1. Opponent Process Theory (OPT) is a special kind of classical conditioning because: a.

The conditioned response is different to the unconditioned response b. The b-process is bigger than the a-process c. There is a greater level of stimulus generalisation d. Contextual cues get paired with the unconditioned stimulus e. You manipulate certain aspects of your environment to get a reward x 2. When a conditioned stimulus (CS) no longer predicts the onset on an unconditioned stimulus occurs. However, if the conditioned stimulus is not presented for a period of time the conditioned response will again occur in response to the CS. This is called . a. Inhibition; Sensitization b. Generalisation; Spontaneous Recovery c. Punishment; Reinforcement d. Extinction; Acquisition e. Extinction; Spontaneous Recovery 3. When Peter doesnt eat McDonalds for lunch he feels grumpy and tired. When Peter does eat McDonalds for lunch it makes him feel normal again. This is an example of: a. Positive Reinforcement x b. c. d. e. Negative Reinforcement Positive Punishment Negative Punishment Vicarious Conditioning

4. Shaping refers to: a. A contingent relationship between a behaviour and an outcome b. c. d. e. Imitation of a model that is similar to oneself x Learning of complex behaviours through successive approximations Increasing the magnitude of reinforcement to teach complex behaviours The use of secondary reinforcers that are paired with primary reinforcers

5. According to Learned Helplessness Theory, depression may occur because: a. People learn to associate the majority of their behaviours with punishment b. There is a shortage of serotonin and dopamine in the brain c. Of a lack of control over environmental consequences d. A person receives insufficient reinforcement for their behaviours. e. Of a lack of reinforcement and too much punishment. x

6. Will is studying photography. He is not doing it to get the diploma that comes at the end of the program. Rather, his primary purpose is to become a better photographer. His goal would be described as a a. Performance goal b. Mastery goal

c. Performance-approach goal d. Performance avoidance goal e. Mastery-avoidance goal 7. Self-determination theory suggests that people have three innate needs which need to be fulfilled for intrinsic motivation to flourish a. Existence, belongingness, goals b. Physiological needs, safety needs, belongingness needs c. Attachment, sex, aggression d. Competence, autonomy, relatedness to others e. Competence, belongingness, relatedness to others 8. Self-actualisation needs differ from other needs in Maslows hierarchy in that they are a. Deficiency needs b. Growth needs c. Belongingness needs d. Esteem needs e. Physiological needs

9. John strongly values achieving good grades. He believes such an outcome is attainable thus prepares for the upcoming exam by studying. Which theory best explains his motivation? a. Concept of drive theory b. Expectancy-value theory c. Goal setting theory x d. Self-determination theory e. None of the above 10. Osmometric thirst results from deficiency in __________ whilst volumetric thirst results from deficiency in __________. a. Extracellular fluid; intracellular fluid b. Glucose; lipids. c. Osmometric fluid; volumetric fluid d. Intracellular fluid; extracellular fluid e. Water; oxygen 11. A psychologist designs an experiment wherein subjects complete a personality test and an IQ test. This is a ___________ to personality research. A strength of this approach is that it _________________. a. Correlational approach, is cost-effective b. Clinical approach, considers the functioning of the whole person c. Experimental approach, is close to the scientific ideal d. Psychological approach, is thorough e. Experimental approach, generates new hypotheses

12. Inhibition to the unfamiliar is a temperament variable. Children with this attribute become upset when confronted with unfamiliar stimuli. a. If they had overprotective mothers, they were less likely to be depressed at age 21 b. Actively confronting the experiences increased the negative effect of inhibition c. Were likely to change if their mothers placed reasonable demands on them d. Were less fearful about a range of common situations at age 7 e. Were more fearful about a range of common situations at age 7 13. Johnnie needs a coffee before a lecture. During a lecture he bounces his leg up and down. He occasionally checks Facebook and makes comments to his neighbour about the lecture content. Only this morning he made plans to go skydiving this afternoon. Johnnie is: a. Stimulus hungry b. A risk-taker c. A poor student d. Low in ARAS e. High in ARAS 14. In Freuds structural model, the id, ego and superego are best conceived in terms of: a. Instincts, knowledge and rationality b. Sexuality, destructiveness and the I c. Biological drives, the sense of self and internalised moral standards d. Unconscious, preconscious and conscious x e. Specific kinds of defence mechanisms 15. Carl Rogers considered problems with personality to arise from: a. Certain nodes that are activated regularly become wired together, creating a strong link. Thus, when one is activated the rest of the script must play out. b. A disparity between the persons ideal self and their self concept, so they changed their behaviour or self view to avoid the painful reality of this gap c. From early maladaptive schemas, such as the abandonment, social isolation and x failure schemas. d. People are essentially good, but held back from their full potential by social experience e. Because only 1% of the population are able to self-actualise 16. Empiricism is a. Knowledge by reason b. Knowledge as a product of inborn faculties and environmental input c. Knowledge gained through sensory experience d. Determined by nature e. All of the above 17. Dualism, as proposed by Descartes states that: a. The mind is subjective while the body is objective b. The mind is objective while the body is subjective c. You cannot have body without mind

d. It is impossible to study the processes of the body e. Body and mind are one x 18. Which is NOT true of the behaviourist perspective? a. Emphasizes the objective, observable verification of research findings x b. States that all behaviour consists of learned responses to particular stimuli c. Can be applied to help people eliminate unreasonable fears and phobias d. Proponents are B.F. Skinner and John Franklin e. Can be applied to help people learn new skills, particularly in education 19. A major criticism of the Psychodynamic perspective is that it is: a. Too deterministic b. Ignorant of inner thoughts and feelings c. Difficult to objectively test theory x d. Too weird e. Both A and C 20. A focus on the processes of thinking and knowing is a fundamental component of which perspective? a. Biological b. Humanist c. Structuralism d. Functionalism e. Cognitive

50/100