-aided navigation tools. One of the basic components for the modern navigation equipment is Electronic Navigational Chart (ENC), which can help mariners to steer their ship safely, precisely, on time and with more efficiency. The paper will analyse the basic standards of the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO), different types of electronic charts and systems, and how do users see this new navigational tool. The analysis will show the difference between electronic charts systems, different types of electronic charts and the benefits from using them for navigation at sea. As a result of the research, suggestions will be made, what to be used under SOLAS convention and how navigators, shipping companies and safety of navigation can benefit from this.

LITERATURE: Title: The Electronic Chart, 3rd Edition Authors: Horst Hecht, Bernhard Berking, Mathias Jonas and Lee Alexander Publisher: Geomares Publishing, 2011