Master of Business Administration Semester III MB0050 Research Methodology- 4 Credits (Boo ID: B1206) Assignment Set- 1 (60

0 Mar s) Note: Each question carries 10 Mar s. Answer all the questions Q 1. Why should a manger now about research when the job entails managing peopl e, products, events, environments, and the li e? [10 Mar s] Ans: The manager, while managing people, products, events, and environments will inva riably face problems, big and small, and will have to see ways to find long las ting effective solutions. This can be achieved only through nowledge of researc h even if consultants are engaged to solve problems. The primary purpose for applied research (as opposed to basic research) is disco vering, interpreting, and the development of methods and systems for the advance ment of human nowledge on a wide variety of scientific matters of our world and the universe. Research can use the scientific method, but need not do so. The g oal of the research process is to produce new nowledge, which ta es three main forms (although, as previously discussed, the boundaries between them may be fuz zy): Exploratory research, which structures and identifies new problems Constructive research, which develops solutions to a problem Empirical research, which tests the feasibility of a solution using empirical ev idence The research room at the New Yor Public Library, an example of secondary resear ch in progress. Research can also fall into two distinct types: Primary research Secondary research In social sciences and later in other disciplines, the following two research me thods can be applied, depending on the properties of the subject matter and on t he objective of the research: Qualitative research Quantitative research Research is often conducted using the hourglass model Structure of Research. The hourglass model starts with a broad spectrum for research, focusing in on the r equired information through the methodology of the project (li e the nec of the hourglass), then expands the research in the form of discussion and results. Research and development is nowadays of great importance in business as the leve l of competition, production processes and methods are rapidly increasing. It is of special importance in the field of mar eting where companies eep an eagle e ye on competitors and customers in order to eep pace with modern trends and ana lyze the needs, demands and desires of their customers. Unfortunately, research and development are very difficult to manage, since the defining feature of research is that the researchers do not now in advance exac tly how to accomplish the desired result. As a result, higher R&D spending does not guarantee more creativity, higher profit or a greater mar et share. Q 2. a. How do you evolve research design for exploratory research? Briefly anal yze. [5 mar s]. Ans: Research simply means a search for facts answers to questions and solutions to p roblems. It is a purposive investigation. It is an organized inquiry. It see s t o find explanations to unexplained phenomenon to clarify the doubtful facts and to correct the misconceived facts. Although any typology of research is inevitab ly arbitrary, Research may be classified crudely according to its major intent o r the methods. It is also nown as formulating research. It is preliminary study of an unfamiliar problem about which the researcher has little or no nowledge. It is ill-structured and much less focused on pre-determined objectives. It usu

ally ta es the form of a pilot study. The purpose of this research may be to gen erate new ideas, or to increase the researchers familiarity with the problem or t o ma e a precise formulation of the problem or to gather information for clarify ing concepts or to determine whether it is feasible to attempt the study. Katz c onceptualizes two levels of exploratory studies. At the first level is the discov ery of the significant variable in the situations; at the second, the discovery of relationships between variables. b. Briefly explain Independent dependent and extraneous variables in a research design. [5 Mar s] Ans: The research designer understandably cannot hold all his decisions in his head. Even if he could, he would have difficulty in understanding how these are interrelated. Therefore, he records his decisions on paper or record disc by using re levant symbols or concepts. Such a symbolic construction may be called the resea rch design or model. A research design is a logical and systematic plan prepared for directing a research study. Dependent and Independent variables: A magnitude that varies is nown as a variable. The concept may assume different quantitative values, li e height, weight, income, etc. Qualitative variables ar e not quantifiable in the strictest sense of objectivity. However, the qualitati ve phenomena may also be quantified in terms of the presence or absence of the a ttribute considered. Phenomena that assume different values quantitatively even in decimal points are nown as continuous variables. But, all variables need not be continuous. Values that can be expressed only in integer values are called non -continuous variables. In statistical term, They are also nown as discrete variable. For example, age is a continuous varia ble; whereas the number of children is a non-continuous variable. When changes i n one variable depends upon the changes in one or more other variables, it is n own as a dependent or endogenous variable, and the variables that cause the chan ges in the dependent variable are nown as the independent or explanatory or exo genous variables. For example, if demand depends upon price, then demand is a de pendent variable, while price is the independent variable. And if, more variable s determine demand, li e income and prices of substitute commodity, then demand also depends upon them in addition to the own price. Then, demand is a dependent variable which is determined by the independent variables li e own price, incom e and price of substitute. Extraneous variable: The independent variables which are not directly related to the purpose of the s tudy but affect the dependent variable are nown as extraneous variables. For in stance, assume that a researcher wants to test the hypothesis that there is rela tionship between childrens school performance and their self-concepts, in which c ase the latter is an independent variable and the former, the dependent variable . In this context, intelligence may also influence the school performance. Howev er, since it is not directly related to the purpose of the study underta en by t he researcher, it would be nown as an extraneous variable. The influence caused by the extraneous variable on the dependent variable is technically called as a n experimental error. Therefore, a research study should always be framed in suc h a manner that the dependent variable completely influences the change in the i ndependent variable and any other extraneous variable or variables. Q 3. A. Differentiate between Census survey and Sample Survey. [5 Mar s] Ans: Census Survey vs Sample Survey Sample survey and census survey are method to gather information from people Census survey ta es each and every individual whereas sample survey ta es a repr esentative sample Census survey is much bigger in proportion than sample survey Census survey ta es more time and money

 However, there is margin for error in sample survey while census survey is more accurate. b. Analyze multi-stage and sequential sampling. [5 Mar s] Ans: In multi-stage sampling method, sampling is carried out in two or more stages. T he population is regarded as being composed of a number of second stage units an d so forth. That is, at each stage, a sampling unit is a cluster of the sampling units of the subsequent stage. First, as ample of the first stage sampling unit s is drawn, and then from each of the selected first stage sampling unit, a samp le of the second stage sampling units is drawn. The procedure continues down to the final sampling units or population elements. Appropriate random sampling met hods adopted at each stage. It is appropriate where the population is scattered over a wider geographical area and no frame or list is available for sampling. I t is also useful when a survey has to be made within a limited time and cost bud get. The major disadvantage is that the procedure of estimating sampling error a nd cost advantage is complicated. Sequential sampling: Sequential sampling is a non-probability sampling technique wherein the research er pic s single or a group of subjects in a given time interval, conducts his st udy, analyses the results then pic s another group of subjects if needed and so on. This sampling technique gives the researcher limitless chances of fine tunin g his research methods and gaining a vital insight into the study that he is cur rently pursuing. There is very little effort in the part of the researcher when performing this sampling technique. It is not expensive, not time consuming and not wor force extensive. This sampling method is hardly representative of the en tire population. Its only hope of approaching representativeness is when the res earcher chose to use a very large sample size significant enough to represent a big fraction of the entire population. Due to the aforementioned disadvantages, results from this sampling technique cannot be used to create conclusions and in terpretations pertaining to the entire population Q 4. List down various measures of central tendency and explain the difference b etween them? [10 mar s]. Ans: The three most commonly-used measures of central tendency and difference between them are as following. Mean The sum of the values divided by the number of valuesoften called the average. Add all of the values together. Divide by the number of values to obtain the mean. Example: The mean of 7, 12, 24, 20, 19 is (7 + 12 + 24 + 20 + 19) / 5 = 16.4. Median The value which divides the values into two equal halves, with half of the value s being lower than the median and half higher than the median. Sort the values into ascending order. If you have an odd number of values, the median is the middle value. If you have an even number of values, the median is the arithmetic mean (see abo ve) of the two middle values. Example: The median of the same five numbers (7, 12, 24, 20, 19) is 19. Mode The most frequently-occurring value (or values). Calculate the frequencies for all of the values in the data. The mode is the value (or values) with the highest frequency. Example: For individuals having the following ages 18, 18, 19, 20, 20, 20, 21, a nd 23, the mode is 20. Q.5. Select any topic for research and explain how you will use both secondary a nd primary sources to gather the required information. [10 mar s] Ans:

For performing research on the literacy levels among families, the primary and s econdary sources of data can be used very effectively. More specifically the pri mary sources of data collection is suggested in this regard. Because personal da ta or data related to human beings consist of:1. Demographic and socio-economic characteristics of individuals: Age, sex, race, social class, religion, marital status, education, occupation income, family size, location of the household lif estyle etc.2. Behavioral variables: Attitudes, opinions, awareness, nowledge, p ractice, intentions, etc.3. Organizational data consist of data relating to an o rganizations origin, ownership, objectives, resources, functions, performance an d growth.4. Territorial data are related to geo-physical characteristics, resour ce endowment, population, occupational pattern infrastructure degree of developm ent, etc. of spatial divisions li e villages, cities, tal s, districts, state an d the nation. The data serve as the bases or raw materials for analysis. Without an analysis of factual data, no specific inferences can be drawn on the questio ns under study. Inferences based on imagination or guess wor cannot provide cor rect answers to research questions. The relevance, adequacy and reliability of d ata determine the quality of the findings of a study. Data form the basis for te sting the hypothesis formulated in a study. Data also provide the facts and figu res required for constructing measurement scales and tables, which are analyzed with statistical techniques. Inferences on the results of statistical analysis a nd tests of significance provide the answers to research questions. Thus, the sc ientific process of measurements, analysis, testing and inferences depends on th e availability of relevant data and their accuracy. Hence, the importance of dat a for any research studies The sources of data may be classified into: a. Primary sources b. Secondary sources. Primary Sources of Data Primary sources are original sources from which the researcher directly collects data that have not been previously collected e.g.., collection of data directly by the researcher on brand awareness, brand preference, brand loyalty and other aspects of consumer behavior from a sample of consumers by interviewing them,. Primary data are first-hand information collected through various methods such a s observation, interviewing, mailing etc. Advantage of Primary Data: It is original source of data it is possible to capture the changes occurring in the course of time. It flexible to the advantage of researcher. Extensive resea rch study is based on primary data Disadvantage of Primary Data: Primary data is expensive to obtain It is time consuming It requires extensive research personnel who are s illed. It is difficult to administer Methods of Collecting Primary Data: Primary data are directly collected by the researcher from their original source s. In this case, the researcher can collect the required date precisely accordin g to his research needs, he can collect them when he wants them and in the form he needs them. But the collection of primary data is costly and time consuming. Yet, for several types of social science research required data are not availabl e from secondary sources and they have to be directly gathered from the primary sources. In such cases where the available data are in appropriate, inadequate o r obsolete, primary data have to be gathered. They include: socioeconomic survey s, social anthropological studies of rural communities and tribal communities, s ociological studies of social problems and social institutions. Mar eting resear ch, leadership studies, opinion polls, attitudinal surveys, readership, radio li stening and T.V. viewing surveys, nowledge-awareness practice (KAP) studies, fa rm managements studies, business management studies etc. There are various metho ds of data collection. A Method is different from a Tool while a method refers to th e way or mode of gathering data, a tool is an instruments used for the method. F or example, a schedule is used for interviewing. The important methods are

(a) Observation, (b) Interviewing, (c) Mail survey, (d) Experimentation, (e) Simulation and (f) Projective technique. Each of these methods is discussed in detail in the subsequent sections in the l ater chapters. Secondary Sources of Data: These are sources containing data which have been collected and compiled for ano ther purpose. The secondary sources consists of readily compendia and already co mpiled statistical statements and reports whose data may be used by researchers for their studies e.g., census reports , annual reports and financial statements of companies, Statistical statement, Reports of Government Departments, Annual reports of currency and finance published by the Reserve Ban of India, Statisti cal statements relating to Co-operatives and Regional Ban s, published by the NA BARD, Reports of the National sample survey Organization, Reports of trade assoc iations, publications of international organizations such as UNO, IMF, World Ban , ILO,WHO, etc., Trade and Financial journals newspapers etc. Secondary sources consist of not only published records and reports, but also unpublished records . The latter category includes various records and registers maintained by the f irms and organizations, e.g., accounting and financial records, personnel record s, register of members, minutes of meetings, inventory records etc.

Q 6. a. Explain the role of Graphs and Diagrams? [5 Mar s] Ans: Role of Graphs: Because graphs provide a compact, rhetorically powerful way of representing rese arch findings, recent theories of science have postulated their use as a disting uishing feature of science. Studies have shown that the use of graphs in journal articles correlates highly with the hardness of scientific fields, both across disciplines and across subfields of psychology. Role of Diagrams: Recent technological advances have enabled the large-scale adoption of diagrams in a diverse range of areas. Increasingly sophisticated visual representations a re emerging and, to enable effective communication, insight is required into how diagrams are used and when they are appropriate for use. The pervasive, everyda y use of diagrams for communicating information and ideas serves to illustrate t he importance of providing a sound understanding of the role that diagrams can, and do, play. Research in the field of diagrams aims to improve our understandin g of the role of diagrams, s etches and other visualizations in communication, c omputation, cognition, creative thought, and problem solving. These concerns hav e triggered surge of interest in the study of diagrams. The study of diagrammati c communication as a whole must be pursued as an interdisciplinary endeavor. Dia grams attract a large number of researchers from virtually all related fields, p lacing the conference as a major international event in the area. b. What are the Types and General rules for graphical representation of data? [5 Mar s] Ans: Graphical representation is done of the data available. This is very important s tep of statistical analysis. We will be discussing the organization of data. The word Data is plural for datum; datum means facts. Statistically the term is used fo r numerical facts such as measures of height, weight and scores on achievement a nd intelligence tests. Graphs and diagram leave a lasting impression on the mind and ma e intelligible and easily understandable the salient features of the dat a. Forecasting also becomes easier with the help of graph. Thus it is of interes t to study the graphical representation of data. The graphical representation of data is categorized as basic five types:

1) 2) 3) 4) 5)

Bar graph Pie graph Line graph Scatter plot Histogram

Master of Business Administration Semester III MB0050 Research Methodology- 4 Credits (Boo ID: B1206) Assignment Set- 2 (60 Mar s) Note: Each question carries 10 Mar s. Answer all the questions Q 1. What is questionnaire? Discuss the main points that you will ta e into acco unt while drafting a questionnaire? [10 mar s]. A: questionnaire is a group of printed questions used to collect information fro m the people who answer them (usually called respondents). The questions may be either open-ended, where respondents are required to answer in their own words, or multiple-choice, where respondents are required to select one or more answers from those provided. The respondents may also be provided with chec lists or ra ting scales. The questions may be concerned with the respondents personal bac g round, factual nowledge, attitudes or opinions, for example, about capital puni shment or changing from using the pound to the euro. The main points that you will ta e into account while drafting a questionnaire Use simple words Survey recipients may have a variety of bac grounds so use simple language. For example, "What is the frequency of your automotive travel to your parents resid ents in the last 30 days?" is better understood as, "About how many times in the last 30 days have you driven to your parent s home?" Relax your grammar Relax your grammatical standards if the questions sound too formal. For example, the word "who" is appropriate in many instances when "whom" is technical correc t. Assure a common understanding Write questions that everyone will understand in the same way. Don t assume that everyone has the same understanding of the facts or a common basis of nowledge . Identify even commonly used abbreviations to be certain that everyone understa nds. Start with interesting questions Start the survey with questions that are li ely to sound interesting and attract the respondents attention. Save the questions that might be difficult or threa tening for later. Voicing questions in the third person can be less threatening than questions voiced in the second question. For example, as : "How do your col

leagues feel about management?" rather than "How do you feel about management?" Don t write leading questions Leading questions demand a specific response. For example: the question "Which d ay of the month is best for the newly established company-wide monthly meeting?" leads respondents to pic a date without first determining if they even want an other meeting. Avoid double negatives Respondents can easily be confused deciphering the meaning of a question that us es two negative words. Balance rating scales When the question requires respondents to use a rating scale, mediate the scale so that there is room for both extremes. Don t ma e the list of choices too long If the list of answer categories is long and unfamiliar, it is difficult for res pondents to evaluate all of them. Keep the list of choices short. Avoid difficult concepts Some questions involve concepts that are difficult for many people to understand . Avoid difficult recall questions People s memories are increasingly unreliable as you as them to recall events f arther and farther bac in time. You will get far more accurate information from people if you as , "About how many times in the last month have you gone out an d seen a movie in a movie theater or drive-in?" rather than, "About how many tim es last year did you go out and see a movie in a movie theater or drive-in?" Use Closed-ended questions rather than Open-ended ones Most questionnaires rely on questions with a fixed number of response categories from which respondents select their answers. These are useful because the respo ndents now clearly the purpose of the question and are limited to a set of choi ces where one answer is right for them. An open-ended question is a written response. For example: "If you do not want a company picnic, please explain why". If there are an excessive number of writte n response questions, it reduces the quality and attention the respondents give to the answers. However, InfoPoll allows you to use a wide variety of other types of questions. Put your questions in a logic order The issues raised in one question can influence how people thin about subsequen t questions. It is good to as a general question and then as more specific que stions. For example, you should avoid as ing a series of questions about a free ban ing service and then question about the most important factors in selecting a ban . Pre-test your survey It is better to identify a problem during the pretest than after you have publis hed the survey. Before sending a survey to a target audience, send it out as a t est to a small number of people. After they have completed the survey, brainstor m with them to see if they had problems answering any questions. It would help i f they explained what the question meant to them and whether it was valid to the questionnaire or not. Naming your survey Some people discard an electronic message based entirely on its subject or sende r. You should consider other titles that will pique the interest of the recipien

ts. Here are examples of survey names that might be successful in getting attent ion: -Memo From the Chief Executive Officer -Evaluation of Services of the Benefits Office -Your Opinion About Financial Services -Free T-shirt -Win a Trip to Paris -Please Respond By Friday -Free Subscription -Win a noteboo computer Cover memo or introduction Once a recipient opens your survey, you may still need to motivate him or her to complete it. The cover memo or introduction offers an excellent place to provid e the motivation. A good cover memo or introduction should be short and includes : -Purpose of the survey -Why it is important to hear from the correspondent -What may be done with the results and what possible impacts may occur with the results. -Address identification -Person to contact for questions about the survey. -Due date for response Q 2. What do you mean by primary data? What are the various methods of collectin g primary data? [10 mar s]. Primary sources are original sources from which the researcher directly collects data that have not been previously collected e.g.., collection of data directly by the researcher on brand awareness, brand preference, brand loyalty and other aspects of consumer behaviour from a sample of consumers by interviewing them,. Primary data are first hand information collected through various methods such as observation, interviewing, mailing etc. Methods of Collecting Primary Data Primary data are directly collected by the researcher from their original source s. In this case, the researcher can collect the required date precisely accordin g to his research needs, he can collect them when he wants them and in the form he needs them. But the collection of primary data is costly and time consuming. Yet, for several types of social science research required data are not availabl e from secondary sources and they have to be directly gathered from the primary sources. In such cases where the available data are inappropriate, inadequate or obsolete , primary data have to be gathered. They include: socio economic surveys, social anthropological studies of rural communities and tribal communities, sociologic al studies of social problems and social institutions. Mar eting research, leade rship studies, opinion polls, attitudinal surveys, readership, radio listening a nd T.V. viewing surveys, nowledge-awareness practice (KAP) studies, farm manage ments studies, business management studies etc. There are various methods of data collection. A Method is different from a Tool whil e a method refers to the way or mode of gathering data, a tool is an instruments used for the method. For example, a schedule is used for interviewing. The impo rtant methods are (a) observation, (b) interviewing, (c) mail survey, (d) experimentation,

(a) observation:Observation means viewing or seeing. Observation may be defined as a systematic viewing of a specific phenomenon in its proper setting for the s pecific purpose of gathering data for a particular study. Observation is classic al method of scientific study. (b) interviewing:Interviewing is one of the prominent methods of data collection . It may be defined as a two way systematic conversation between an investigator and an informant, initiated for obtaining information relevant to a specific st udy. It involves not only conversation, but also learning from the respondents ge sture, facial expressions and pauses, and his environment. Interviewing requires face to face contact or contact over telephone and calls for interviewing s ill s. It is done by using a structured schedule or an unstructured guide. (c) mail survey:The mail survey is a data collection process for researchers. Re search practitioners should recognize that this is a viable means of collecting specific mar et data. (d) experimentation:The popularity of experimentation in mar eting research has much to do with the possibilities of establishing cause and effect. Experiments can be configured in such a way as to allow the variable causing a particular ef fect to be isolated. Other methods commonly used in mar eting research, li e sur veys, provide much more ambiguous findings. In fact, experimentation is the most scientific method employed in mar eting research. Q 3.a. Analyze the case study and descriptive approach to research. [5 mar s].

b. Distinguish between research methods & research Methodology. [5 Mar s] Research Methods vs Research Methodology Research Methods and Research Methodology are two terms that are often confused as one and the same. Strictly spea ing they are not so and they show differences between them. One of the primary differences between them is that research meth ods are the methods by which you conduct research into a subject or a topic. On the other hand research methodology explains the methods by which you may procee d with your research. Research methods involve conduct of experiments, tests, surveys and the li e. On the other hand research methodology involves the learning of the various techni ques that can be used in the conduct of research and in the conduct of tests, ex periments, surveys and critical studies. This is the technical difference betwee n the two terms, namely, research methods and research methodology. In short it can be said that research methods aim at finding solutions to resear ch problems. On the other hand research methodology aims at the employment of th e correct procedures to find out solutions. It is thus interesting to note that research methodology paves the way for resea rch methods to be conducted properly. Research methodology is the beginning wher eas research methods are the end of any scientific or non-scientific research. Let us ta e for example a subject or a topic, namely, employment of figures of sp eech in English literature. In this topic if we are to conduct research, then the research methods that are involved are study of various wor s of the different poets and the understanding of the employment of figures of speech in their wor s. On the other hand research methodology pertaining to the topic mentioned above i nvolves the study about the tools of research, collation of various manuscripts related to the topic, techniques involved in the critical edition of these manus cripts and the li e. If the subject into which you conduct a research is a scientific subject or topi c then the research methods include experiments, tests, study of various other r esults of different experiments performed earlier in relation to the topic or th

e subject and the li e. On the other hand research methodology pertaining to the scientific topic involv es the techniques regarding how to go about conducting the research, the tools o f research, advanced techniques that can be used in the conduct of the experimen ts and the li e. Any student or research candidate is supposed to be good at bot h research methods and research methodology if he or she is to succeed in his or her attempt at conducting research into a subject. Q 4. Explain the important concepts in Research design? [10 Mar s] Q 5. What are the differences between observation and interviewing as methods of data collection? Give two specific examples of situations where either observat ion or interviewing would be more appropriate. [10 mar s]. Ans:- Observation means viewing or seeing. Observation may be defined as a syste matic viewing of a specific phenomenon in its proper setting for the specific pu rpose of gathering data for a particular study. Observation is classical method of scientific study. Observation as a method of data collection has certain characteristics. 1. It is both a physical and a mental activity: The observing eye catches many t hings that are present. But attention is focused on data that are pertinent to t he given study. 2. Observation is selective: A researcher does not observe anything and everythi ng, but selects the range of things to be observed on the basis of the nature, s cope and objectives of his study. For example, suppose a researcher desires to s tudy the causes of city road accidents and also formulated a tentative hypothesi s that accidents are caused by violation of traffic rules and over speeding. Whe n he observed the movements of vehicles on the road, many things are before his eyes; the type, ma e, size and colour of the vehicles, the persons sitting in th em, their hair style, etc. All such things which are not relevant to his study a re ignored and only over speeding and traffic violations are eenly observed by him. 3. Observation is purposive and not casual: It is made for the specific purpose of noting things relevant to the study. It captures the natural social context i n which persons behaviour occur. It grasps the significant events and occurrence s that affect social relations of the participants. 4. Observation should be exact and be based on standardized tools of research an d such as observation schedule, social metric scale etc., and precision instrume nts, if any. Interviewing is one of the prominent methods of data collection. It may be defin ed as a two way systematic conversation between an investigator and an informant , initiated for obtaining information relevant to a specific study. It involves not only conversation, but also learning from the respondents gesture, facial exp ressions and pauses, and his environment. Interviewing requires face to face con tact or contact over telephone and calls for interviewing s ills. It is done by using a structured schedule or an unstructured guide. Interviewing may be used e ither as a main method or as a supplementary one in studies of persons. Intervie wing is the only suitable method for gathering information from illiterate or le ss educated respondents. It is useful for collecting a wide range of data from f actual demographic data to highly personal and intimate information relating to a persons opinions, attitudes, values, beliefs past experience and future intenti ons. When qualitative information is required or probing is necessary to draw ou t fully, and then interviewing is required. Where the area covered for the surve y is a compact, or when a sufficient number of qualified interviewers are availa ble, personal interview is feasible. Interview is often superior to other data-gathering methods. People are usually

more willing to tal than to write. Once report is established, even confidentia l information may be obtained. It permits probing into the context and reasons f or answers to questions. Interview can add flesh to statistical information. It enables the investigator to grasp the behavioural context of the data furnished by the respondents.

Observation is suitable for a variety of research purposes. It may be used for s tudying (a) The behavior of human beings in purchasing goods and services.: life style, customs, and manner, interpersonal relations, group dynamics, crowd behavior, le adership styles, managerial style, other behaviours and actions; (b) The behaviour of other living creatures li e birds, animals etc. (c) Physical characteristics of inanimate things li e stores, factories, residen ces etc. (d) Flow of traffic and par ing problems (e) movement of materials and products through a plant. Q 6.Strictly spea ing, would case studies be considered as scientific research? Why or why not? [10 mar s]