Determining the Efficiency of Geared Transmissions

FLORIAN ION PETRESCU, BARBU GRECU, ADRIANA COMNESCU, *RELLY VICTORIA PETRESCU TMR (Theory of Mechanisms and Robots) and *GDGI Departments Polytechnic University of Bucharest Splaiul Independenei 313, Sector 6, zip 060042, Bucharest ROMANIA petrescuflorian@yahoo.com, bgrecu2000@yahoo.com, adrianacomanescu@yahoo.com, petrescuvictoria@yahoo.com http://iondynamics.blogspot.com

Abstract: In this paper one presents shortly an original method to obtain the efficiency of the geared transmissions in function of the cover grade of gearing. With the presented relations one can make the dynamic synthesis of geared transmissions, having in view increasing the efficiency of gearing mechanism in works. Key-Words: Geared Transmission, Cover Grade, Dynamic, Efficiency, Tangential Velocity, Motor Velocity, Momentary Efficiency, Mechanical Efficiency, Wheel, Tooth, Four Pair in Contact.

1 Introduction
In this paper one makes a brief presentation of an original method to obtain the efficiency of the geared transmissions in function of the cover grade. With the presented relations one can make the dynamic synthesis of the geared transmissions having in view increasing the efficiency of gearing mechanisms in work.

three points of contact, j, k, l (see the picture number one). For starting one writes the relations between the velocities (see the system 1):

vi = vmi cos i = ri 1 cos i = rb1 1

vj = vmj cos j = rj 1 cos j = rb1 1 vk = vmk cos k = rk 1 cos k = rb1 1 vl = vml cos l = rl 1 cos l = rb1 1

(1)

2 Determining the gearing efficiency in function of the cover grade

One calculates the efficiency of a geared transmission, having in view the deed that at one moment there are more couples of teeth in contact, and not just one. The start model has got four pairs of teeth in contact (4 couple) concomitantly. The first couple of teeth in contact has the contact point i, defined by the ray ri1, and the pressure angle i1; the forces which action in this point are: the motor force Fmi, perpendicular in i on the position vector ri1 and the transmitted force from the wheel 1 at the wheel 2 by the point i, Fi, parallel with the gearing line and with the sense from the wheel 1 to the wheel 2, the transmitted force being practically the projection of the motor force at the gearing line; the defined velocities are similar with the forces (having in view the original kinematics, or the precisely kinematics adopted); the same parameters will be defined for the next

From the relations (1), one obtains the equality of the tangential velocities (2), and one explicit the motor velocities (see the relations 3): (2) vi = vj = vk = vl = rb1 1

v mi = v mk

rb1 1 r ; v mj = b1 1 ; cos i cos j

r r = b1 1 ; v ml = b1 1 cos k cos l

(3)

The transmitted forces concomitantly in the four points must be the same (see the relation 4): (4) Fi = Fj = Fk = Fl = F The motor forces are (5):

Fmi = Fmk =

F F ; Fmj = ; cos i cos j F F ; Fml = cos k cos l

K 1i = rb1 tg i ; K 1 j = rb1 tg j ;

(5)

K 1 k = rb1 tg k ; K 1l = rb1 tg l K 1 j K 1i = rb1 (tg j tg i ); K 1 j K 1i = rb1 tg j = tg i + 2 z1

2 z1 2 z1

K 1 k K 1i = rb1 (tg k tg i );
O2 Fl, vl rb2 Fml, vml K2 l k rl1 rk1 rj1 A j i ri1j i rb1 O1 K1 Fmi, vmi Fi, vi

K 1 k K 1i = rb1 2 tg k = tg i + 2

2 z1 2 z1

K 1l K 1i = rb1 (tg l tg i ); K 1l K 1i = rb1 3 tg l = tg i + 3

tg j = tg i
(7)

2 z1

Fig. 1 Four pairs of teeth in contact concomitantly. The momentary efficiency can be written in the form (6):

2 ; tg k = z1

2 2 = tg i 2 ; tg l = tg i 3 z1 z1

(8)

P P i = u = = Pc Pm Fi vi + Fj vj + Fk vk + Fl vl Fmi v mi + Fmj v mj + Fmk v mk + Fml v ml =

4 F rb1 1 F rb1 1 F rb1 1 F rb1 1 F rb1 1 + + + cos 2 i cos 2 j cos 2 k cos 2 l

=

4 1 1 1 1 + + + 2 2 2 cos i cos j cos k cos 2 l 4 4 + tg i + tg j + tg 2 k + tg 2 l

2 2

(6) The relations (7) and (8) are auxiliary relations:

One keeps the relations (8), with the sign plus (+) for the gearing where the drive wheel 1, has external teeth (at the external or internal gearing), and with the sign (-) for the gearing where the drive wheel 1, has internal teeth (the drive wheel is a ring, only at the internal gearing). The relation of the momentary efficiency (6), use the auxiliary relations (8) and takes the form (9): One start in the expression (9) with the relation (6) where one has four pairs in contact concomitantly, but then one generalizes the expression exchanging the 4 figure (four pairs) with E couples (exchanging figure 4 with the E variable, which represents the whole of cover grade +1), and after while one restricts the sums expressions, one exchanges the variable E with the cover grade 12, as well.

i =

4 4 + tg i + tg j + tg k + tg l
2 2 2 2

m =

1 B1 2 2 ( 12 1) 3 z12
(10)

4 4 1 1 1 1 = = = = = = A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 2 2 ) + A1 = 4 + tg 2 i + (tg i z1 + (tg i 2 2 2 2 ) + (tg i 3 ) 2 z1 z1

2

B1 = 1 + tg 2 0 + (2 12 1)

2 tg 0 ( 12 1) z1
+
(11)

4 2 A2 = 4 + 4 tg i + 2 (0 2 + 12 + 2 2 + z1 + 3 2 ) 2 tg i A3 = 1 + tg 2 i + 2 (0 + 1 + 2 + 3) z1 4 (i 1) 2 2 E z1 i =1
2 E

a .e . 12

z12 sin 2 0 + 4 z1 + 4 2 cos 0 2 cos 0

2 z 2 sin 2 0 + 4 z 2 + 4

( z1 + z 2 ) sin 0 2 cos 0 = z e2 sin 2 0 + 4 z e + 4 2 cos 0 2 cos 0 ( z e z i ) sin 0 2 cos 0

(12)

E 2 2 tg i (i 1) E z1 i =1

a .i . 12

A4 = 1 + tg 2 1 +

4 2 E z12

z i2 sin 2 0 4 z i + 4

E ( E 1) (2 E 1) 4 tg 1 E ( E 1) 6 2 E z1 2 2 ( E 1) (2 E 1) 3 z12

A5 = 1 + tg 2 1 +

The calculations results one has been centralized in the table 1.

2 tg 1 ( E 1) z1 2 ( 12 1) 3 z12
2

3 Conclusion
The best efficiency can be obtained with the internal gearing when the drive wheel 1 is the ring; the minimum efficiency will be obtained when the drive wheel 1 of the internal gearing has external teeth. At the external gearing, the better efficiency can be obtained when the greater wheel is the drive wheel; when one decreases the normal angle 0, the cover grade and the efficiency increase. The efficiency increase too when the number of teeth of the drive wheel, 1, increase as well (when one increases z1), see the table number 1. References: [1] Petrescu, R.V., Petrescu, F.I., Popescu, N., Determining Gear Efficiency, Gear Solutions magazine, March 2007, USA, pp. 19-28.

A6 = 1 + tg 2 1 + (2 12 1)

2 tg 1 ( 12 1) z1
(9)

The mechanical efficiency is more interesting than the momentary efficiency, and will be calculated approximately, exchanging the pressure angle 1, with the normal pressure angle 0, in the relation (9) which takes the form (10); where 12 represents the cover grade of the gearing, and it will be calculated with the expression (11) for the external gearing, and with relation (12) for the internal gearing as well.

The table 1. Determining the efficiency of the geared transmissions z1 42 46 52 58 65 74 85 98 115 137 165 204 257 336 457 657

0
[grad]

z2

12ae

12ae

21ae

12ai

12ai

21ai

20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8

126 1.799463 0.844769 0.871197 1.920902 0.83866 0.89538 138 1.875212 0.856744 0.882524 2.004616 0.850911 0.905915 156 1.964633 0.869323 0.893686 2.099177 0.864094 0.915635 174 2.062449 0.880938 0.904223 2.205675 0.87608 0.925023 195 2.173287 0.892173 0.914292 2.326635 0.887672 0.933877 222 2.301654 0.903305 0.923963 2.465121 0.899241 0.942103 255 2.449656 0.914052 0.933147 2.624685 0.910419 0.949774 294 2.620345 0.924221 0.941781 2.810001 0.920962 0.956932 345 2.822316 0.934095 0.949936 3.027795 0.931246 0.963487 411 3.062854 0.943503 0.957556 3.286764 0.941054 0.969476 495 3.351511 0.952271 0.964586 3.599006 0.950177 0.974938 510 3.687451 0.960703 0.970155 4.020382 0.958606 0.980652

514 4.097102 0.968417 0.975013 4.577099 0.966232 0.98587 7 672 4.666475 0.975348 0.980651 5.214391 0.973645 0.989299 6 914 5.427328 0.981528 0.98562 6.067023 0.980251 0.992231 5 1314 6.495028 0.986917 0.989899 7.264006 0.986011 0.994672