BRIGITTA ERIKA III-D 09.1.01.08.0042 1. Semantics is a branch of linguistics that is dealing with meanings.

Semantics is important in language teaching because semantics discuss about part of language, which is related to meaning. It will help us understand more about language. 2. Classifications of meanings, a. Based on the units of language that can carry meaning, meanings can be classified into three categories: The first category is, Word meaning: the meaning carried by a word. Lexical semantics : words are also called as lexicon or lexical items. Lexical semantics is concerned with the relationship among meanings of words. E.g : kid : child or young person ( in dictionary ) The children looks very happily The second category is, Sentence meaning : meaning carried by a sentence. The branch of semantics that deals with sentence meaning is called sentence semantics. Sentence semantics aims to uncover the basic relationship that exists between noun phrase and the verb of the sentence. The relationships are called semantics roles. E.g : my mother cooked the shrimp. ( the noun phrase my mother serves as an agent of the veb cooked) The door opened easily. ( the noun phrase the door serves as a patience of the verb opened ) The third category is, Utterance meaning : that is the meaning of an utterance. The meaning of an utterance depends on the context of the utterance. E.g : some buildings collapsed because of being old. We heard that. ( the word that carries the meaning the previous utterance ). b. Classified based on the patterns or arrangements of linguistic unit. Distinguish between lexical meanings, grammatical meanings and linguistic meanings.

Lexical meanings is the meaning of a word, without paying attention to

the way that it is used or to the words that occur with it. e.g : flower means a part of plant often brightly coloured. Lexical meaning can be classified into three kinds: Denotational or referential meaning : the object, notion or state of affairs described by a word. E.g : flower means a part of tree Connotational meaning: it includes social meaning and affective meaning. Social meaning is the level of meaning that

depends on certain social characteristics of the speaker and the situation of the character of the language used. Affective meaning is the emotional connotation that is attached to words or utterances. E.g : flower means the most beautiful girl ( social meaning) clever means stupid, lazy spoken in angry manner (affective meaning). Metaphorical meaning: it deals with metaphors. They are words having non-literal meanings extended from the lexical ones. E.g : Long-handed man means someone who like stealing, not really a man with hands longer than normal people. Grammatical meanings generally refer to the relations between words and the things words denote. They also refer to the relationships of words in a phrase, a clause or a sentence. E.g : 1. Tom leaves as soon as he finishes his breakfast. 2. The leaves turn red in the autumn. Leaves means goes as it functions as a verb (sentence 1) but it means parts of tree as it functions as a noun (sentence 2). Linguistic meaning or total meanings that are the combination between lexical and grammatical meanings. E.g : Dewi is a pretty girl. (pretty has a denotational meaning, that Dewi is really a pretty girl. pretty means beautiful or good looking.) E.g : Amir is really an understanding boy! (spoken in a high tone, understanding means the opposite of understanding, so it has a connotational meaning, since the meaning includes emotions). 3. Because they based their study of language on the analysis of language into its units in terms of their composition or distribution of the language units. 4. Because in language there are two features of language expression and content. An expression without meaning is not a part of a language, while a meaning or content that has no expression cannot be considered a language, too. The study of expression cannot be separated from the study of meaning. 5. A. (a) bachelor, man, son, paperboy, pope (b) bull, rooster, drake, ram (a) and (b) is same meaning, that is male, when in (a) is human in (b) is animal B. (a) table, stone, pencil, cup, house, ship, car table, cup, pencil, and car is the things that exist in house. Car and ship are semantic feature of vehicle. Table and pencil is semantic feature of stationary. (b) milk, alcohol, rice, soup, mud

milk, alcohol, and mud is semantic feature of fluid but its different because milk, and alcohol is semantic feature of beverages. Rice and soup is semantic feature of food. C. (a) temple, mountain, and road semantic feature of rocky thinks. And book and tractors are semantic feature of equipment (b) ) idea and charity are semantic feature of commandable action. Love, sincerity, bravery, and fear are semantic feature of fellings. But bravery and fear is different too. Bravery is belong to positive feeling but fear negative. D. (a) walk , run, jump, skip, hop, and swim are semantic feature of body movement (b) fly, skate ride hang and glide are semantic feature of action. Ski, cycle, canoe are the semantic feature of equipment E. (a) alive, asleep, dead, married, pregnant (b)tall, smart, interesting, bad, tired (a) are semantic feature of alive and (b) are semantic feature of the adjective in live