Formulae

Engineering Mathematics Material
2010

Prepared by C.Ganesan, M.Sc., M.Phil., (Ph: 9841168917) Page 1

SUBJECT NAME : Engineering Mathematics II
SUBJECT CODE : MA 2161
MATERIAL NAME : Formula Material
MATERIAL CODE : JM08AM1003

Name of the Student: Branch:

Unit I (Ordinary Differential Equation)

1. ODE with constant coefficients: Solution C.F + P.I y =

Complementary functions:

Sl.No. Nature of Roots C.F
1.
1 2
m m = == =
( )
mx
Ax B e + ++ +
2.
1 2 3
m m m = = = = = = = =
( (( ( ) )) )
2 mx
Ax Bx c e + + + + + + + +
3.
1 2
m m
1 2
m x m x
Ae Be + ++ +
4.
1 2 3
m m m
3 1 2
m x m x m x
Ae Be Ce + + + + + + + +
5.
1 2 3
, m m m = == =
3
( )
m x mx
Ax B e Ce + + + + + + + +
6. m i = = = =
( cos sin )
x
e A x B x

+ ++ +
7. m i = = = = cos sin A x B x + ++ +

Particular Integral:

Type-I
If ( ) 0 f x = == =

then P.I = 0.

Type-II
If ( )
ax
f x e = == =
1
.
( )
ax
P I e
D
= == =

2010


Replace D by a. If ( ) 0 D , then it is P.I. If ( ) 0 D = == = , then diff. denominator
w.r.t D and multiply x in numerator. Again replace D by a. If you get denominator again
zero then do the same procedure.

Type-III

Case: i If ( ) sin ( ) cos f x ax or ax =

1
. sin (or) cos
( )
P I ax ax
D
=
Here you have to replace only for
2
D not for D.
2
D is replaced by
2
a . If the
denominator is equal to zero, then apply same procedure as in Type-I.

Case: ii If
2 2 3 3
( ) (or) cos (or) sin (or) cos f x Sin x x x x =

Use the following formulas
2
1 cos 2
2
x
Sin x

= ,
2
1 cos 2
cos
2
x
x
+
= ,
( )
3
1
sin 3sin sin3
4
x x x = , ( )
3
1
cos 3cos cos3
4
x x x = + and separate
1 2
. & . P I P I

Case: iii If ( ) sin cos ( ) cos sin ( ) cos cos ( ) sin sin f x A B or A B or A B or A B =
Use the following formulas:
( )
( )
( )
( )
1
( ) in cos ( ) sin( )
2
1
(ii) cos sin ( ) sin( )
2
1
( ) cos cos cos( ) cos( )
2
1
( ) sin sin cos( ) cos( )
2
i s A B sin A B A B
A B Sin A B A B
iii A B A B A B
iv A B A B A B
= + +
= +
= + +
= +

Type-IV
If ( )
m
f x x =

1
.
( )
m
P I x
D
=

1
1 ( )
m
x
g D
=
+

( )
1
1 ( )
m
g D x
= +
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Here we can use Binomial formula as follows:

i) ( )
1
2 3
1 1 ... x x x x
+ = + +
ii) ( )
1
2 3
1 1 ... x x x x
= + + + +
iii) ( )
2
2 3
1 1 2 3 4 ... x x x x
+ = + +
iv) ( )
2
2 3
1 1 2 3 4 ... x x x x
= + + + +
v)
3 2 3
(1 ) 1 3 6 10 ... x x x x
+ = + +
vi)
3 2 3
(1 ) 1 3 6 10 ... x x x x
= + + + +

Type-V
If ( )
ax
f x e V = where sin , cos ,
m
V ax ax x =

1
.
( )
ax
P I e V
D
=

First operate
ax
e by replacing D by D+a.

1
( )
ax
e V
D a
=
+

Type-VI
If ( )
n
f x x V = where sin , cos V ax ax =

sin I.P of
cos R.P of
iax
iax
ax e
ax e
=
=

Type-VII (Special Type Problems)

If ( ) sec (or) cosec (or) tan f x ax ax ax =

1
. ( ) ( )
ax ax
P I f x e e f x dx
D a
= =

1. ODE with variable co-efficient: (Eulers Method)

The equation is of the form
2
2
2
( )
d y dy
x x y f x
dx dx
+ + =
Implies that
2 2
( 1) ( ) x D xD y f x + + =
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To convert the variable coefficients into the constant coefficients
Put log z x = implies
z
x e =

2 2
3 3
( 1)
( 1)( 2)
xD D
x D D D
x D D D D
=
=
=
where
d
D
dx
= and
d
D
dz
=

The above equation implies that ( ) ( 1) 1 ( ) D D D y f x + + = which is O.D.E
with constant coefficients.
2. Legendres Linear differential equation:
The equation if of the form
2
2
2
( ) ( ) ( )
d y dy
ax b ax b y f x
dx dx
+ + + + =
Put log( ) z ax b = + implies ( )
z
ax b e + =

2 2 2
3 3 3
( )
( ) ( 1)
( ) ( 1)( 2)
ax b D aD
ax b D a D D
ax b D a D D D
+ =
+ =
+ =
where
d
D
dx
= and
d
D
dz
=

3. Method of Variation of Parameters:

The equation if of the form
2
2
( )
d y dy
a b y f x
dx dx
+ + =

1 2
. C F Ay By = + and

1 2
. P I Py Qy = +
where
2
1 2 1 2
( ) y f x
P dx
y y y y
=

and
1
1 2 1 2
( ) y f x
Q dx
y y y y
=

Unit II (Vector Calculus)

1. Vector differential operator is / / / i x j y k z = + +

2. Gradient of / / / i x j y k z = = + +

3. Divergence of F
F =

2010


4. Curl of F

1 2 3
/ / /
i j k
XF x y z
F F F
= =

5. If F
is Solenoidal vector then 0 F =
i
6.
7. If F
is Irrotational vector the 0 XF =

8. Maximum Directional derivative =
9. Directional derivative of in the direction of a

a
a

=

10. Angle between two normals to the surface
1 2
1 2
cos
n n
n n
=

i

Where ( )
1 1 1
1 1
( , , ) at x y z
n =
& ( )
2 2 2
2 2
( , , ) at x y z
n =

11. Unit Normal vector, n

12. Equation of tangent plane
1 1 1
( ) ( ) ( ) 0 l x x m y y n z z + + =
Where l, m,n are coefficient of , , i j k

in .
13. Equation of normal line
1 1 1
x x y y z z
l m n

= =
14. Work Done =
C
F dr

i , where dr dxi dyj dzk = + +

15. If .
C
F dr

be independent of the path is that curl 0 F =

16. In the surface integral
.
dxdy
dS
n k
= ,
.
dydz
dS
n i
= ,
.
dzdx
dS
n j
= & dS ndS =

2010


17. Greens Theorem:
If , , ,
u v
u v
y x

are continuous and one-valued functions in the region R enclosed
by the curve C, then
C R
v u
udx vdy dxdy
x y
| |
+ =
|

\

.
18. Stokes Theorem:
Let F
be the vector point function, around a simple closed curve C and over the
open surface S having as its boundary, then
( )
x
C S
F dr F nds =

i i
19. Gauss Divergence Theorem:
Let F
be a vector point function in a region R bounded by a closed surface S,

then
S V
F nds Fdv =

i i
Unit III (Analytic Function)

1. Necessary condition for f(z) is analytic function
Cauchy Riemann Equations: &
u v v u
x y x y

= =

(C-R equations)

2. Polar form of Cauchy-Riemann Equations:
1 1
&
u v v u
r r r r

= =

3. Condition for Harmonic function:
2 2
2 2
0
u u
x y

+ =

4. If the function is harmonic then it should be either real or imaginary part of a
analytic function.
5. Milne Thomson method: (finding the analytic function f(z)
i) If u is given ( ) ( , 0) ( , 0)
x y
f z u z dz i u z dz =

ii) If v is given ( ) ( , 0) ( , 0)
y x
f z v z dz i v z dz = +

2010


6. To find the analytic function
i) ( ) ; ( ) f z u iv if z iu v = + = adding these two
We have ( ) ( ) (1 ) ( ) u v i u v i f z + + = +
then ( ) F z U iV = + where , & ( ) (1 ) ( ) U u v V u v F z i f z = = + = +
Here we can apply Milne Thomson method for F(z).
7. Bilinear transformation:
( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
1 2 3 1 2 3
1 2 3 1 2 3
w w w w z z z z
w w w w z z z z

=

Unit IV (Complex Integration)
1. Cauchys Integral Theorem:
If f(z) is analytic and ( ) f z is continuous inside and on a simple closed curve C,
then ( ) 0
c
f z dz =
.
2. Cauchys Integral Formula:
If f(z) is analytic within and on a simple closed curve C and
0
z is any point inside
C, then
( )
2 ( )
C
f z
dz if a
z a
=

3. Cauchys Integral Formula for derivatives:
If a function f(z) is analytic within and on a simple closed curve C and a is any
point lying in it, then
( )
2
1 ( )
( )
2
C
f z
f a dz
i
z a

Similarly
( )
3
2! ( )
( )
2
C
f z
f a dz
i
z a
, In general
( )
( )
1
! ( )
( )
2
n
n
C
n f z
f a dz
i
z a
+
=

4. Cauchys Residue theorem:
If f(z) be analytic at all points inside and on a simple closed cuve c, except for a
finite number of isolated singularities
1 2 3
, , ,...
n
z z z z inside c, then
( ) 2 (sum of the residues of ( ))
C
f z dz i f z =
.

2010


5. Critical point:
The point, at which the mapping w = f(z) is not conformal, (i.e) ( ) 0 f z = is called
a critical point of the mapping.
6. Fixed points (or) Invariant points:
The fixed points of the transformation
az b
w
cz d
+
=
+
is obtained by putting w = z in
the above transformation, the point z = a is called fixed point.
7. Re { ( )} ( ) ( )
z a
s f z Lt z a f z
= (Simple pole)
8. ( )
( )
1
1
1
Re { ( )} ( )
( 1)!
m
m
m
z a
d
s f z Lt z a f z
m dz
(Multi Pole (or) Pole of order m)

9.
( )
Re { ( )}
( )
z a
P z
s f z Lt
Q z

10. Taylor Series:
A function ( ) f z , analytic inside a circle C with centre at a, can be expanded in
the series
2 3
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ... ( ) ...
1! 2! 3! !
n
n
z a z a z a z a
f z f a f a f a f a f a
n

= + + + + + +
Maclaurins Series:
Taking a = 0, Taylors series reduce to
2 3
( ) (0) (0) (0) (0) ...
1! 2! 3!
z z z
f z f f f f = + + + +
11. Laurents Series:
0 1
( ) ( )
( )
n n
n n
n n
b
f z a z a
z a

= =
= +

where
1
1
1 ( )
2 ( )
n n
C
f z
a dz
i z a
+
=
&
2
1
1 ( )
2 ( )
n n
C
f z
b dz
i z a

=
, the integrals being

taken anticlockwise.
12. Isolated Singularity:
A point
0
z z = is said to be isolated singularity of ( ) f z if ( ) f z is not analytic at
0
z z = and there exists a neighborhood of
0
z z = containing no other singularity.
2010


Example:
1
( ) f z
z
= . This function is analytic everywhere except at 0 z = .
0 z = is an isolated singularity.
13. Removable Singularity:
A singular point
0
z z = is called a removable singularity of ( ) f z if
0
lim ( ) f z
z z

exists finitely.
Example:
sin
lim ( ) lim 1
0 0
z
f z
z
z z
= =

(finite) 0 z = is a removable
singularity.
14. Essential Singularity:
If the principal part contains an infinite number of non zero terms, then
0
z z = is
known as a essential singularity.
Example:
( )
2
1
1/
1/
( ) 1 ...
1! 2!
z
z
z
f z e = = + + + has 0 z = as an essential
singularity.
CONTOUR INTEGRATION:
15. Type: I
The integrals of the form
2
0
(cos , sin ) f d
Here we shall choose the contour

as the unit circle : 1 or , 0 2
i
C z z e
= = . On this type
2
1
cos
2
z
z
+
= ,
2
1
sin
2
z
iz

= and
1
d dz
iz
= .
16. Type: II
Improper integrals of the form
( )
( )
P x
dx
Q x
, where P(x) and Q(x) are polynomials

in x such that the degree of Q exceeds that of P at least by two and Q(x) does not
vanish for any x. Here ( ) ( ) ( )
R
C R
f z dz f x dx f z dz
= +

as ( ) 0 R f z dz
.
2010


17. Type: III
The integrals of the form ( ) cos (or) ( ) sin f x mxdx f x mxdx

where
( ) 0 as f x x .
Unit V (Laplace Transform)
1. Definition: [ ]
0
( ) ( )
st
L f t e f t dt

2.
Sl.No

1. [ ] 1 L
1
s

2.
n
L t (

1 1
! ( 1)
n n
n n
s s
+ +
+
=
3.
at
L e (

1
s a

4.
at
L e
(

1
s a +

5. [ ] sin L at
2 2
a
s a +

6. [ ] cos L at
2 2
s
s a +

7. [ ] sinh L at
2 2
a
s a

8. [ ] cosh L at
2 2
s
s a

3. Linear Property: [ ] [ ] [ ] ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) L af t bg t aL f t bL g t =
4. First Shifting property:
If [ ] ( ) ( ) L f t F s = , then
i)
[ ] ( ) ( )
at
s s a
L e f t F s

( =

ii)
[ ] ( ) ( )
at
s s a
L e f t F s
+
( =

2010


5. Second Shifting property:
If [ ] ( ) ( ) L f t F s = ,
( ),
( )
0,
f t a t a
g t
t a
>
=

<
then [ ] ( ) ( )
as
L g t e F s
=
6. Change of scale:
If [ ] ( ) ( ) L f t F s = , then
[ ]
1
( )
s
L f at F
a a
| |
=
|
\

7. Transform of derivative:
If [ ] ( ) ( ) L f t F s = , then
[ ] ( ) ( )
d
L tf t F s
ds
= ,
2
2
2
( ) ( )
d
L t f t F s
ds
( =

,
In general ( ) ( 1) ( )
n
n n
n
d
L t f t F s
ds
( =

8. Transform of Integral;
If [ ] ( ) ( ) L f t F s = , then
1
( ) ( )
s
L f t F s ds
t
(
=
(

9. Initial value Theorem:
If [ ] ( ) ( ) L f t F s = , then
( ) ( )
0 s
Lt f t Lt sF s
t
=

10. Final value Theorem:
If [ ] ( ) ( ) L f t F s = , then
( ) ( )
s 0
Lt f t Lt sF s
t
=

11.
Sl.No
1.
1
1
L
s
(
(

1
2.
1
1
L
s a
(
(

at
e
3.
1
1
L
s a
(
(
+

at
e

4.
1
2 2
s
L
s a
(
(
+

cos at
5.
1
2 2
1
L
s a
(
(
+

1
sin at
a

2010


6.
1
2 2
s
L
s a
(
(

cosh at
7.
1
2 2
1
L
s a
(
(

1
sinh at
a

8.
1
1
n
L
s
(
(

1
( 1)!
n
t
n

12. Deriative of inverse Laplace Transform:
[ ] [ ]
1 1
1
( ) ( ) L F s L F s
t

=
13. Colvolution of two functions:
0
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
t
f t g t f u g t u du =

14. Covolution theorem:
If f(t) & g(t) are functions defined for 0 t then [ ] [ ] [ ] ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) L f t g t L f t L g t =

15. Convolution theorem of inverse Laplace Transform:

[ ] [ ] [ ]
1 1 1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) L F s G s L F s L G s

=

16. Solving ODE for second order differential equations using L.T
i) [ ] [ ] ( ) ( ) (0) L y t sL y t y =
ii) [ ] [ ]
2
( ) ( ) (0) (0) L y t s L y t sy y =
iii) [ ] [ ]
3 2
( ) ( ) (0) (0) (0) L y t s L y t s y sy y = take [ ] ( ) y L y t =
17. Solving integral equation:
[ ]
0
1
( ) ( )
t
L y t dt L y t
s
(
=
(

18. Inverse Laplace Transform by Contour Integral method
[ ]
1
1
( ) ( )
2
st
c
L F s F s e ds
i

19. Periodic function in Laplace Transform:
If f(x+T) = f(x), then f(x) is periodic function with period T.
[ ]
0
1
( ) ( )
1
T
st
sT
L f t e f t dt
e

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Engineering Mathematics Material

is Solenoidal vector then 0 F =

is Irrotational vector the 0 XF =

be a vector point function in a region R bounded by a closed surface S,

(Multi Pole (or) Pole of order m)

, the integrals being

Here we shall choose the contour

, where P(x) and Q(x) are polynomials

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