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6
Effect of Different Herbicides on Seed Yield and Physiological Aspects in Soybean (Glycine Max L.)
Sadegh Mohajer*, Rosna Mat Taha, A. Bakrudeen Ali Ahmad and Elnaiem Elaagib

biomass and reduction percentage of the plant height, weed control efficiency and plant number (per m 2 ). There were significant differences among treatments (p<0.01) for all traits. Average of the plant height and number of plant decreased in the oxyfluorfen (0.48 kg/h, pre-emergence) at the highest percentage. Storm herbicide (1.06 kg a.i h -1 , post-emergence) had the most percentage of the seed yield and biomass with 233.1% and 127.2%, respectively. After hand weeding, herbicide of the oxyfluorfen (0.48 kg a.i h -1 , pre-emergence) also had effective role to decrease the percentage of the spurge, velvetleaf and dayflower. Key words: Glycine max, Herbicides, Weeds, Seed yield, Biomass. INTRODUCTION Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) owing to its high potential content plays an important role in boosting oilseed production in the country. It has outstanding nutritive value with 43 percent biological protein, 20 per cent oil and it also is very rich in vitamins, iron, mineral, salts and essential amino acids. Soyflour is extensively used in the manufacture of insecticides, disinfectants, and also in enrichment of media used for testing antibiotics. So, it is considered as a miracle crop of the present century. The soybean protein is rich in lysine and oil extracted is edible with fairly high unsaturated fatty acids (Endres, 2001). Soybean has estrogen-like activity that may promote the growth of estrogen-sensitive cancers (breast and prostate), especially for those people who already have cancer (Newbold, 2001; Cassileth and Vickers, 2003) In laboratory studies, isoflavone from soybean can inhibit the growth of breast cancer and prostate cancer tissues (Adlercreutz, 2002). Twelve ounces of soybean milk drunk three times a day for one month has decreased a womans estradiol and progesterone levels, and her menstrual cycle length was increased by about four days (Lu, 1995). These effects may cause infertility and contribute to bone loss. Autoimmune diseases of the thyroid and thyroid cancer may also be caused by exposure to soy (Divi, 1997; Doerge and Sheehan, 2002).

ABSTRACT The Soybean contains many medicinal virtues. It helps to maintain the intestinal health, prevent diseases (a lower risk of breast and prostate cancer) arising from defective digestion and retard the ageing process. In order to study advantages and disadvantages of herbicides on soya bean harvesting, 13 different concentrations of pre and post emergent herbicides were assessed in comparison with control (without any operation). The data were collected for increase percentage of the seed yield, 1000-grain weight,
Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. *Corresponding Author: Sadegh Mohajer; Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. E-mail: s.mohajer@siswa.um.edu.my

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The addition of adequate iodine to the diet reverses any goiter-causing effects of soy. Population studies suggest that soy protects against thyroid cancer (Hom-Ross et al., 2002). Soy isoflavone enhances the immune response and provides a possible explanation for lower incidence of certain cancers in soy-eating parts of the world (Watanabe et al., 2002; Jenkins et al., 2002). The pain of arthritis has been helped by soy through modulating the immune system (Arjmandi et al., 2004). Weeds represent the most economically important pest complex to global food production and it has significantly impact on mankind at all levels, from health perspectives to the pursuit of recreation (Basu et al., 2004; Bridges, 1994). Interestingly, the better weed management becomes, the more difficult it becomes to manage weeds. This conundrum reflects the diversity of weed genomes facilitating their continued adaptation to all forms of selective practices (control) necessary for effective crop production (Barrett, 1983; De Wett and Harlan, 1975; Gould, 1991). Recent efforts to manage weeds have taken a slightly different path and focus on the use of herbicides that are selective to crops due to genetic-engineering (Duke and Powles, 2008). Researchers have demonstrated, in general, that the likelihood of soybean yield Loss increases: 1) when exposure to the plant growth regulator (PGR) herbicide occurs closer to the time of soybean reproductive development (flowering or later), and 2) as the dose of the PGR herbicide increases (Kelley, 2005). In general, certain weeds species are predominately observed in specific crops. Similarly, in soybean also four predominant weeds were observed by several workers in different parts. Arya and Singh (1998) observed weed species viz., Oxalis ratifolia in soybean crop. Kuruchania et al. (1999) reported the presence of weeds like Echinochlo acrus galli, Phyllanthus fraternus, Commelina communis, Rotala axillaris, Eclipta alba, Cyanotis axillaris,Corchorus olitorius, Euphorbia geniculata, Chichorium intybus and Merremia emarginata among the broad leaf weeds, and Cyperusrotandus and Cyperusiriaas sedges in soybean field. Sharma and Raguwanshi (1999) found Echinochlo acrusgalli, Dinebra

arabica,Rottboellia exaltata, Cyperus rotandus, Commelina benghalensis, Commelina communis,Euphorbia geniculata, Acalyphaindica, Leucasaspera, Physalis minima, Phyllanthus speciesand Digitaria sanguinalis in soybean crop. Gaikwad and Pawar (2002) found, Brachiaria ramosa, Cyanodon dactylon, Echinochlo acrus galli, Convolvulus arvensis and Acalyphain dica in soybean crop. Balyan and Malik (2003) noticed Trianthema monogyna, Echinochloa colona, Celosia argentea, Digera arvensis, Cyperus rotandus, Physalis minima and Dactyloctenium aegyptiumin soybean crop. Rohitashav et al. (2003) observed Trianthema monogyna, Echinochloa colona, Celosia argentea, Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Eleusine indica, Cleome viscosa, Cucumis trigonus and Commelina benghalensis in soybean field. Marload and Krausse (1987) reported that during crop growth and development, weed competition caused decline in photosynthetic leaf area. Stoimenova (1989) reported that soybean yield was inversely related to total weed dry matter and directly correlated when weeding was done during critical period. Chhokar et al. (1995), Joshi and Billore (1997) and Dubey (1998), reported that weed competition increased the plant height of soybean. On the other hand, Pholan (1986), Pandey et al. (1996) and Kuruchania et al. (1996) observed continuous decrease in plant height with the increasing of weeds competition which was attributed to growth habit of a variety. Generally, an increase in one kilogram of weed growth corresponds to a reduction in one kilogram of crop growth as weeds remove plant nutrients more efficiently than crop plants. However, yields from un-weeded soybean plots from different studies were compared and the reduction was approximately 50-60 percent (Jadhav, 2007). Although more reductions are encountered when certain highly competitive species predominate such as Cyperus rotundus, Commelina benghalensis, Echinochloa crus galli, Euphorbia geniculata, Merimia emerginata, Phyllanthus niruri, Rotalla species in soybean field (not reported). Soybean cultivar HIL is the most popular variety of the transitional tract of Iran and it has an average yield potential ranging between 2.5-3.5 ton h -1 , if it is properly managed. In this respect, it is felt necessary to find out the avenues

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for enhancing productivity potential in cv. HIL and one such approach is to find out the physiological response to different herbicides and crop weed competition. Keeping these points in view, the present investigation was undertaken for the following objectives: i. To study the physiological effect of the herbicides on soybeans weeds. ii. To evaluate the effect of herbicides on morphology traits and seed yield in soybean. MATERIALS AND METHODS (a) Design experiment: The experiment was carried out on the medium of black clay-loam-silt soil at Agricultural Research Station, Lavasanat, Iran; where is situated at 36 3' North and 35 46' E longitude with an altitude of 1700 meters above the mean sea level during 2010-2011. The experiment consisted of seven herbicides in thirteen different concentrations in addition, hand weeding were assessed in comparison with control (no weeding) under complete block design with four replications. (b) Treatments: Different treatments were consisted of, (a) Pre-planting soil incorporation: herbicides were sprayed and mixed with soil one day before sowing, uniformly with the help of knapsack sprayer. T1: Trifluralin (Treflan) 1.2 kg a.i ha -1 ; T2: Ethalfluralin (Sonalan) 1.16 kg a.i ha-1 (b) Pre-emergence: herbicides were sprayed one day before seed germination. T3: Metribuzin (Sencor) 0.35 kg a.i ha-1 ; T4: Oxyfluorfen (Goal) 0.36 kg a.i ha-1 ; T5: Oxyfluorfen (Goal) 0.48 kg a.i ha -1 ; T6: Pendimethalin (Stomp) 0.66 kg a.i ha -1 ; T7: Pendimethalin (Stomp) 0.82 kg a.i ha -1 . c) Postemergenc: herbicides were sprayed one day after seed germination. T8: Oxyfluorfen (Goal) 0.36 kg a.i ha-1 ; T9: Oxyfluorfen (Goal) 0.48 kg a.i ha -1 ; T10: Bentazon (Basagran) 0.96 kg a.i ha-1 ; T11: Bentazon (Basagran) 1.2 kg a.i ha-1 ; T12: Oxyfluorfen+ Bentazon (Storm) 0.85 kg a.i ha-1 ; T13: Oxyfluorfen+ Bentazon (Storm) 1.06 kg a.i ha-1 ; T14: Hand weeding; T15: Control. (c) Harvesting Operation: After the harvest of the previous year crop, the land was ploughed w ith a disc plough,

subsequently the land was harrowed twice, followed by planking to level and to bring the soil to a fine tilth suitable for sowing. The plots were laid out according to the plan. Fertilizer doses were applied according to the recommendation for soybean in the transition tract of Lavasanat were applied at the rate of 20 kg nitrogen per hectare in the form of urea, 80 kg phosphorus per hectare in the form of single super phosphate and 40 kg potash per hectare in the form of potash muriate. These fertilizers were given as basal doses at the time of sowing in furrow opened 5 cm deep from the seed lines. After fertilizers application, the furrows were covered with soil. Healthy and bold seeds were dibbled with a spacing of 6 m x 2 m to a depth of 5 cm. The crop was given protective irrigations as and when required. The seedlings were thinned out by maintaining one plant per hill after 15 days of sowing. The data were collected for increase percentages of the seed yield, 1000grain weight, biomass and reduction percentages of the plant height, different weeds and number of plants (per m 2 ). (d) Traits measurement: Plant height (cm): Plant heights were recorded from the ground level to the growing tip of the main shoot. Measurements were taken from five tagged plants in each treatment and the average height was calculated and expressed in centimetres. Seed yield per hectare (kg ha -1): The seeds were separated manually by gently beating the dried plants with a wooden stick. The seeds were cleaned and dried in the shade, the seed yield was recorded for each treatment and then seed yield per hectare was computed and expressed as kg ha-1 . 1000-grain weight (g) : Thousand seeds were counted from the sample drawn from seed yield of each net plot and the weight of 1000 seeds was recorded and expressed in grams. Plant number: The number of plants in a plot 0.5cm x 0.5cm was calculated and compared with standard number in control treatments. Plant Biomass (kg ha -1): After harvesting of the lines from the lowest part of the stem in each experimental unit the total above ground parts were weighed and converted to kg ha-1 .

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Effect of Different Herbicides on Seed Yield and Table 1. ANOVA of traits at different concentration of herbicides.
S.O.V df PH GW PN SY PB 5214.2** 432.5 856.2 27.7

65
WCE

Weed control efficiency (%): In our last experiment which has not been reported, Ivy ( Hedera helix), Velvetleaf ( Abutilon theophrasti ), Nut grass ( Cyperus rotundus), spurge ( Euphorbia geniculata) and Dayflower (Commelina benghalensis) had 24.67%, 24.16%, 21.60%, 9.28% and 15.26% totally from whole weeds of the soybean plots. Percentage of the each weed was measured in comparison with other weeds after effect of the herbicides and compared with control treatment. (e) Statistical methods: Data of each experiment was subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) separately. For determination of superior herbicides, mean comparison for each trait was made by DMRT Duncan test. In addition, advanced SAS and Minitab software system were used for analyzing data. RESULTS Plant height (cm): The results of analysis of variance (ANOVA) in different parameters are shown in Table 1. The data of decrease percentages of plant height in comparison with control treatment as influenced by herbicide treatments showed significant differences among the treatments (p<0.01). Plant height reduced at the highest percentage in Goal (0.48 kg a.i ha -1 ) post-emergence (Table 2). Herbicides of Storm (0.85 kg a.i ha-1 ), Treflan and Sonalan decreased the plant height very low which had a little different with hand weeding. Abassi et al., (2005) showed Oxyfluorfen herbicides burnt soybean leaves and decreased their height. 1000-grain weight (g): There was significant difference among treatments to raise 1000-grain weight (g) (Table 1). Sonalan had the most increscent with 21.9% in comparison with control treatment, but there was not significant different between Sonalan and hand weeding. Except sonalan, hand weeding was more effective to increase 1000grain weight in comparison with other herbicides (Table 2). Ganjali et al., (1999) assessed that soybean yield increased when comparison among plants decreased and high 1000grain weight in Sonalan treatment was due to reduction of plant number.

Treatment 13 154.2** 162.1** 258.4** 13245.2** Block Error %CV 3 39 35.1 23.4 33.5 11.5 42.5 32.7 48.3 21.6 30.4 502.1 2012.3 29.4

10.5** 1.2 2.9 45.09

SY: Seed Yield; GW: 1000-Grain Weight; PB: Plant Biomass; PH: Plant Height; PN: Plant number; WCE: Weed control efficiency.

Seed yield (kg ha -1): Significant differences were due to various treatments with respect to seed yield based on percentage of increase seed yield in comparison with control plots. Among the herbicide treatments, application with Storm (1.06 kg a.i ha-1 ) had recorded significant increase with 233.1% more than control plot, followed by Sencor with 163.8% when it compared with control (Table 2). The lowest increase was at Stomp (0.82 kg a.i ha -1 ) with 3.8%. Increscent of seed yield was more in Oxyfluorfen treatments in comparison with other herbicides but it was not significant. According to Ehteshami et al., (2005) results, seed yield dipped while dry weight of weeds went up. Based on study, Oxyfluorfen had the highest dry weight weed decrease after hand weeding and Basagran. So it could be reason of the high seed yield in this group of herbicides. Plant Biomass (kg ha -1): The data on biomass increased in different herbicides in comparison with control. All the treatments differed significantly and among the treatments, Storm (1.06 kg a.i ha-1 ) showed significantly the highest values with 127.2% followed by goal (0.48 kg a.i ha -1 ) post-emergence compared to other treatments at all stages. However, significantly lower increase percentage of biomass was observed in Goal (0.36 and 0.48 kg a.i ha-1 ) and Sencor did not show any significant difference with control (Table 2). Weed control efficiency (%): Significant differences were observed among treatments to dip percentage of different types of weeds (Table 1). Treatments of the goal (0.48 kg a.i ha -1 ) post-emergence and hand weeding

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Table 2. Means comparison of herbicides and hand weeding effective in compared with control.

decreased percentage of the spurge 100%. After hand weeding, goal (0.48 kg a.i ha -1 ) post-emergence also decreased the percentage of the velvetleaf and dayflower (84.7% and 86.9%, respectively). Stomp (0.66 kg a.i ha -1 ) in velvetleaf and stomp (0.66 kg a.i ha-1 ) also had suitable effective role. Sencor swooped percentage of the ivy with 54.6% in comparison with control. Storm (1.06 kg a.i ha-1 ) had the best results after hand weeding than other herbicides with 49% in nut grass. Totally, treatment of the goal (0.48 kg a.i ha-1 ) decreased average of the different weeds more than other herbicides with 64.4% and followed by Sencor with 40.6% (Table 3). DISCUSSION Weeds compete with crop plants and utilize considerable amount of moisture, nutrients and space in photosphere and atmosphere, thus deprive opportunities for the crop to express its potential yield. Soybean suffers from heavy weed competition. The reduction in soybean yield due to weed infestation varies from 20-77 % depending on the type of soil, season and intensity of weed infestation (Kuruchania et al., 2001). The higher reduction in seed yield due to weeds is more as compared to other factors limiting the soybean production. Thus, efficient weed management is an essential pre-requisite for increasing the crop productivity. The control of weeds in soybean is tedious and time consuming. It is accomplished by using large number of costive labours. The scientific techniques farming during the recent years emphasized the need of effective weed control in soybean crop. Planning of an effective weed control programme should consists of identifying common weeds associated with the particular crop, studying different aspects of crop-weed competition and then identifying application time and dose of particular new herbicides which control the weeds. Hence, the present investigation was undertaken to evaluate herbicide effect in soybean. A new recommended herbicide study has brought out useful results and there have been critically analysed and discussed. The highest seed yield per hectare was recorded in Storm (1.06

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kg a.i ha -1 ) followed by Sencor and Goal (0.48 kg a.i ha-1 ). From the present investigation it is clear that weed competition reduced the seed yield which is attributed to the reduction in all morpho-physiological traits and yield compon ents. Stomp (0.82 kg a.i ha -1 ) was the less effeteness in increasing the yield potential of soybean. It was clear that the loss in yield depends upon the weed competition. Staniforth (1962) and Badiger (1995) also observed significant reduction in seed yield due to weed competition thus, it is clear that application of Pendimethalin (1350.5 g a.i/ha) can be used for getting higher yields in soybean and this concentration effectively checked weed competition with the crop and thereby improved the yield significantly as it is compared to weed control. Singh et al. (1992), Joshi et al. (1997), and Chauhan et al. (2002) reported that the use of Pendimethalin (1350.50 g a.i ha-1 ) recorded higher yield of soybean crop. Langton et al. (1997) reported that weed competition reduced the soybean yield by 15-18 percent. Barros and Paron (1992) reported that, weed competition reduced grain yield by 36.1 percent. Manish and Kewat et al. (2002) have reported that application of Pendimethalin (1350.5 g a.i/ha) was markedly superior over control. Post-emergence herbicide use has been steadily increasing since these materials became available in the1980s. In 1988, 44% of soybean acres were treated with post-emergence herbicides (USDA/ERS1989). By 1994, 72% of soybean acres were treated with a postemergence herbicide (USDA/ERS1995). The development of selective post-emergence herbicides for soybeans gave farmers an alternative weed control tool. Post-emergence herbicides have become widely available for soybean growers since the 1980s.With these additional materials, farmers could use pre-plant herbicides either surface application or incorporation for early-season weed control and could then apply po st-emergence herbicides in lieu of tillage to control weeds in-season. The use of postemergence herbicides in crop production allowed growers to tend larger acreage, as herbicide-based weed control is faster than cultivation.

Table 3. Means comparison of herbicides and hand weeding to control weeds.

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