Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Stability Chart
Wsin
= c + tan
R W Wcos
=c+
W cos tan A
R = A = cA + W cos tan
If c = 0
Safety factor : a number for which the available shear strength parameters (c - ) must be divided to reach limit equilibrium condition Principal hypothesis : - Failure surface simple or composite shear failure surface - Sliding mass single or more intact stiff blocks which can move without significant strain or failure of block rock matrix Limit equilibrium method = overall analysis method Solution is given for a system of blocks or for a single block by means of overall safety factor constant on the whole examined surface
Vp = V
Vn = 0
V U
(W cos U )
A
cA + (W cos U ) tan W sin + V
F=
n ta
Rock discontinuity plane with the angle of : Rock weight = W Resistance force = FR Driving force = FD
FD = T = W sin FR = N tan + C
C N
n ta
FR = W cos tan + C
T = tangential component (W) at discontinuity plane W = rock weight slides on the slide plabe A-A1 = slope inclination = internal rock friction angle C = c (A-A1) ( resistant due to cohesion along the shear zone)
A1 W N = Wcos W T = Wsin N T
c=
A
C N
n ta
C ( A A1 )(1,0 m )
SF =
SF =
or
SF =
tan tan
For non cohesive material SF is not dependence on the height of the slope and the shape of rock mass. When the rain occurs and the water infiltrates into discontinuity plane pore water pressure (u)
U should be considered
SF =
(W cos U ) tan
W sin
C z
W h Wcos
Hard rock
Wsin
H K
w z w z
T
N ef f
A a E
Bedrock
max
C L
min
b B
C z
W h Wcos
Batuan keras
Wsin
H K
L=
wz wz
hz sin
6e L
T
N eff
ext = h average 1
max
A a E
Batuan keras
C L
h average =
N eff L (1m )
min
b B
C z
N = W cos
Normal component of rock block (W) sliding on the shear plane
W h Wcos
Batuan keras
Wsin
H K
wz wz
T
N eff
A a E
Batuan keras
max
C L
min
W =
1 [(b + B )h (b h ) (x z )] 2
z 2 1 1 h 1 W = 2 tan tan
b B
C z
Note: W = weight of sliding rock mass block = inclination of the discontinuity plane to horizontal plane u = uplift pressure
W h Wcos
Batuan keras
Wsin
H K
wz wz
T
N eff
A a E
Batuan keras
max
C L
U=
1 w z (h z ) 2 sin
min
= rock internal friction C = c.A = c.L (1 m the canvas) A = total shear plane area (1 m the canvas) L = length of discontinuity = unit weight of sliding rock material z = depth of the crack = slope inclination
b B
C z
W h Wcos
Batuan keras
Wsin
H K
w z wz
T
N eff
A a E
Batuan keras
max
C L
min
FH=NH tan
FD = W sin + H cos
Safety factor (SF):
SF =
SF =
dry rock or good drainage water fill the crack only dry rock or wet dry rock or wet
F1
W F1 = m a = g
W
m = rock mass which is sliding g = gravity acceleration a = earthquake acceleration = kg.g kg = earthquake coefficient F1 = kg.W
SF = SF =
FR FD
C. Analysis of Plane Slides (Goodman, 1980) A simple formulation of conditions for limiting equilibrium of a plane slide provides useful in back calculating actual failure cases Important step in attempting to design a new excavation in a rock mass Rework field data using an appropriate model rather than to attempt a program of field tests. Two cases of plane failure: 1. Tension crack delimits the top of the slide at a point beyond the crest of the slope 2. Tension crack intercepts the slope face
Tension crack
Zw H
Z H
Zw
10
Z = vertical distance from the crest of the slope to the bottom of the crack If the tension crack is filled with water to depth Zw, it can be assumed that water seeps along the sliding surface losing head linearly between the tension crack and the toe of the slope If the slide mass behaves like a rigid body, the condition for limiting equilibrium is reached when the shear force directed down the sliding surface equals the shear strength along the sliding surface Failure occurs when:
A=
Zw H Z
(H Z )
sin
U = 1 w Zw A 2
2 V = 1 w Zw 2
Z 2 1 2 W = H 1 + cot cot 2 H
Z H
Zw
2 1 Z 2 W = H 1 cot (cot tan 1) 2 H
11
cos =
[a (F sin cos tan ) + U tan + V (sin tan F cos )] c j A b (F sin cos tan )
Z 2 1 2 a = H 1 + cot H 2
b=
1 H 2 2
From Hoek and Bray (1977): A reduction in cj affects steep slopes more than flat slopes. A reduction in j reduces the factor of safety (FS) of high slopes more than low slopes. Filling a tension crack with water reduces the stability of all heights and angles of slopes. Drainage is frequently found to be effective in stabilizing rock slopes that exhibit tension cracks and other signs in incipient movement.
12
Example
5m C
5 1
3m 8m B Tension crack
Bedrock
A 45o
The cohesion along the sliding surface is 80 kN/m2 and internal friction angle = 35o. Unit volume weigth of the rock = 24 kN/m2. Due to SNI-1726-2002, the slope located at Seismic zone 3 with peak bedrock acceleration: a = 0,15g. Calculate the safety factor (FS)
5m C
5 1 Hcos
W 8m Wcos T
N eff
U
Wsin
w z Hsin w z
3m
A 45o
=21.04
Bedrock
SF =
= 4.00
H = 1 w z2 2 1 z (h z ) w U= 2 sin 83 L= sin C = c L A B
13
5m C
5 1
8m
Wcos
T
F1cos
A 45o
=21.04
Bedrock
W F1 = m a = g
SF =
If the site located at seismic zone 3 If the site located at seismic zone 5
W1
Vertical joint
R3 = W1
sin (1 1 ) cos (1 + 3 1 )
F2 =
14
C W Ta Na Tr Nr
H A P
=
=
C W Ta Na Tr Nr
d = cd + tan d
Critical condition F=1 = d
Hc =
15