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Introduction to immunology

You need to know the color coding in this book , these color coding is very important and we need to memorize it , ex : - the blue color represents the adaptive immunity - the green color represents the innate immunity - the yellow color represents Antigens

We classify immunity to either being : 1- innate \ non-specific \ natural . this is the one that we born with it is nonspecific acting in the same manner in everybody against every foreign body . 2- adaptive\ specific \ acquired . this is a specific immune response and it has memory ; it recognize the non-self bodies once we encounter them and remembers it when it invade in the next time

The Innate Immune System : Can be mediated by barriers to the primary infection , like : o The process of phagocytosis o Complement activation o Inflammatory mediators (so all of these are examples of what we call innate immunity ) The Adaptive Immune System : - there is self vs non-self recognition ( this is a little bet problematic because all the arms of the immune system at some stage has recognize the antigen or the foreign substance as being non-self to attack ; so because of that both innate and adaptive immunity share the self vs non-self recognition)

But in the way that the adaptive immune system is working there is an extra step in the development of the Adaptive immunity that it has to recognize the self vs non-self in the teaching and education of the Adaptive immune system . So to sum up : the two forms of immunity has to recognize the foreign substance as foreign so there has to be self vs non-self recognition by both innate and adaptive immunity . but the adaptive immunity has an extra step or extra phenomena that is needed for self vs nonself recognition . The adaptive immune system uses antigen-recognition molecules The adaptive immune system is very very specific ; there is billions of billions of antibodies and TCRs and MHC molecules as an antigen recognition molecules .

so there is a huge number of antigen recognition molecules in the adaptive immune system , while in the innate immune system there is limited number of substances or molecules which are used to recognize the non-self or the foreign substances .

there is the phenomena of clonal selection , and there is memory as a characteristics for the adaptive immune system which do not occur in the innate immune system .

the immune system has many interactions and there is things which are in the middle ; part of it can be innate and part can be adaptive and the have to work together to protect the body . the immune system either will be successful and preserving the health of the person , Ex : vaccines immunity to microbes successful transplantation
Blood transfusion : it is the earliest simplest form of transplantation ( Anti-A , Anti-B , etc these blood group types of antibodies are responsible for recognition of transplantation )

monocolonal antibodies ( we use it a lot in laboratory techniques ) .

Or it will fail ; and there is three phenomenas which consider as failure of the immune system : Autoimmunity : when the immune system attacks the body and attack self ; this means that there is a failure of the self non-self recognition . Immunodeficiency : it can be primary immunodeficiency due to gene problems in that person OR secondary immunodeficiency . Allergy : when there is sever or excessive reaction due to over activity of the immune system due to attacking non-harmful substances .

The innate immune system proprieties


Natural non-specific response , neutrophile is an example of the innate immune system it will recognize almost all bacteria , fungi viruses , etc . it is non-specific so even a small single part of the innate immunity will have huge wide range of ability to attack all kinds bacteria for example . Fast response : because they are already there , and it is non-specific ; within minutes they will recognize the non-self and they will start to fight the foreign substance .

The innate immunity have no memory , so it will not change and it will not remember what the body was exposed to . Have few number of receptors ( almost hundred ) to recognize huge number of pathogens . The innate immunity component include : Natural barriers like the skin , the acidic ph of the stomach , the mucus secretions , lactofirrin and other substances in different areas of the body . Phagocytes

The adaptive immune system proprieties :


It is very very specific : if you developed antibodies (which is part of the adaptive immune system ) against influenza virus for example , if that virus changed a little bit then all the previous immunity will be useless because the antibodies will not recognize the changed antigen ; so the adaptive immune system is very specific There are many antigen recognition molecules in the order of at least ( 10^1210^18 ) types . Slow response : after the first exposure to certain antigen , for the antibody or the cell mediated immunity or the T cells to response you need days , it is not fast because there are things that are need to be done before the immunity shows . There is a memory : because after you exposed to a certain antigen this immune system recognizes that you have been exposed to that antigen before and there is a memory against it . Adaptive immune system is mediated by lymphocytes and secreted molecules Lymphocytes are three types : Natural killer cells ( part of the innate system ) T &B lymphocytes and their secreted molecules which are the Img .

We can classify the immune system into two major forms : Non-specific ( innate ) vs specific (adaptive ) Cellular vs Humeral Cellular the cells themselves mediate the immune response directly . Humeral: the secretions of the cells mediate the innate response . So you may think about it as fallows , there are four types of immune system : 1- cellular innate 2- cellular adaptive 3- humeral innate 4- humeral adaptive

The primary main function of the immune system is the protection from microbes ; there is a huge diversity of microbes that we are encountering and we need different strategies for protection from each type of pathogen or abnormal foreign substances . What is the smallest infectious agent ? Prions ( small polypeptide molecules ) causes made cow disease . What is the largest infectious agent ? warms prions < virons < viruses <Fungi < ,,,,,,< Worms

This picture shows us a disease named \ which is yellow discoloration of the tissues , due to viral infection in the liver so the immune attack is the cause of what we see .

Scanning electron microscopy showing a neutrophile doing phagocytosis which is part of the innate cellular immune response Also another scanning for tumor cell malignancy and a T lymphocyte attacking it So it shows us how the immunity responses to cancers , this means that if you dont have a good immune system youll have a lot of cancers and thats why AIDS patients have much higher rate of different types of cancers .

He has a sneezing due to allergy in the nose and this is what we see as a reflect to get rid of the secretions and allergens .

And here they are showing us a patient with a kidney transplantation ( he has chronic renal failure ) , he needed to come to the hospital three times a week to clean out his blood so instead of making him suffering from coming 3 times a week for like 5 hours treatment , we do kidney transplantation for him which is much much better .

Clonal Selection :
It is a phenomena to explain how the immune system works . Initially it was thought that the cells in the immune system are capable of catching the antibody , study the antigen ( the foreign substance which we need to be protected against it ) and hold it to learn about the shape of that substance and then it will design an antibody against that antigen . BUT this was proved to be wrong and this is not the way it works . So what happened actually in the body ? When we born , we born with a huge number of B cells each one of them with a different Img (antibody ) on the cell surface , and once the antigen comes , according to its shape it will be attached to the complimentary antibody (if the antigen is rounded it will choose the B lymphocyte which has rounded type of antibodies )

-SO the antibodies on the surface of the B lymphocytes must be compatible with the antigen , once the antigen encounters a B cell with an appropriate Img to bind to the antigen the B cell proliferate , and what will happen is that this B lymphocyte will divide and become more and the others will stay the same and wont be selected . So this Clon will start as one cell and divide to produce identical daughter cells which we call clon

(well have millions of millions of B cells all with the same type of Img for that antigen after we get exposed to it ) - then the B lymphocytes will mature more and become plasma cells which well talk about them later they will secret the Img that we see in the serum and in the secretions that we use to find the antigen in . - so the mature B lymphocytes later will become plasma cells which secrets the Img with the specificity for that antigen , this type will only occur in the adaptive immune system ( t& B lymphocytes ) .

CWT

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