The Importance of Acknowledging Gender According to the website Parole and Probations Administration 11.

13% of the 3,286 probationers are women. There is a high rate of crimes related to opium and prohibited drugs, crimes against person and crimes against property.

With this circumstance there is a need to distinguish the distinction between sex and gender. According to Abbot and Kerr, understanding the distinction between sex differences and gender differences is vital. The differences between sexes are biologically determined, whereas, gender differences are socially constructed. These differences are neither innate nor unchangeable. Gender is about the reality of womens lives and the contexts in which women live. If programming is to be effective, it must take the context of womens lives into account (Abbott and Kerr 1995, 7).

Feminist theories of psychological development stressed the important differences in developmental processes between women and men. These differences may have implications for the types of interventions that can best engage women effectively in the process of change (Gilligan, 1982). Impacts of Incarceration The adaptation to imprisonment is almost always difficult and, at times, creates habits of thinking and acting that can be dysfunctional in periods of post-prison adjustment. Yet, the psychological effects of incarceration vary from individual to individual and are often reversible. (Haney, 2001) At the very least, prison is painful, and incarcerated persons often suffer long-term consequences from having been subjected to pain, deprivation, and extremely atypical patterns and norms of living and interacting with others. (Haney, 2001) The psychological consequences of incarceration may represent significant impediments to post-prison adjustment. They may interfere with the transition from prison to home, impede an ex-convict's successful re-integration into a social network and employment setting, and may compromise an incarcerated parent's ability to resume his or her role with family and children. The range of effects includes the sometimes subtle but nonetheless broad-based and potentially disabling effects of institutionalization prisonization, the persistent effects of untreated or exacerbated mental illness, the long-term legacies of developmental disabilities that were improperly addressed, or the pathological

consequences of supermax confinement experienced by a small but growing number of prisoners who are released directly from long-term isolation into freeworld communities. (Haney, 2001) Factors that may affect Rehabilitation and Reintegration a. difference bet. post incarcerated men and women i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. Social Adaptation: Post Incarceration Syndrome and Relapse Womens Self-perception Social Stigma as a woman and as a woman ex-convict Patriarchy Social status/class Decent work Family/peers

b. Ano ang solusyon? i. ano ang gender sensitive program? ii. how to make a gender sensitive program? c. examples / Case studies III. Synthesis Tasking: II.a) Rich II.b) Ana III. Synthesis