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(
| | c c c
= +
( |
c c c
( \ .
(4)
where Pr
t
denotes the turbulent (eddy) Prandtl number.
NUMERICAL COMPUTATION
The solution domain shown in Figure 1 has been selected to match the experimental model given
by Karwa et al. [1]. The simulations have been done for eight sets of mass flow rate (0.00493-
0.02837 kg/s) and heat flux (290.0-947.3 W/m
2
) for 15
0
chamfered rib geometry. The inlet
velocity, atmospheric pressure as outlet pressure, and no-slip wall boundary conditions are taken
for the purpose of analysis. A uniform heat flux is given at upper wall of absorber plate, keeping
all other walls smooth and insulated. For the generation of grid in the computational domain,
hexahedral elements with mapping and sub-map scheme have been used. A grid system with a
large concentration of nodes in the regions of steep gradients, such as those close to the walls
and around the rib, was employed.
As per the guidelines for enhanced-wall treatment, the mesh near the wall should be fine
enough to resolve the laminar sub layer or nearest nodes from the wall are located such that y
+
=
1. However, a higher y
+
is acceptable as long as it is well inside the viscous sub-layer (y
+
< 4 to
5). A 3D analysis is carried out with 20, 87,228 cells in FLUENT and compared with
experimental results. Segregated solution method is used to discretize and solve the governing
equations for continuity, momentum, energy and other scalars such as turbulence. The governing
equations are solved sequentially by control-volume-based technique. For discretization of
convective terms first order upwind scheme is used and SIMPLE algorithm is used to compute
the flow field by pressure velocity coupling method. The solution is considered to be converged
when the normalized residual is less than a prescribed value of 10e-3, except the residual for
energy equation for which the tolerance is kept 10e-6.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Using 3-D visualization features in Fluent, we studied the velocity and temperature fields in the
duct with focus on the re-attachment and separation at the roughened wall, temperature
variations along the duct. We summarize here some of the salient features as 2-D line graphs.
Plate temperature distribution is given in Figure 2 which indicates that at the inlet the plate
temperature is less and it increases rapidly up to some distance around 300mm (6 times hydraulic
diameter) from the inlet because high heat transfer in the thermally developing region compared
to the developed region. In the thermally developed region, the temperature increases gradually
and at the outlet, drop in plate temperature appears due to the end effect. Fluid bulk temperature
distribution along the test section is shown in Figure 3, which seems to be a straight line which
can be found by joining points of inlet bulk fluid temperature and outlet bulk temperature.
Figure 2. Plate temperature distribution along the duct
Bulk temp along the duct
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 500 1000 1500 2000
Duct length (mm)
B
u
l
k
t
e
m
p
o
C
Bulk temp along
the duct
Figure 3. Bulk fluid temperature distribution along the duct
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 10000 20000
Reynold no
B
u
l
k
o
u
t
l
e
t
t
e
m
p
o
C
experimental
standard k-w
standard k-e
Figure 4. Variation of Bulk outlet temperature with Reynolds Number
Validation of computational results is done with smooth duct results as well as
experimental results reported by Karwaa et al. [1]. Variation of bulk outlet temperature with
Reynolds number is shown in Figure 4 for experimental, standard k- and standard k- model
results. It indicates that the bulk outlet temperature firstly increases with increase in Reynolds
number and achieves maximum value at Reynolds number value 5156 and then continuously
decreases with increase in Reynolds number. The computational results of standard k- and
standard k- are having maximum of 1
o
C difference with experimental results i.e. almost having
same value.
Figure 5 shows the variation of Nusselt number with Re for smooth duct as well as
experimental and computational results. In all cases, Nu increases with increase of Re. The rate
of increase of Nu with the Re is substantially higher in rough duct in comparison to that of
smooth duct due to the enhancement of heat transfer by artificial ribs. The standard k- and
standard k- computational results over-predict the Nu up to Re of 5000 but after that those
under-predict for higher range of Reynolds number. The standard k- model results are better
than those of standard k- model when compared with experimental results. The absolute average
deviation in case of standard k- model is found to be 20.1%, whereas in case of standard k-
model, it is 30.7%.
Figure 6 shows the comparison among the smooth duct, experimental and computational
results for friction factor variation with Reynolds number. The modified Blasius equation has
been used for finding the results for smooth duct. In comparison to the smooth duct, the higher
value of friction factor is found for all results, whether these are experimental, correlation or
computational results. Artificial roughness increases the pressure loss, and thus increases the
friction factor. The predictions shown by both standard k- and standard k- do not have a good
agreement and under-predict as compared to experimental results. But the prediction of standard
k- model agrees with Cole-Brook and White correlation. However, results with the standard k-
model do not show good agreement with the same correlation. The average deviation for the
results with the standard k- model is found to be 23.43 % from the experimental data and only
7.53% from the correlation. Whereas, the average deviation is found to be 26.5% from
experimental and 17.62% from the correlation for standard k- model.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 5000 10000 15000 20000
Reynold no
N
u
s
s
e
l
t
n
o
Experimental
standardk-w
standard k-e
Smooth Duct-Dittus-
Boelter
Figure 5. Variation of Nusselt Number with Reynolds Number
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
0.03
0 5000 10000 15000 20000
Reynold no
F
r
i
c
t
i
o
n
f
a
c
t
o
r
Experimental
standard k-w
standard k-e
Cool brook-White
Eq.
Smooth duct-
Modified Blasius
Figure 6. Variation of Friction factor with Reynolds number
CONCLUSIONS
The 3D numerical analysis has been carried out to investigate the effect of artificial chamfered rib
roughness on the heat transfer and flow characteristics of absorber plate of a solar air heater duct
of aspect ratio 4.57 in the Re number range of 3000-20000.the roughened absorber plate is
subjected to constant heat flux while the other three wall of the duct were smooth and insulated.
Two turbulence models, standard k- and standard k-, have been used in the analysis through
Fluent. The prediction by standard k- turbulence model agrees reasonably well with the
experimental results reported in the literature in comparison to that by standard k- turbulence
model. The standard k- result for Nusselt number has 20.1% absolute average deviation with
the experimental results. The standard k- results for friction factor have 23.43% absolute
average deviation with the experimental results. Whereas, the same results of friction factor have
been compared with Cool-Brooke and White equation, which shows an absolute average
deviation 7.53%. It is therefore concluded that the standard k- turbulence model is reasonably
good and reliable model to estimate the effect of surface roughness on heat transfer and fluid flow
characteristics of roughened ducts.
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