Strauss and corbin (1990) identified the following types of coding: axial coding and open coding.

1) Open Coding. Researcher label words and phrases found in the transcript or text. The data are swept and marked (by circling or highlighting) into selected codes or labels. For example, you circle words or phrases describing the behaviour of the head of department. 2) Axial Coding. It is Creating themes or categorizing by grouping Codes or labels given to words and phrases. Eventually, you have a large number of codes and you will find it necessary to sort them into some sort of order or into groups and this is called axial coding. Two common types of axial coding are: Non-hierarchical or Hierarchical. 1 a) Non-Hierarchical: For example, in a study a the researcher asked a group of adults how they take a break from their normal work. The responses are grouped are grouped as follows in a non-hierarchical manner (also called flat coding). CODES / LABELS THEME / CATEGORY 1 take a holiday, 2 go out for a walk, 3 read a book, 4 watch TV, 5 take a nap, 6 wander round the garden, 7 work out at the gym, 8 go for a drink with friends, 9 go for a drive, 10 play a computer game, 11 follow a hobby, 12 do voluntary work Adults taking a break from work 1 Hierarchical: Here you find that several codes group together as types or kinds of something. You need to put some of the codes or labels into a group of their own or make them sub-codes, i.e. a hierarchical arrangement of codes, like a tree, a branching arrangement of subcodes. Ideally, codes in a tree relate to their parents by being 'examples of...', or 'contexts for...' or 'causes of...' or 'settings for...' and so on. For example, a researcher was doing a study on friendship and asked a group of adults their views on the topic and the following is the classification. Chapter 8: Coding of Qualitative Data 4 THEME / CATEGORY CODES / LABELS Friendship types 1 Close friend 2 Sporting 1 Club 2 Non-club 3 Work Sub-codes Changes in Friendship

1 Making new friends 1 New same sex 2 friends 3 New different sex 4 friends 2 Losing touch 3 Becoming sexual relationship 4 the data into meaningful analytical units (i.e., segmenting the data). When you locate meaningful segments, you code them. 5 Coding is defined as marking the segments of data with symbols, descriptive words, or category names. Sub-codes To recap, whenever you find a meaningful segment of text in a transcript, you assign a code or label to signify that particular segment. You continue this process until you have segmented all of your data and have completed the initial coding. Next, you find relationships between the codes or labels and group them into themes or categories. During coding, you must keep a master list (i.e., a list of all the codes that are developed and used in the research study). Then, the codes are reapplied to new segments of data each time an appropriate segment is encountered. WHAT TO LOOK FOR WHEN YOU ARE CODING Most typically, when coding, you usually have some codes already in mind and are also looking for other ideas that seem to arise out of the data. According to Charmaz (2003), you should ask the following questions about the data you are coding: Chapter 8: Coding of Qualitative Data 5 1 What is going on? 2 What are people doing? 3 What is the person saying? 4 What do these actions and statements take for granted? 5 How do structure and context serve to support, maintain, impede or change these actions and statements? Lewins, Taylor. & Gibbs, (2005) provide a more detailed list of the kinds of things that can be coded (see Table 8.1). The examples of each kind tend to be descriptive because it makes it is easier to explain the phenomena. However, when you are coding it is advisable to move from descriptive codes to more analytic ones as quickly as possible. What can be coded Examples 1 Behaviours, specific acts Seeking reassurance, Bragging 2 Events short once in a lifetime events or things Wedding day, day moved out people have done that are often told as a story. of home for university, starting first job 3 Activities these are of a longer duration, involve Going clubbing, attending a other people within a particular setting night course, conservation work 4 Strategies, practice or tactics Being nasty to get dumped, Staying late at work to get promotion

States general conditions experienced by people or found in organisations Meanings A wide range of phenomena at the core of much qualitative analysis. Meanings and interpretations are important pars of what directs participants actions.

Hopelessness Ill never meet anyone better at my age settling for someone who is not really suitable The term chilling out is used by young people to mean relaxing and not doing very much

a. What concepts do participants use to understand their world? What norms, values, and rules guide their actions b. What meaning or significance it has Jealousy I just felt why did she get him for participants, how do they construe events, what are the feelings c. What symbols do people use to A PhD is referred to as a test of endurance (because understand their situation? What names finishing a PhD is a challenge) do they use for objects, events, persons, roles, setting and equipment? 7 Participation adaptation to a new setting or About new neighbours In my involvement new house I have to keep my Chapter 8: Coding of Qualitative Data 6 music down at night as the neighbours have young children. 8 Relationships or interaction Seeing family Now my sister lives in the next road she visits more and weve become much closer. Lose of job (before financial difficulties), moving away (before lost contact with old friends) Confidence gets dates, positive attitude attracts opportunities University, work place, housing estate Probing question How did you feel when he said that?

Conditions or constraints

10 Consequences 11 Settings the entire context of the events under study 12 Reflexive researchers role in the process, how intervention generated the data