Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Victor Chakraborty
Roll No: 09305903
OUTLINE
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Rate Adaptation Network coding and mixing Multi-radio enhancements Directional antennas Sniff and retransmit
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Protocols that actively use the dependence and communication between different layers of network stack to obtain performance gain. Traditional layered architecture :
Not fit for wireless networks.
CHALLENGES
Biterror rate vs Data rate tradeoff Wireless Networks : Broadcast or point to point?
P2P : How to prevent interference and ensure link abstraction Use of directional antennas and beam steering Broadcast : How to efficiently exploit the broadcast nature of wireless ? Sniff and retransmit Network coding and mixing
CLASSIFICATION
Rate Adaptation Network Coding and Mixing Multi-radio Enhancements Directional Antenna
RATE ADAPTATION
Traditional Design : Physical layer abstracted out from MAC layer MAC layer fails to dynamically adapt to channel conditions Cross layer information from Physical layer to MAC layer may be used. Three protocols :
CHARM : Channel Aware Rate Selection Algorithm FARA : Frequency Aware Rate Adaptation SOFTPHY
RATE ADAPTATION
CHARM
Based on per packet RSSI value. Assumes channel to be reciprocal. Overhears packet from receivers to estimate path loss. Much quicker response to channel variations than RTS/CTS probing based rate adaptation.
RATE ADAPTATION
FARA
Suggests discarding channelization. Each node should contend for the whole spectrum. FARA computes per band SNR. Instead of using one bit rate per link , it uses different bit rate across different sub-band of the links.
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RATE ADAPTATION
SOFTPHY
Bit rate adaptation on basis of BER rather more common SNR. Physical layer hints at receiver are collected by sender to adjust bit rate.
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COMPARISON
CHARM FARA SOFTRATE
Legacy Nodes
Interference Issues
Supported
Not addressed
Not Supported
Not addressed
Not Supported
Able to separate interference based losses 12 nodes ( 6 sender receiver pairs )
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Tested on
2 Laptops
17 nodes
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COPE
Data from different sources are combined (XORed) and send together. Information content per transmission is increased. Receiver should be able to extract its own data
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Bit error : Retransmit the whole packet. This ends up sending bits that may have already been received. Its better to send partial packet. (The erroneous bits only ) Softphy hints may be used to figure out the confidence in bits.
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MIXIT
In wireless transmission even when no node receives a packet correctly , any given bit is likely to be received by some node. SoftPhy guess may be used to figure out the clean bits.
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COMPARISON
April 29, 2010
Focus
MIXIT Recovering whole packet from partial chunks Phy and Network layer
Cross Layer
Cope layer takes Softphy and Link Layer information from both MAC & IP layer 802.11a/g 802.15.4
Wireless technology
802.15.4
Physical Layer
Netgear Cards
Sender: telos mote CC2420 based radio Receiver : USRP board with SoftPhy implementation
Softphy hints Single Hop 31 nodes, indoor
Softphy hints
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MULTI-RADIO ENHANCEMENTS
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MULTI-RADIO ENHANCEMENT
Basic Hypothesis :
path dependent (multipath) location dependent (noise dependent) independent between different recievers.
So if same frame is captured by different radios, multiple version of this frame may be combined to generate original frame.
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MULTI-RADIO ENHANCEMENT
2PMac
CSMA/CA : Not possible to operate multiple links simultaneously. Mix Rx-Tx not possible. Concurrent reception (Syn-Rx) and concurrent transmission (Syn-Tx) may be supported using fine tuning of power.
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COMPARISON
MRD Focus Multiple reception and frame combining Link Layer and IP layer 2PMac Concurrent transmission and reception Link Layer and Phy layer
Cross Layer
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DIRECTIONAL ANTENNA
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DIRECTIONAL ANTENNA
Mobisteer
Moving vehicle Wifi : Fading is the main problem. Directional antennas and beam steering techniques may be used for better results.
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DIRECTIONAL ANTENNA
DIRC
Conventional wisdom: Directional antennas will not be effective indoors because of multipath and scattering. Use APs with phased array antennas and algorithmically controlling their orientation.
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COMPARISON
DIRC Focus Context Mobility Main challenge faced Modification Directional Antennas Wireless Technology Tested on Indoor wifi performance improvement Indoor / Infrastructure Does not address Multipath & Scattering Both AP and Clients Used in AP 802.11 b/g 9 Nodes Mobisteer Vehicular wifi Outdoor / Infrastructure Explained well Signal Fading Only Clients are modified Used in Clients 802.11 b/g 5 AP experimental setup, In-situ AP networks
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Snoop
Classical TCP problem of wireless : Unable to differentiate congestion loss and bit error loss.
Solution :
Snoop Module : Network layer caches and retransmit lost frames. Local retransmission is favored instead of retransmission from host TCP. Multicast Routing : Reduces handoff delay by sending inflight data to target BS beforehand.
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Certain nodes called relay node caches the data sent by the source nodes. When it learns about a failed transmission and retransmit on the behalf of the source node.
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COMPARISON
SNOOP Focus Overcome classical TCP problems in wireless Done at layer level (network layer sniffs TCP packets) PRO Packet retransmission by relay nodes Done at node level (relay nodes sniff packets from source) Phy and Mac layer Wireless Mesh 802.11 b/g 7 nodes topology
Sniffing
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FUTURE CHALLENGES
Most Important Cross Layer Techniques Coexistence of different cross layers Standardization of interfaces Role of Physical Layer
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SUMMARY
Advantage:
Shortcoming:
All research done till today are independent of each other. They are not compatible with each other. They are to be brought under common framework.
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REFERENCES
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REFERENCES
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THANK YOU
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