Introduction to Biomechanics: implant engineering and tissue mechanics

Director: Trinity Centre for Bioengineering www.biomechanics.ie

Patrick Prendergast

Trinity Centre for Bioengineering

Biomechanics
Definition : the study of the mechanical laws
relating to the movement or structure of living systems
Development of medical devices and therapies in collaboration with surgeons/physicians

Modelling in biomechanics: A model is a

simplified representation of a system for the purposes of analysisng the system

Physical models (prototypes, cadaver models, laboratory bench tests) Computational models Animal models

De Motu Animalium (1670)

J

The beginning of biomechanics

Taking moments about the muscle inserton site (C) gives Jx|IO|=Rx|RI|. And since |IO|<<|RI| then J>>R. Therefore joint forces are massive!

The structure of an animals musculoskeletal system was optimal and not just fit (in the Darwinian sense)

Principles of Animal Mechanics (1870)

Rev.Dr Samuel Haughton

Calculated, for optimality, that ratio of fibre lengths = 2, and measured a mean fibre length = 2.05!

professor proposes theory of joint lubrication

Synovial joint mechanics (1960) Cork

Michael MacConaill at 22

Role for menisci of the knee in creating the correct inclination for hydrodynamic lubrication

Design of Implants - 1
Design
Procedural rules that engineers may follow in the design of a product. Needs analysis (collaboration between surgeon/physician & engineer Clinical need Quality system regulations Design history file

Pre-clinical testing

Design of Implants - 2

Issues particular to implants and

prostheses
Magnitude and direction of the load change and are not accurately known, and are patient dependant in any case. Tissues react to the mechanical environment Physiological joint kinematics precise replication of natural joint kinematics impossible. Limited range of materials because of biocompatibility issues Surgical factors: prosthesis must be implantable

Design of Implants - 3

Historical developments
Forces determining how implant designs change;

e.g., hip Evolution of designs

Design of Implants - 4

Improvements?
1979-1986
100 100 95 90 85 80 75 70 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 95 90 85 80 75 70 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 Cemented Implants Cementles s Implants

1987-1996

Pe rce nt not Re v ise d

Cemented Implants Cementles s Implants

Ye ars Postope rativ e ly

Pe rce nt not Re v ise d

Ye ars Postope rativ e ly

Mechanical Engineering of Implants

Hip prosthesis Shoulder prostheses Cardiovascular stents Middle ear prostheses

Hip prosthesis just for you

Mechanical Engineering of Implants

Hip prosthesis Shoulder prostheses Cardiovascular stents Middle ear prostheses

Mechanical Engineering of Implants

Hip prosthesis Shoulder prostheses Cardiovascular stents Middle ear prostheses

How does the human ear function?

Incus Stapes

Malleus

Oval Window

Mechanical Engineering of Implants

Hip prosthesis Shoulder prostheses Cardiovascular stents Middle ear prostheses

(must understand how tissus work before we can replace them)

Tissues

Skeletal connective tissues Muscle Bone Cartilage (at joints) Fibrous connective tissue

Formation of connective tissues (Cells create their own extracellular matrix (ECM))

Ossification in the embryo

Connective tissue cells and ECM

Cell Extracellular Matrix (ECM) soft Collagen type I, Elastin Collagen type II Extracellular Matrix (ECM) hard hydroxyapatite

Bone

Osteoblast Osteocyle Osteoclast (Chondroblast) Chondrocyte Fibroblast

Cartilage

Fibrous connective tissue

Collagen type I

Mechano-biology
Definition: How mechanical forces modulate morphological and structural fitness of the skeletal tissues bone, cartilage, ligament, and tendon

Cell & Tissue Engineering