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81 Basic Physics

8 '1'1. ansformer Differential Protection

I-w =I -w

I~'j' 2"2 Figure 8.2 Simplified transformer equivalent circuit

,, I

^.

I=I'

I '2'

'T'Xoj"o2
RT =Rj+R2'

Tnnsfonners are importsrii system components available in many different construclions. The range of HV transfonners reaches from small distribution transformers (from lookVA) up to large transformers having several hundred MVA. Apartfrom the

I according to the magnetismg curve is required. In the electrical equivalent circuit, this excitation requirement corresponds to the main reactance X . The leakage flux @ I and @, 2 are only linked to theirrespective own windings and make up the leakage rearlances X, I and X, 2. Rj and Rz are the respective winding resistances. All currents and impedances are referred to the primary side,

large number of simple two and Ihiee-winding transformers, a range of complex constructions in the form of multi-winding and regulating transfonners also exist, Differential protection provides fast and selective short-circuitproiection on its own, or as a supplement to Buchholz (gas pressure) protection, It is usually applied on transformers above approx. I MVA. On larger units above approx. 5 MVA it is standard. The transformer differential protection contains a number of supplementary functions (adaption to transfonnation ratio and vector group, stabilisation against in-rush and overexcitation) and therefore requires some fundamental consideration forthe coringuration and setting calculation,

X = Un!ICOrresponds to the slope of the magnetismg curve. During load and particuIarly in the event of short-circuits, the operating point is below the knee-point in the steep portion of the curve. The magnetismg current at nominal voltage only amounts to approx. 0.2% IN, i. e. in the non-saturated segment of the curve* X is approx. 500 times larger than the nominal impedance of the transformer and approx. 5000 times greater than the leakage reactances, During load and short-circuit conditions* a simplified equivalent circuit may therefore be used for the calculations (Fig. 8.2). The series reactance XT corresponds to the short-circuit voltage in %, relative to the nominal impedance of the transformer:

IfX-T t', XT' ~" .XTN T~ 100

_UN UN 8.1 Basic Physics


To better undersumd the protection response during short-circuits and switching opera
tions, the physical principles of the transforrner are initially covered in detail. t8-11 EQ"tv@fom, cine"it of a Iran. $fon, ,er The primary and secondary winding are linked via a magnetic core by means of the main flux @ (Fig. 8.1). To obtain the flux, the magnetismg curreni(excitation current)
W W

TN~ I^"N 'N

(82)

The series resistance corresponds to the ohmic short-circuit voltage in %* and is also based on the nontinalimpedance. For calculation onhe short-circuit current, the resistance may be neglected;it must only be considered when calculating the DC time conslant

Table 8.1 lists typical transformer data. t8-21


In-rush 18-3 to 8-71

11
^

12
\
^.

When energising a transfonner, one-sided overexcitation results, due to reinanance causing large magnetising current flow (in-rush current).
R
^

Of

o2

R'

u, I ;
by

The flux does notretum to zero when the transfonnerisswitchedoff, but remains arthe

; I'2
'02

^.

,, I

I, , I

I u, '

Equivalent electromagnetic circuit


Figure 8.1 Equivalent circuit of a transformer

Equivalent electric circuit

reinanance point Ok. ,, which may be above 80% of the nominal induction. When the transfonneris re-energised, the flux increase starts at this point. Depending on theenergising instant on the sinusoidal voltage (point on wave), an off-set course of the flux can result. For the large flux values in the saturation range, a very large magnetismg current is required, and cyclic current peaks will result. The curve form corresponds with the sinusoidal half-waves of a simple half-waye rectified AC currentthat decays with a very large time constant(Fig. 8.3).

146

8 Transformer Differential Protection

8.1 Basic Physics

Table 8.1 Typical hallsfomier data


Rating
MVA

Rush

Tnnsfonnation ratio

(kV/ICV)
4001230 2301/10 110110
30/10

Short-circuit voltage "x-T in %


19 24

Open circuit current


%I

IN 10

Rated power
in MVA 0.5. .,. 1.0 1.0 10 >, O

Time constant
in seconds

600 300
40

0.25 0.1

I,

0.16. ... 0.2


0.2 .....,. 2

I 2 .... 720

17 8.0
7.5

0.1
2

16 6.3
0.63

0.2 0.2
0.15 5 10 50 too 500
^

30/10 1010.4

Rated transformer power in MVA 4.0

Figure 8.4 Typical rush cument of a star delta transformer

The rush current is particularly large when cores of cold rolled steel with a nominal

induction (1.6 to 1.8 Tesla) are operated close to the saturation induction (approx.
2 Tesla).

^.

IA
^

On a three-phase transformer, a three-phase rush current will result, which depends on


the vectorgroup and the method of star-point earthing on the transformer. [8-3 and 8-7]

IB
+.

+ I,

In general, two phases willsaturate and draw large magnetismg currents. On star delta transfonners, these currents are coupled to the non-saturated phase via the delta wind~
ing. This causes the typical rush currents as shown in Fig. 8.4.

OScillogram:

The rush currents in the three phases can be calculated from the required magnetisation of the two saturated core-limbsA and C with the given equations, The current on phase B thereby corresponds to the current in the delta winding ID. Please refer to the litersture for the theoretical analysis [8-7]. The shown OScillogram of an in-rush occurrence
confirms the calculated curves.

IA
I IC

Amplitude and time constant depend on the transformer size. (Fig. 8.5).
It must be noted that a similar rush current also arises when a close-in externalshort-

circuitis switched off and the transformer is re-magnetised by the recovery of the volt
age. It however is substantially smaller than the in-rush following energising of a
switched-off transfonner,

JVV1'!11UVU^
Innsh<linent ore single phasehanslbrmer

Large rush currents can also occur when asynchronous systems are switched together
via a transfonner, as the large voltage difference can cause transient saturation of the
core. [8-8]

Sympathetic in-rush

When transformers wereconnected in parallel, it was observed that the differential protortion of the transformer that was in service issued a trip. Thereason forthis is sympadietic in-rush current, which results from the rush current of the transfonner that is Figure 8.3 Origin of in-rush current
148

being energised (Fig. 8.6).

8 Transfomier Differential Protection

8.1 BasicPhysics
in(v) in(I)

Waveform:

Transient currents:

96 100

.I

I2
... ~
....

Current circulating
between transformers 80

^..

60

..^. .L I.

B 360

I,
I T Transformer

in(2)
40 R X

in(3)
^,. 20 in(I) T

L'in(I)
.. .
,r,
-+ 17.5%

*.T2

being closed G
Transformer

,^ ^
T, T2

t ,,
900

Figure 8.7
3600 Width of base B

already closed

1800 ,2700

Harmonic content of in-rush current

2400

figure 8.6 Sympathetic in-rush current

A more sensitive setting than 15% of the second harmonic should nomially riot be

applied as the off-setshort-circuit current will also have a second harmonic component
The voltage drop resulting from the initial rush current across the source resistance of the in-feed affects the second transformer in parallel and causes the sympathetic inrush current (12). The current from the system (IT) decays rapidly; however a current stillcirculates between the two transformers due to the small damping (large time conslant t= XIR of, he windings). t8-9 and 8-101 In-rush blocking The in-rush currentflows into the protected object from a single side and appears as an internal fault. The transfonner differential protection must therefore be stabilised against this phenomenon. The large amount of second harmonic in the rush current was already used with conventional protection forthis purpose. The second harmonic is intored out of the differential current (operating current) by means of a filter, and is then used as additional stabilising in the measuring bridge, When it was above approximately 15% in relation to the 50 Hz fundamental, a very large additional stabilising was introduced to preventtripping. Other manufacturers compared the 100 and 50 Hz components directly with a separate bridgecircuit, which then directly blocked the prorection, as it is now done in the software of numerical protection, The 100 Hz componentin the rush current depends on the base width of the sinusoidal caps (Fig. 8.7),
11 decreases as the base width B increases in case of CT saturation.

In rare cases, forexample with weak in-feed, a soft energisation with a very smallsecond harmonic component may occur. Under these conditions, a reduced setting ofe. g 12% may be considered. Preference should however be given to the cross-blocking
function.

Cross-blocking This function which was already applied in conventional relays, is now available in all numerical relays and may be activated, ifdesired, intakes into accountthat the second harmonic component in the individual phases is different and may not be sufficient, in the phase with the smallest component, 10 activate the blocking. The measuring system in all phases is therefore blocked when a single phase detects the rush blocking condition. Tram. ^former overtjl":ring

Ifthe transformer is operated with excessively high voltage, then the required magnetisation is also increased. The magnetismg currentrises sharply when the operating point on the magnetismg curve is close to the point of saturation. The wave fomi becomes more and more distorted with increasing odd harmonic content, (Fig. 8.8).

Investigations have shown that a base width greater than 240' hardly ever arises in practice 18-7 and 8-121, which implies a Thinimum second harmonic component of 17.5%, A setting of 15% therefore makes sense for in-rush blocking. The 3rd harmonic may not be used form-rush blocking, as iris strongly represented in the short-circuit current when CT saturation lakes place,

The increased magnetismg current appears as a tripping current in the differential protection with large over-voltage; this can cause tripping, depending on the configuration
of the transformer.

Over-voltages can occur in the system, due to the distribution of reactive power flow in

the event of tap changer orAGC problems, or following load shedding. This is particuIarly true for geographicalIy large systems with long lines. One critical case is the

8 TnnsfomierDitferentialProtection
Deduction of wave han
%

8.2 Numerical Measured Value Processing


Harmonic content

longer required. The required filtering and measuring functions are implemented in a more flexible manner, providing increased accuracy. Numerical meds"redva!"e adaptation

Frosial

I,

100

,. 5 1.0 0.5

I
I

80
U

1150/1so

1,011, T,
^ ..

60
40 20

,125Q!!59 , I. ' '~.


1350/1so ~
...,.,... .

Priorto the current comparison, two adaptations are required:


~.~ 7, 160 UN

- On the earthed star-point winding the zero-sequence component must be elininnated


or compensated for (refer section 5.8) - On delta windings, the vector group must be compensated for (see section 5.8) As an example, the Siemens device 7UT6 is used here. The computation rules will be based on the designations according to Fig. 8.9.
CT I Wl W2 CT2

:}---------....
,

o 100
10
^

120

140
^.

5 10 15A
^I

20 ms

Figure 8.8 Magnetsingcurrent in the event of transformer over-fluxing


JA-prim + <- Ja-prim
<-Jb hm ,.. Jo- rim

switching off of a power station under fullload conditions which results in a severe over-voltage condition at the unittransfonner as a result of the large excitation of the
generator.

JB-prim + JC"prim +

The transfomiercan tolerate the overexcitation, which causes heating, for agiven time withoutsustaining damage. During this time the system regulation must ensure that the voltage returns to the permissible range. Only if this does not occur, must the transfonner be isolated by a special overexcita-

JA-sec JB-sec JC-sec

N
o r in

IA IB IC

10Elim.

IA*
IC'

CoinA1

Ia** Vector

18* Ib

IB* parison

Ib** group
IC*,

10-

Ia

N
o r

Ja-sec Jb-sec Jo-sec

adapt.

Elim.
IC

IC*

in

tion protection having a U/f-dependent time delay. Tripping by the differential pronection with a fast measurement due to these conditions must be avoided at allcost.

Figure 8.9 Numerical current adaptation forthe comparison

Modem numerical relays therefore provide an integrated blocking of the trip in the

event of overexcitation (over-fluxing). mis based on the large 5'' harmonic component
in the tripping current which clearly indicates over-fluxing. Tripping is blocked when

the ratio 1150H, /150.1, exceeds a set value. For this setting it must be noted that the 5'
harmonic component again decreases ifthe over-voltage is very large (Fig. 8.8). A IypICal setting is 30% 18-121 If the over-voltage is very large, blocking is no longer sensible as the transformer is at

Initially the secondary CT curients on both sides are brought to a common base in relation to the transformer rated power SN (on multi-winding transformers, the winding with the larger rating is used as reference):

_ SN IN-Transf:-Wi ' ,

-Tans-~ 15'UN-I
, ^LL.
N-Tmnsf. -Wl

and IN. Transf. -W2' ^

. _,,. UN-2
A'sec.

risk. The blocking can therefore again be re-set when the 5'' harmonic component is
above a set ratio of the 50 Hz component, which increases as the over-voltage
increases. [8-6]
A A'sec.

IB
C

'B-sec ~ 'CT-I' IB. sec.


Jc. sec.
a. sec.

C-sec.

8.2 Numerical Measured Value Processing


The conventional connection of the measured value inputs to the differential protection and the transformer ratio and vector group adaption where covered in section 5.8. The numerical protection follows the same basic principle and implements this by means of numerical coinpu, atton. External interposing transforrners are therefore no

a-sec.

and

Ib
Cj

, ^^I^..
N-Transf. W2

'b-sec ' 'CT-2' Ib. sec


c-sec. c-sec

Adaptation of the secondary CT nontinal current ftom I or 5A is done by means of inporn'ansformers with link-selectable ratio adaption in the relay, In the 7UT6 relay, each input can be sello I or 5 A by means of jumpers. mspecial cases, the 5A relay

8 Transformer Differential Protection

8.2 Numerical Measured Value Processing

inputmay also be applied to advantagewith a secondary CT currentof IA (refer examPIe 8-1). The correction of the ratio deviation of, he primary CT rated current to the corresponding transfomier nominal currentis then done by the software. Subsequently the zero sequence current component is eliminated. On the star-point side this is absolutely essential if the winding star-point is earthed. If the star-point is riot earthed or on delta windings, this is riot necessary.

Example 8-I: Me@$14redvat"e @daptio" in ",, merita!projection


Given:

TransfomierYd5 in accordance with Fig, 8.10.


SN= 100 MVA

UN2=20kV Yd5 UNj=110kV


3000/5 A
^

W2

Wl

60011 A 2400 A
^

7621 A

The zero sequence currentis: 10 = ~ ' (IA + IB ' IC)


The elimination in the phase currents is calculated with the following equations:

,^

IA "A~'o IC "C~'o

A
= .

2-I-I A 3

IB ' IB~10 Orin mainx-form I* IC


*

-I 2 -I' IB
-I-I 2

IA

IC

';^;^ A1 ;^:
Figure 8.10 Circuitand data forexample 8-1

Thereafter, the vectorgroup can be considered (on three winding transformers there are two). The high voltage winding is always used as a reference according to the vector group designation i. e. for example the star connected winding of aYd5 transfonner. The three phase system of the low voltage winding(s)lags by the vector group number in each phase. The adaptation can be determined direcily from the connection of the winding. AlternativeIy, symmetrical components may be applied. The following generalequation applies, whereby k is the vector group number*
**

Wanted:

Sequence of computation in a numerical differential protection for the illustrated external fault. Proofthat the protection remains stable. The singlephasefaul, current of 2400Aonthe 110kVside appearsonthe 20 kV side as a two phase current:

Solution:

IF-2 ' ' ' ~ 'IF. I ' ^ . - .2400 = 7621 A =


The high voltage winding is selected as reference winding Wl,
Adaptation on the 110kV-side (winding \I),.

I**
I**

2
= .

cos[k - 30'] cost(k + 4) - 30'1 cost(k-4) - 30 I cosj(k-4)- 30n cosjk- 30'l cos[(k+4)- 30 ] '

I*
I

cos[("+4)-30'] cos[(k-4)-30n coslk 30*] I*

For aYd5-hansformeT with k = 5 the following resultis obtained:


**

IN-Tmnsf. -wj

100 MVA

= 525 A

-10 I

I' ' 110 kV

I**,_.
**

Ib ~/;' O I-I Ib I~" I


lows:

I*

The inputtransformer of the protection is setto I A nonitnalcuiTent. Referred to the full-load current, the following results are obtained:

The measured values for comparison in the differential protection therefore arise as folI* I** I* , I** I* I**

'A, B, c-sec ' ' . 2400 = 4.0A and IN, ,in = -- - 4 = 4.57 A
The 1, -elminnation is activated:

A-A A-B A-C

I
I

2 -I-I 3
-I 2 -I -I-I 2

o -4.57 , o

I* , 4,5713 therefore: Ib = -2 .4,5713

Thereby it must be rioted that currents flowing into the protected object are considered with a positive sense.

I ,=4,5713 I, 4,5713

8 Transformer Differential Protection

8.2 Numerical Measured Value Processing


345 kV, 1050 MVA 500 kV,
1500/5 A 1050 MVA

Adaptation on Ihe 20 kV-side Iwinding W2),.

2000/5A

IN-Tnnsf. -W2 '

100 MVA

= 2887 A

15 - 20 kV

The inputiransformer of the protection for winding 2 is set to 5 A, Referred to the full-load current, the following results are obtained:

1000/1 A

I',','~"', ' ^666 ' 13200 113 , 4,411; A and


IN, nn = - - 4.4 115 = 4,571/^ A
The 10-elimination is riotrequired on this side, and therefore riot activated.
The vector group adaptation forYd5 is as follows: 7SA5,3 relay (5A) Figure8.11 Connection diagram and data forexample 8-2
1050 MVA
N-Transf. -Wl

13.8 kV,
30 MVA

110.2A

4.57 115 I**=-'I- 0 ' '


-10 I o

I**

I**, 4.57 3
therefore:

Ib '7^' I~' 0 -4,571/g, O I-I I**

I** , 2- 4.57 3 I** , 4.57 3

The resultant tripping current (diff. current) therefore is:

12/3 A

I, A ^ I: +I, ** = 4,571/^-4,571/^ = O I, _B ' If + I^' ^ -2 .4,571/^+2 .4,571/:; = O I, _. ' I; + I:* ^ 4.57 1/5 -4,571/^ ^ O
The protection therefore remains stable,

500 - I^
1050 MVA 1757 A

IN-Transf. -W2 '

345 - 15

The 2000/5A CT approximately corresponds to this current The rated current of the tertiary winding is:
30 MVA

An external interposing CT may in some cases be required. A typical example would be on a three winding transformer when one winding is only rated for a very smallload, This is illustrated with the following practical example. Ex@inPIe 8-2: Application exampleforexrem"linterposi"g troll. ^former
Given: Wanted:

N-Transf. .W3 ~ 13.8 .,/3 ~

1252 A

The CT 1000/1 is provided for this current. It is roughly matched to the output rating (30 MVA) and provides the correcttransfonnation ratio for an overcurrent back-up protection in this location. It however has an
extreme mismatch to the rating of the main winding (1050 MVA), to which the differential protection must be adapted.

Three winding transformer according to Fig. 8.11. Configuration and setting of the measured value adaption. other windings, The primary current of the CTS 1000/1is matched to this smallrating (30MVAa, 13.8 kVcorresponds to amtedcurrentof 1255A). The rated current on the high voltage winding (500 kV)is:
The 1500/5A CT is matched to this.

An adaption to 1050 MVA would correspond to a current of Iw3 = 12/3.5001/3.8 = 43,949 A on the 13.8 kV side, An adaptation by
the factor 43,949/1000 = 44 would therefore be required. With the selection of I A CT secondary current, with a 5 A relay, a part of

Solution: The delta winding has an extremely smallrating in comparison with the

the adap, ion (factor 5) is already obtained for the rimsmatch of the input
CT. A nitsmatch of 44/5 = 8.8, stillremains. This can be numerically coin-

pensared by the software. With the relay 7UT5 iris reconunended, due to internal computation accuracy, to not exceed the factor4 for the k, , An external interposing CT 5/1 (I to 0.2A)is therefore applied, so that the adaptation factor is reduced to

filerated current ofthe 345 kV winding is:

8 Transformer Differential Protection

8.2 Numerical Measured Value Processing 11 12 ,^


\^9
7UT6,

8.815 = 1.76, The relay setting point "Primary rated current of the CT" must then be set to 1000.5.5 = 25,000A for the tertiary winding.
When defining the dimension of the interposing CT, it must be noted that the current levelis also very small during short-circuits. Referred 10

9 Op n 8 7 6 5

^.

I DIFF >>

\oQ

1000/1A, normuch more than ten times IN is to be expected, The internosing CT can therefore be coringured for 110.2 A raied current. With the

multi-tap type 4AM22-7AA (see section 5.8, Fig. 5.33)the correct choice
would be 8 to 40 turns,

Tripping area
4 3 2 'I.

Stable operation

The above example illustrates the combination of CT, external interposing transfonneT, inputtransfonner and numeric compensation of the measured values. The interposing CT and the measuring input can be included in equation (8-4)to obtain the following result for the internal currentthatis processed in the relay (winding I as example): IA IB IC
N-InIC r. CT-rela side N-sec. -CT-I A-sec

^,,$;^
s\o99
FF

Additional stabilisation
,,,

IDIFF> o 2

for high foult current


4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Rea n

^L
B-sec. C-sec.

N-Internr. CT-c. I'Side 'N-relay-Ml-I 'N-Transf-Wl

(87)

Figure 8.12 Pick-up characteristic of the transformer differential protection (Relay 7Ur6)

IN-relay_Mj_lis the normnal current of the measuring input I of the relay. Generally, the
normnalcurrentofeach measuring inputis the same asthe relay nominal current. Ifthe
secondary nominal current of the CTS on the transformer Leninnals are different, the

Setting the slope of the first brunch to 25% and the second to 50% is appropriate for nomial applications. Stability in the event of large differential currents that arise in the
event of CT saturation is ensured by the integrated saturation detector with temporary blocking of the trip output (Fig. 8.12).

measuring inputs must however be matched by jumperselection. In the above example, the Thismatch is used to advantage to provide the equivalent of a
5/1interposing CT. The following results

Incorrect operation due to in-rush currents ordue to over-excitation is prevented by the blocking functions described above. During internal faults, with severe CT saturation,
harmonics which can cause delay of the trip output may also be present. In this case,

IA
IB

A'sec

_ 0.2A IA 25,000A IA 5A 44,000A

18-sec.
C-sec.

_ 1,000 43,949

A-sec.

the high set stage IDjFp>> will however respond.


High-current stage

B-sec. ,

IC,

IC-,, C!

That means an adaptation to the rating 1050MVA.


Measuring algorithm

The short-circuit current flowing through a transfonner is limited by the short-circuit reactance to I, - (1001, ,, %). In the event of external faults, the differential current can
therefore also notbe greater than this, even under the most severe nori-syrnmetricalsaturalion of the CTS.

The adapted measured values are subjected to numeric evaluation according to the differentialprotection measuring principle.

If the impping currents are greater than this maximum current, then tripping without any stabilising may be camed out without delay.
The transfonner differential protection 7UT6 has a corresponding nori-stabilised high-

The pick-up characteristic has three stages which is typical for numerical protection. Compared to generator protection, the basic pick-up threshold IDlFF>, and the slope of the first branch must have less sensitive settings as the magnetismg currents of the
transfomier* and ratio errors due to tap changers result in false differential currents.

Adaptation of the transfomiation ratio in accordance with the tap changer tap position would in theory be possible, is however not implemented in practice due to the
increased complexity.

current stage. It ensures fast tripping also in those cases when during internal faults with large DC off-set short-circuit current and severe CT saturation, a temporary pickup of the rush-blocking takes place. As extreme saturation is riot to be expected with
the limited short-circuit currents flowing through the transformer, IDFF>> may also be sello a value below the current corresponding to the short-circuit reactance.

A cornmon setting value is 20% IN fortransfonners withouttap changer and up to 30% on transformers with tap changers having ^22% tap changer range.

The high-current stage responds to the fundamental wave of the short-circuit current
which meanstha. the DC component and the high order harmonics of the rush currents

8 Transfom, er Differential Protection

8.2 Numerical Measured Value Processing

^re elmtinated. Including a securlty margin of 20%, a setting of approximately 60% of

while the current alitie in-feed side is inversely proportional to the square of the number of short-circuited turns,

IRUsh 1/2 may be applied as the maximum value of the fundamental wave in the rush
currentis only approximately 50% of the rush current peak, The factory pre-setting is
7-5'IN, Tmf, . It should be appropriate for most applications.

The fault currents may in this case easily be calculated:


h.U

In case of internal transfomier faults near the terntinals, high fault currents may lead to
fast CT saturation, This is always the case when smalltransfonners are connected to a system with high short-circuit power.

IF' '

and

h'U2N 2 I '2N'a IK" "'~"'~

" U, ./; '75'UN i^;

(8.8)

Therefore, a fast momentary value processing high-set element is additionally provided. It operates when two sannles exceed twice the IDjFF>> setting value, This ensures ultra high speed tripping before saturation occurs, The measuring principle was discussed in section 4.2.2.

The primary short-circuit currentis very small for faults close to the star-point, so that the differential protection will only pick up for earth-faults closer to the transformer
terntinals.

The following is an example of this: Ex@inPIe 8-3. . Currents during tram. ^fomiere@rthf""!ts
Given:

Earthf""!, dtff'eyen!iaip, otec, ion During an earth-faulton an earthed transformer winding, short-circuitcurrents that can

cause severe damage winnow. On the in-feed side the corresponding currents may be
relatively smallifthe short-circuit currentis only linked by a few turns of the second ary winding. On solidly earthed winding star-points the ratio is extreme if the fault is only a few turns away from the star-point(Fig, 8.13). The reactance is inversely proportional to the square of the short-circuited turns, while the inducing voltage decreases linearly, Accordingly the parabolic curve results,
Wanted:

Transformer 20 MVA, U, N = 132 kV, U2N = 13.8 kV Circuit according to Fig, 8.14.
CT on the 132 kV side: 10011 A

Earth currentlimited by R to 2000A Faultloca, ion 20% from the star-point. Will the differential protection detect the fault(setting 25% IN)?

Solution: The primary short-circuitcurrent(=tripping current)is:


I = ^--:----2000A = 23A

whereby the winding resistance has a limiting action close to the star-point,
Fig. 8.13 also applies for inter-turn short-circuit whereby the current then does riot return via earth bun flows via the short-circuit bridge without earth connection. It must be noted that the fault current IF in this case is not detected by a relay connected at the star-point earth.

With a setting of 25% I, , which is equivalentt0 25 A the differential protoction would only just failto pick up. The protection coverage during earth-faults on the 13.8 kV winding therefore is almost 80%, In the example at hand, it is therefore advisable roconnect a CT with earth currentrelay

If the star-point is eached via an impedance, the conditions shown in Fig. 8.14 apply.
The secondary current is linearly proportional to the number of short-circuited turns, IF 10
per Unit

(pick-up threshold 200A) in the earth connection of the star-point, to increase themrige
of protection coverage to 90%. This protection however requires a large time delay setting as the earth curTent relay in the system must trip faster to maintain selectivity.

U,

8 I
6
I

UR
h. U Infoed

%
100
I IP I

h. Un
Infeed
side
^.

IF

I I
2
,

side ^.

Max

I I I I

IK
O 20 40 60 80 100

IK
Short-circLiiled winding part h in %

IF RE

co .. .
, I

IF

O~

20 40 60

80 100

Short. circuitsd winding part h in %

'18/1re 8.13 Earth-fault on a musformer winding with sond earthing t8-131

Figure 8.14 Earth-fault on a transformer winding with resistive earthing 18-131

8 Transfonner Differential Protection

8.2 Numerical Measured Value Processing

Below, the earth current differential protection is described. It facilitates non-delayed tripping for this fault condition. Restric, ed earlhf""!IP, Diectio" The earth current differential protection (restricted earth-fault protection) is an ideal supplement of the phase fault protection, in particular on transfonner windings with star-point earthing via an impedance (earth currentlimiter). Thereby the pick-up sensitivity during earth-faults is improved. t8-141

In this case, a stabilising current is additionally effective:

I, . 11; -I, **I_I!; ,I, **I


The tripping condition in this range is as follows:

(8-9)

II;I^lad+k, ,I,
therefore:

(8-10)

The protection principle makes use of a comparison of the star-point current 1, * with the summated current of the feeder^* (Fig. 8.15).
To improve the pick-up sensitivity while maintaining good selectivity, the so-called product relays were applied with conventional technology, These polarise the tripping current with the current of the star-point so that the protection obtains it's highest sensinvity (maximum torque) when the tripping current (differential current) and the starpoint current are in the same direction (have the same polarity). The numerical protection 7UT6 uses this principle with numerical technology. The following relationships apply: I* ,, 10 "N

1';I^I, **+k, -( I; _!,** I_11; ,^* I,


The following equation can be derived: I*
^^

(8-11)

set

,,,-*,-IF;:^-F;:I

(8-12)

During external earth-faults, 1, * and If* are in the same direction (have opposite
signs)* so that only stabilising current flows and 00 differential current results.

During internal faults 1, * and 1, ** flow into the protected object and therefore have
the same sign (opposite direction).

'0 ' IR+Is+IT ' 3'10


Two angle ranges must be distinguished for the tripping ctiterion:

In Fig. 8.16 the pick-up characteristic is shown. The right hand side of the diagram designates the range of internal faults. Here, the protection has high sensitivity. The

The basic tripping range is defined by the approximate phase coincidence of 1, * and 1, ** : -90' ^ @(!j*/If*) S +90'. In this range, 00 stabilising applies, The inpping current corresponds to the star-point current 10 so that the protection has a consinntly low pick-up threshold: 10 ' 10 > I, et The extended tripping range is defined by the angle difference > 90', which, during internal faults, only occurs in the presence of CT saturation:

"ideal"internal faultis located at @( 16'1 If*) = 0' on the right hand side, outside the
diagram, while the "ideal" external fault appears on the left hand side at 180', The extended impping range extends from 90'(k, ^ co) up to 130'(k, = I). The larger the k, -factor setting is, the more the tripping range will be restricted.

+90' ^ @( If /If*) ^+270


'~ IA ' IB
,- IC
r ------ - - -J

1<6
1.0 I. 4 2.0

Q Lint
130 120 1.0

k0". 4

2 4

,. I. .
\
\

10 >
4 3
2

4.0
^

100 90

.. ..
..

10 ZIPh- ^ I
'0 IN

\
\

External fault
^

^" I
A1E
^.
^ ^

I>

..
1300 1200 1100 1000 goo 800 700 600 500

Internal fault
^

1800

o0

Figure 8.15
,-

^t:,";)
Figure 8.16 Characteristic of the restricted earth-fault protection in 71TT513

Restricted earth-fault

I*

I 00

protection

8 Transfonner Differential Protection

8.3 High Impedance Differential Protection


^. A ,- I

K0=4
100 20 1.6 80 60

+ 18

' Ib + IC

K0=1.4

,.. 140
12 0.8

10* @('0*/10**)
I **
20

^C

, .

^" I
IP +I
o

A1E'

Blocking

Tripping
3.40

Figure 8.18 Application of the Hlrestricted earth-fault protection


Figure 8.17
Polar characteristic of the eamli-current differ-

enlial protection in the


device 7UT513

(section 7, example 7-3). A pick-up threshold of between 5 and 10% of transformer normnal current is aimed for. Stability is calculated based on the maximum throughfault current, using the worst-case fault constellation. In the case of earth currentlimiting, this is a three pole short-circuit* because unequal saturation of the phase CTS can result in a large non-sy, Lui, etry and consequently a differential voltage, The maximum through-fault currentis deterimned with the short-circuit reactance of the transformer, On a delta winding, in an earthed system, the Hl protection may also be applied as shown on the left hand side in Fig. 8.18. The sum of the phase currents must always be O so that no large voltage appears across the differential branch. In the event of an earth-fault in the della winding, the current sum is no longer O, and the Hl protection
will pick up.

The tripping characierisiic defined by equation 8-12 can also be shown in a diagram with polarco-ordinates(Fig. 8.17). The pick-up current dependence on the phase angle

betweenn If and 1, ** is clearly visible in this diagram.


In the angle range @ = =90' the pick-up threshold is small(the setting threshold I, ., in this diagram is a referred value 1, ,, 11j**.) When the angle 90'is exceeded, the pick-up threshold sharply increases depending on
the ko setting.

The lay-outis done the same as on the star connected winding* only in this case the 4th
CT is ontitred.

In this manner, high sensitivity for internal faults and large stability during external
faults is obtained,

Hl-protection on auto Ironstormers On auto transformers, the Hl protection can be applied across the galvanically con-

nected windings (Fig. 8.19). For this purpose, the winding ends at the star-point side
must be accessible. This provides an alternative to the normal differential protection. It

8.3 High Impedance Differential Protection


The HIProtection on transfonners is applied in two versions - as restricted earth protection and as differential protection on auto-transformers. Hlrestrictede@rthfa"It pratec, ton

must however be rioted that the delta connected winding is not covered by this protec-

tion. On large transformer banks, both protection principles are sometimes applied in
parallel.

If the winding ends at the star-point side are riot individually accessible, then a Hl resincied earth-fault protection can be applied to improve the pick-up sensitivity dur-

ing earth-faults, as was already demonstrated for machines and normal transformers
(Fig. 8.20).

The normal restricted earth-fault protection was described in the previous section. The Hl version is often applied in anglo-sayori protection practice because of its simple construction and high stability during external faults with CT saturation. Separate CT cores of type Class X with equal transfomiation ratio are however required. [8-15] It is usually applied on earthed Y-connected windings. The three phase CTS and the
star-point CT are connected in parallelto the relay (+ series resistance). The calculation

Selling the high impedancepro!ecii0" o13tr@"$;formers In principle, the rules stated in section 3.4 apply here.

Detailed rules of application forthe variousfonns of high impedance pro^Ciion can be


found in the British ESl (Electricity Supply Industry) Standard 48-3: "Instantaneous

is done in the same manner as was the case for applications on generator protection

High-Impedance Differential Protection".

8 Transformer Differential Protection

8.4 Devices for Tnnsfonner Differential Protection

I^^
IA ' IB '
I+ A1> A1> A1>

The stability must be calculated with the maximum fault current flowing through the protected winding (if no detailed data is available:16xlN).
+I

'~ Ib
<C

8.4 Devices for Transformer Differential Protection

The standard relays are suitable for two or three winding transfonners (7UT612/613).
t8-15, 8-161

For application on I-1/2-circuit breaker plants (refer to the examples hereafter) a version suitable for up to 5 current inputs is also available (7UT635),

Apart from the differeniial protection, the relays also contain further protection funclions such as overload pronection, overcurrent protection, restricted earth-fault pro^C" lion, breaker failure protection and optional tank protection, The application is shown in the following examples.
^ ^

Figure 8.19 HIProteciion for an auto nansformer

The tank protection is a peculiarity in the French protection technology and is mostly

applied instead of the differential protection, For this purpose, the transfonner is
mounted with isolation to earth and an overcurrent relay is connected in the tank to

earth connection (Fig. 8.21). The relay responds to the earth current that flows when

I^^
IA "~
..

there is a fault between the winding and the tank.

<-. ,-.
.
.

IB '
I+

Ib
C

^I

<.

isolated

^ ^.^\^^\
^ ^

rig, re8.21 Tank protection

On the 7UT6 relay, a sensitive currentinput(0.01 to 10.1, ) is provided for this funcnori.

Figure 8.20 Hl-earth differential protection on auto transformers

Fig. 8.22 shows the various connection alternatives of the relay 7UT613.
The following recoinmiendations are given there: Pick-up threshold: - Solid earthed system: 10 to 60% of the rated winding current - System with earth currentlirntting: 10 to 25% of the ternxinalshort-circuit current

The two inputs forthe earth currents flowing in the star-points may be used to increase the pick-up sensitivity during earth-faults; either as 1, -correction of the differential prorection A1 or as separate restricted earth-fault protection A1rE. One input may altematively also be applied fortank protection.

8 Tnnsformer Differential Protection

8.5 Application Examples for Transformer Protection

YN

ynO

8.5 Appmcation Examples for TramformerProtection


The following examples show the application of numerical relays.

The individual functions are designated, using ANSI codes (American National Staridard C37.2: Electrical Power System Device Function Numbers, refer to the list in the addendum). The differential protection for example is designated by the number 87. The integrated supplementary functions in each relay may be applied advantageously
11 must however be rioted that back-up protection functions for redundancy must be

provided in a separate hardware (a further relay). Therefore, the overcurrent protection

I.
49

included in the differential protection 7UT6 can only be implemented as back-up prorection for external faults in the connected system, The back-up protection for the

transformer itself must be provided by a separate overcutrent relay (e. g. 7SJ600). The Buchholz (gas pressure) protection providing fast short-circuit protection is provided together with the transfonner.
87T

(2)

O 0 6

Two-wind^^g transformer protection

Figure 8.22 Relay 7UT613, protection functions and connection

The allocation of protection functions to the windings can be determined via setting
parameters. If the relay 7UT613 is applied to a two winding transformer, the third

phase measuring input together with the earth current input may forexample be applied as restricted earth-fault protection of a separate earthing transfom, er (refer to relay
manual).

Apart from the Buchholz protection (Bu), the differential protection 7UT612 is provided as the second fast short-circuit protection. The integrated lime graded overcur rent protection (51) provides back-up protection for faults in the supplied system. A separate overcurrent protection on the low voltage winding side is therefore nor necessay. The relay 7SJ600 provides the back-up protection for circuits in the transformer, and additional back-up protection for low voltage side faults. The high-set tripping stage I>> (50) must be set above the through-flowing short-circuit current so that it does not pick up in the case offaults at the low voltage winding side. The time delayed tripping (51) must be time graded to riottrip faster than the overcurrent protection in
the 7UT612.

Relaysfor high impedanceprorectio"

Due to its principle, the HIProtection cannot be implemented in its entirety with digital measures, Iris only possible for the measuring element(current relay) (in the numerical generatorprotection 7UM62 a measuring input forthe restricted earth-fault protection is available).

his common practice to still apply simple analog static relays.

Some relays have an integrated series resistance and are calibrated as voltage relays
while others are simple current relays with separate series resistor.

The relay 7VH60 (single phase) available from Siemens is a currentrelay with a pickup threshold of 20 IT^ and integrated series resistance. The pick-up threshold of the voltage can be set between 6 and 60 or 24 and 240 V. The additional varistor required
for limiting the voltage must be connected externalIy. The relay documentation contains detailed configuration notes.
Figure 8.23 Two-winding transformer protection

8 Transformer Differential Protection

Three-winding tm",$former protection

The recoilunendations made for the two-winding transformer in principle also apply
here. The relay for three-winding transfonners 7UT613 must however be used in this

case. Due to the different ratings the windings Wl and W2 each are provided with a

separate overload protection function. In the event of very smallrating of the tertiary
winding and corresponding CT transfomiation ratio it must be checked whether an

external interposing CT is necessary (refer example 8-2).

52
. .

50

7UT635 52
.,

Train's1'0rmerprotectio" wirh restricted earlh. faultp, oteciio" The resincied earth-fault protection 87TE is applied in those cases where the transfonner star~point is earthed via a resistance or reactance, i. e. when the earth-fault cur rent is restricted (Fig. 8.25).
51 49 I

' 50

51

87r I
- -J

_____.,.,...... I 7SJ600

It provides fast and selective tripping in the event of an earth-fault on the winding W2.
This was referred to in section 8.2, Fig. 8.14. A pick-up sensitivity ^ 10% of the earthfault current at the transformer tenntnals (90% protection coverage) should be strived for. The supplementary function 87TE is integrated in the device 7UT613. Transformer projectionfor I- % circuitbre@ker@rin"geme"Is

50 BF 52 52

50 F

7SV600

Figure 8.26 Transformer protection for I-I^-CB amrigements connected in parallel would canceleach other out, so that no stabilising currentis genGrated. With the usual setting of 20-30% I, the not stabilised differential protection
would then already tend to inal-operate for very small deviations in the CT response

For I-15 CB applications, the transformer differential protection must be connected via
separate stabilising current inputs to two sets of CTS. If this is the case at the high as

well as low voltage side, then a Iotal of 5 stabilising current inputs are required for a
three-winding transfonner (Fig. 8.26).

(I% CT non-symmetry at 20-1N through fault current would already result in 20% IN
differential current). A less sensitive setting of the pick-up threshold is not acceptable due to the loss of sensitivity for internal faults.

A parallel connection of the CTS, as is shown with the distance protection, is not perIntssible with the differential protection, as fault currents flowing itrough the two CTS

8 Tnnisfonner Differential Protection

8.5 Application Examples for Transfomier Protection

On the high voltage side, a distance protection (21) is assumed, for providing back-up
protection. On the low voltage side this is provided by an overcurrent protection (50151). The overcurrent protection is connected to the hushing CTS of the transfonner.

The delta connected winding which is often only used for auxiliary supply is provided with a separate overcurrent relay (51) to cover external phase faults. The voltage relay

UE> (59N) connected to the open (broken) delta winding of the voltage transformers
measures the displacement voltage 3-U, , which indicates an earth-fault in the tertiary
winding or in the connected distribution system.

The breaker-failure protection on busbars with I I^ CB configuration is provided by a dedicated relay for each CB as shown in the Figure. The winding currents are signiticant forthe overload protection (49). For the high voltage winding the integrated funclion in the distance protection can therefore be used, while the corresponding function
in the overcurrent pTotection can be applied forthe low voltage.
Auto-Iron, $former projection

Arthe high and low voltage side of the auto-transformer, an overcutrent relay 7SJ600 is connected with its high set tripping stage I>> (50) and time delayed stage for phase
faults I>, 161) and earth-faults I, >, I(51N).

At each terminal the breaker failure protection (SOBF)is activated in the corresponding
relay.

The protection configuration is in principle the same as that of a nomialtransformer


(Fig. 8.27).

A differential protection 87T suitable for a three-winding transformer (7UT613) must be selected so thatche delta-connected tertiary winding can be included in the zone of
protection.

As was shown in the example above forthe three-winding transformer, it must again be checked whether an interposing CT is required on the delta winding for the differential
protection 87T, Projection ford large Iron. $fomerb@"k

To increase the earth-fault sensitivity, it is anglo-sayori protection practice to often apply an additional restrictive earth-fault protection 87TE. The single-phase Hl relay (7VH600) is shunt-connected to the CTS of the transformer tenninals and star-point.
These 7 CTS must however have the same class according to TPS (IEC 60044-6) and

For very large transformer banks, forexample a system coupler, aredundant protection with high speed tripping should be provided. In central Europe the differential pro^C lion is usually duplicated and connected to separate CT cores. Anglo-Saxon protection usually applies a normal differential protection 87TL together with a Hl protection 87TH. In this case the relay 87TL is connected to the transfonner bushing CTS while the relay 87TH is connected to CTS at the switch gear (Fig, 8.28). In particularwhen connecting in I I^ CB applications, the HIProtection has advantages because the numerous CTS can simply be connected in parallel. With normal low

are dedicated to this protection function only. A pick-up sensitivity of 10% I is gener ally strived for. Alternatively, an overcurrent relay I, >, I may also be applied in the transfonner sun-point. This would however have to be time graded with the system
earth-fault relays to ensure selective impping.

7SJ600
r

52 50 51 I
- - .

I 51N

51BF

7UT6,3
F~ ~~~~~I

I 87 TL

87 TH

7VH600

49 I

A Load 52
Y
r ~~

.-

-----,

3Y

52 Bu 50 51 50 BF 7SJ600

Yrn I 51

59 I 50
7RW600 .--7SJ600

51 N
. ----

Figure 8.27 Auto-transformer protection


172

8 Transfonner Differential Pronection

8.5 Application Examples for Transformer Protection

impedance protection, the connection to CTS of I I^ CB switch gearmust be applied to a 4 terniinaldifferentialproiection (7UT635)(compare previous examples).
A distance protection (21) is applied to both the high and low voltage side. The fast

The primary differential protection 87TP is the protection for the auto transfonner which also covers the primary winding of the exciting transfonner. The numerical relay
7UT613 is well suited for this purpose. Alternatively, a high impedance protection

tripping stage is set to Teach about 80% into the transfonnerthereby providing fast protestion in this range. Iris also possible to apply a zone that reaches through the trans-

could also be applied for this purpose* as shown in Fig, 8.28. The phase regulating
transfomier connection makes a star delta conversion necessary for the secondary dif-

fomer in combination with a directional comparison logic to obtain 100% protection


coverage. In the latter case, the redundant differential protection may be omitted.

forential protection 87TS (illustrated by a triangle in the figure). The 7UT613 is also
suitable for this purpose.

For the remaining protection functions the comments made in the previous example
apply also here.

The analysis of current distribution and measured value adaptation goes beyond the scope of this book. mis covered in detailin the referred publication and may be used as
an illustrative example.

Protection of regulari"g tram. $10n"ers

The regulating transformer adds a longitudinal or quadrilateral variable voltage to the feeder voltage. With the longitudinal voltage* the voltage magnitude and reactive power flow is controlled while the quadrilateral voltage regulates the active (real) power now. A combined regulating transfonnerconiains both longitudinal and quadtilateralregulation.

Additional current relays for earth-faults and back-up protection must be applied as shown in Fig. 8.29. Alternatively a distance protection may also be applied as back-up
protection. Protection of generatortr",,,$former Minirs

The unit protection encompasses a number of protection components. 17-11 Only the
differential protection is elucidated on here, The common configurations are shown in Fig. 8.30.

The complete regulating unit consists of a phase regulator and an exciting transformer
which can be housed in a single tank or in separate tanks,
Depending on the construction, the excitation transformer can be connected in star or

delta configuration.

The necessary ratio and vector group correction is represented in the diagram by interposing CTS. In the case of numerical relays this adaption is done by numerical coinputation in the relay. This was explained in detailin section 8.2.

The protection configuration for these complex transformers demands a detailed analysis of the current distribution for load and short-circuit conditions. Fig, 8.29 shows an
example which was described in detailin a publication. t8-171

On small generators, the differential protection covers both the generator and trans
former (overall differential protection).

Phase regulator
I~~~~~~~~'~~-----,

A I

50/50N
r~~~~
-,

A1
Exciting
Itransforrner
,

50/50N 5,151N 87 TS 51N

5,151N 87 TP

I B"
A

50N 51N
^ ^ ^

Figure 8.29 Protection of a phase shifting regulating transformer Figure 8.30 Various differential protection schemes for generator units

8 Transformer Differential Protection

8.5 Application Examples for Transformer Protection

from the generator it is 10.1N. 0, ,., at XII"= 10%; together therefore approximately ^
01^
,^IQ
. ... 8
^.
^ *

17.1N_G. ,. u, i, , if the rating of the generator and unit transformer are assumed to be approximately equal. Ifthe rating of the auxiliary transformer is approximately 10% of the unit rating, the resulting short-circuit current is therefore 170.1N. A, ,.. T, ,,, f, and fur
thennore this current has an extremely long DC time constant of up to several looms (refer to table 7-1 of section 7.1). The ideal but expensive solution arthis point is a Iinearcore with the same data as the set of CTS at the generatorterininals, The alternative connection to a set of CTS at the auxiliaries side (dashed line alternative in Fig. 8.31) avoids this large over dimensioning, however at the cost of selectivity.
A

A
... ..

:52:
.. .,

*)

The CT cores that are connected to the differential protection of the auxiliary transformer on the generatorside must be dimensioned such that the protection trips without

87G

,' I^ 87r
_ _ I

delay during internal faults. This remains a very stringent requirement even if, in the
case of numerical relays (7UT612), a saturation free conversion time of only less than

a quarter cycle is required (refer to the following example), Stability for fault currents
flowing through the transformer i. e. for faults in the auxiliaries, on the other hand present no problems, Example 8-4: Dimensioning of the CTS at the @,, tilia, y tm"^former
Figure831

52

Auxiliaries

Differential protection

Given:

Generatorunit230 MVA (fN = SOHz)

*) same ratio as generator CTS

for a generator unit

Generator: 200MVA, 10.5 kV, XI, " = 15%, R, = 0.63-10'' Ohm


Unittransfonner: 230 MVA, 110110.5 kV, "x. T = 13.2%, "R. T = 0.14%
Auxiliary transfonner: 25 MVA, 10,515 kV* "x. AunT ' 14%, MR. A",. T ' 0.64%
Task:

On larger units, a dedicated differential protection is provided for the generator, on the

one hand for the higher sensitivity (10-15% instead of 25-30% IN), and on the other
hand for the selective indication of generator faults. The variants by and c) are available for this purpose. The German Powersystem Relaying Coinimitee recoinments variant b),

Calculate the dimensions for the CTS of the differential protection across the auxiliary transfomier regard to the CT dimensions:

Solution: The following ctiteria apply to the differential protection 7UT612 with Fasttripping during internal faults: saturation free conversion ^ 4ms Stability during an external fault: over dimensioning factor KTF ^ 1.2

On a unit with generator breaker, the variant d) may be applied, because the unittrans-

former which also provides the auxiliary supply may be started and operated separarely.

The complete arrangement of the differential protection on a large unit is shown in


Fig. 8.31. The alternatives for the CT connections are shown with dashed lines. If the

differential protection of the unit transfonner is connected to the CT core in front (at

the generator side) of the auxiliary supply transfonner (standard connection according
10 the Gemian Power System Relaying Coinimttee), then the CT primary current should be matched to the generator transfonner. In any eventit should not be smaller by more than factor 4, as an interposing CT would be required in this case (refer to
example 8-2).
, ,

^ ^ ^
o

^
e^

, ,

^
,

Based on the rated current of the auxiliary transformer, the CT must be dimensioned for a large overcurrent factor if the protection of the unittransfonner must remain stable in the event of a short-circuit at the auxiliary transformer ternxinals on the generator

^
. .

C^
@

side. The current ilowing from the unit transfomier is 6.7. IN. T, ,, r. , arux. T ' 15%, and

Figure 8.32 Circuit diagram for example 8-4

8 Tnnsformer Differential Protection

8.5 Application Examples for Tnnsformer Protection

Formtemalfaults the ctitical case is a short-circuit at the terniinals on the

The corresponding equivalent time constant is calculated with the equalion (523) in section 5.7:
T=

generatorside (F1): Rated current of the generator:

IF-G ' 'c 'IF-T ' TT _ 81- 0.42 + 105 - 0.30


IF-G ' IF-T
81 + 105

= 0.35 s

IN-c ,

SN tMVAj. 10

200 - 10
^^^

11 ICJ\

UN[kV]-/; 10.5'/^

Short-circuit current from the generator:

The over dimensioning factor for 4ms saturation free conversion is obtained with the equations 5-21 and 5-22, in section 5.7, The value is extracted from the corresponding diagram in Fig. 5.14: KTF = 0.75 The rated current of the auxiliary transfonneris: IN-Aux-T '

I, _G ' '~~ ' ~" ' '11<A

SN. AunT [MVA]. 10

25 - 10

_ UN. c tkv ,

10.5 200

1380 A

N-G ~ SN. 0 [MVA]

= 0,551 Q

UN [kV]- 15

10.5 , I^

X =-^^-X = -0,551 G~ 100 N"~ 100


DC time constant:

= 0,083 SL

Currenttransformers of the type 5P with a ratio 2000/1 and 10 VA rated burden are chosen. According 10 the manufacturers data, the internal bur

den is approximately 20%, The connection cables plusrelay havea burden


of< I VA.

T-G_ G _ 0,083 Ro co"0 314-0.63.10~3


Rated current ofthe unittransfonner:

= 0.42 s

The required operaiional accuracy limit factor is:


ALF' = K -^ = 0.75-^ = 70

IN-T ,

SN_T [MVA] 10 230-10

^^

12.6 1<A

To check the stability during through fault currents, the fault F2 must be analysed: The short-circuit current is estimated by neglecting the source impedances:

UN[kV]-/^ 10.5. /^
'.' "N_T _ 1.1- 12,6 _

Short-circuit current from the unittransfonner:

IF-T, , , ,,,
x = N-T ~

r-T "x. T['] ~ 0.132 -

105 ICA

IF-Aux-T '

' N-AMx-T

1.1 - 1.38 0.14

11 ICA

"X-AunTl'l

SN. T[MVA] ~ 230 ~

UN_T [kV ] _ 10.5 _ o, 48'


048 = 0,063 SL

The resulting operational accuracy limit factor taking into consideration

the required over-dimensioning factor KTF = 1.2 is as follows: ALF' = KTF


F-Aux-T _ 1.2- - = 6.6
N-CT

XT ' ~"'X _ , _,.

Therefore the ctiterion for internal faults must be considered.

RT ' ^ 'XN. T = -'- .0.48 = 0.67-10~ Q


DC time constant:

And finally the required accuracy limit factoris obtained:


ALF =

'i"connected ,_ 2+I _

_LT XT _ 0063 RT co"T 314-0,67.10~'


The total current is:

---^-^

= 0.30 s

'N"rated 10+I ~

A value in = 20 is chosen and specified: CT 2000/1, 5P20,10 VA, P, < 20%

IF'IF_G +IF. T' 81 + 105 = 186 kA

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