1.

Identify from Figure One below, which of the four materials exhibits the greatest attenuaton in the far zone?

1 2 3 4 2. Identify from Figure One below, which of the four materials exhibits the least attenuation in the far zone? 1 2 3 4 3. Identify from Figure One below, which of the four materials is the near zone shortest? 1 2 3 4 4. In antisotropic materials linear elastics waves may propagate along a given direction. These are not pure modes. The waves with large parallel components are called? Lamb waves Quailongitudinal waves Quasishear waves Anistropic 5. A non linear transverse wave propagating in a solid that is free of discontinuities? Distorts Propagates without an accompanying longitudinal wave Does not distort Propagates without attenuation 6. Ultrasonic nondestructive test create stresses in the test component which are? Below the yield stress and do not cause permanent deformation Above the yield stress but do not cause permanent deformation High compared to mechanical testing Permanently affecting the internal structure without affecting the surface 7. In contact testing of material with known and constant acoustic velocities the time taken for sound energy to reach a reflector is ??? the distance from the contact surface to the reflector? Exponentially proportional to Inversely proportional to Directly proportional to Not proportional to

8. Which of the following wave modes would be chosen for an application that required an ability of a wave to follow the contours of irregular shaped surfaces? Longitudinal wave Lamb wave Shear wave Rayleigh wave 9. What angle of incidence would produce only a shear wave method in steel when transmitted from a probe with a perspex shoe? VI perspex=2.7 x 106 mm / sec, VL steel=6.0 x 106 mm / sec, VS steel=3.2 x 106 mm / sec 18.5 26.7 36.6 57.5 10. To which of the following techniques does this description refer? 'The time represented on the screen is indicative of a single traverse through the material' Pulse echo A scan Through transmission B scan 11. In the far field of an ultrasonic beam the beam has a? Spherical wave front Plane wave front Wave front with constant acoustic pressure Both plane wave front and wave front with constant acoustic pressure 12. The region of an ultrasonic beam characterised as a collection of symmetrical high and low pressure regions caused by interfering wave fronts is called the? Near or Fraunhofer zone Near or Fresnel zone Far or Fraunhofer zone Far or Fresnel zone 13. An increase in the pulse repetition rate is likely to ??? the brightness of the indication on the CRT screen? Increase Decrease Have no effect on Either increase or decrease depending on the actual pulse repetition rate 14. The critical angle for the interface of two media with dissimilar acoustic wave velocities is the incident angle at which the refracted angle equals? Zero degrees 35 degrees

90 degrees 120 degrees 15. The application of Snells Law to ultrasonic waves at an acoustic interface is dependent on the wave mode velocity in the second medium? Being greater than the wave velocity in the incident medium Being less than the wave velocity in the incident medium Being equal to the wave velocity in the incident medium Either greater or lesser to the wave velocity in the incident medium 16. At a water to steel interface approximately 88% of the sound is reflected back into the water. If the sound was travelling through steel to a steel to water interface approximately ??? of the sound would be transmitted across the interface? 12% 88% 50% To calculate would require the relative acoustic impedances 17. Water will support? Longitudinal waves Shear waves Rayleigh waves - surface waves Both longitudinal and rayleigh waves 18. Ultrasonic frequencies are above? 200 Hz 2000 Hz 20000 Hz 200000 Hz 19. Sound energy can be formed into beams, similar to that of light, at frequencies above? 10 KHz 100 KHz 1000 KHz 10000 KHz 20. Wavelength is? Equal to the product of velocity and frequency Inversely proportional to velocity and directly proportional to frequency Directly proportional to velocity and inversely proportional to frequency Both Equal to the product of velocity and frequency and Directly proportional to velocity and inversely proportional to frequency 21. The velocity of lamb - plate - waves is dependent upon? Sample thickness Elasticity modules

Frequency All the above 22. Which of the following modes of ultrasonic wave may be used to volumetrically inspect material that is too thin to alow resolution of the first back wall reflection from the initial pulse? Rayleigh Compression Lamb Shear 23. Rayleigh waves can be effectively sustained only when the medium on one side of the interface? Is a liquid Is a gas Is a solid Has a sound velocity value similar to the test material 24. At an aluminium / water interface peak transmission of acoustic pressure for a returning transverse wave echo occur at beam angles between? 0-90 degrees 0-10 degrees 35-51 degrees All angles transmit the same acoutsic pressure across an interface 25. Two components with different acoustic impedances are couples by a material having an acoustic impedance equal to the mean of the component's acoustic impedances. The thickness of the coupling layer is a quarter wavelength. What percentage of sound energy is transmitted at zero degree incidence across the coupling layer into the second component: First component Z1=17, Second component Z2=45, Coupling layer Zc=31? 100% 80% 50% 4% 26. The degree to which sound energy is reflected at an interface is dependent upon the? Wave length of the sound wave The frequency of the sound wave The velocity of the sound wave The amplitude of the sound wave 27. Sound propagates well through most liquids particularly those with? Low viscosity High viscosity Elastic properties Plastic properties

Figure One (click image to enlarge)

Answer

1. 1 2. 2 3. 3 4. Quailongitudinal waves 5. Does not distort 6. Below the yield stress and do not cause permanent deformation 7. Directly proportional to 8. Rayleigh wave 9. 36.6 10. Through transmission 11. Spherical wave front 12. Near or Fresnel zone 13. Increase 14. 90 degrees 15. Either greater or lesser to the wave velocity in the incident medium 16. 12% 17. Longitudinal waves 18. 20000 Hz 19. 100 KHz

20. Directly proportional to velocity and inversely proportional to frequency 21. All the above 22. Lamb 23. Is a gas 24. 35-51 degrees 25. 100% 26. The velocity of the sound wave 27. Low viscosity

1. Block E in Figure One below, is being used to?

Check beam angle Calibrate the time base Measure material thickness Measure the probe dead zone 2. Block B in Figure One below, is being used to? Measue beam angle Position the beam exit point Set sensitivity Calibrate the time base for an angle probe 3. Block F in Figure One below, is being used to? Check probe resolution Calibrate the time base Measure the probe dead zone Construct a distance amplitude correction curve 4. Block D in Figure One below, is being used to? Position the beam exit point Calibrate the time base for an angle probe Check probe resolution for an angle probe Set sensitivity 5. Block G in Figure One below, is being used to? Measure the probe dead zone Measure beam angle for a zero degree probe Set sensitivity Calibrate the time base 6. Block A in Figure One below, is being used to? Set sensitivity Position the beam exit point Measure beam angle Check probe resolution 7. Block C in Figure One below, is being used to? Measure the probe dead zone Set sensitivity Calibrate the time base Check probe near surface resolution 8. Reference reflectors giving an omnidirectional response are used most often in?

Immersion testing Contact testing Normal beam testing Angle beam testing 9. If a flaw echo amplitude is equal of the calibration reflector it is assumed that the flaw is Smaller than the calibration reflector Larger than the calibration reflector At least as large as the calibration reflector The same shape as the calibration refelctor 10. An increase in pulse length - less transducer damping - will? Lower the probe frequency Improve penetration Improve resolution Both lower the probe frequency and improve frequency 11. A change in amplitude of 14dBs is equivalent to a ratio of? 2:1 3.5:1 5:1 8:1 12. The use of a focusing lens on a transducer will? Increase side lobe energy, reducing the effects of rough surfaces Decreased side lobe energy, increasing the effects of rough surfaces Increase side lobe energy, increasing the effects of rough surfaces Decrease side lobe energy, decreasing the effects of rough surfaces 13. What is the diameter of the flat bottomed hole in Number 8 ASTM area amplitude block? 8.0mm 4.8mm 3.2mm 0.8mm 14. The time base has been claibrated using a steel block. Four repeat echoes are shown at 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 on the screen graticule. What signals would be displayed if the probe was placed on a copper test block of the same dimensions with no change to the calibration settings? VL steel 5.9 x 106mm/sec. VL copper 4.7 x 106mm/sec. 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, 6.0 3.1, 6.3, 9.4 4.3, 8.6 15. The plastic insert in the 50mm diameter hole in the IIW standard calibration block A2 - V1 - calibration block is specified to have the absorption characteristics of ??? of steel?

25mm 50mm 75mm 100mm 16. To determine the scan index for an immersion system it is necessary to use the effective beam diamater at each metal distance. The effective beam diamater is considered to be at a point which is ??? dBs less than the intensity at the beam axis? 20 dB 12 dB 6 dB 2 dB 17. The depth of penetration of Rayleigh waves is? Approximately three wavelengths Dependent on energy which distributes in a linear way with depth Frequency dependent All of the above 18. A block used to establish reproducible test conditions is referred to as? A reference block A calibration block A sizing block A test block 19. If the amplitude of an indication from a flaw in a component is equal to that from a 3mm diameter flat bottomed hole at the same depth. Is the flaw? Larger than the 3mm diameter FBH The same size as the 3mm diameter FBH No smaller than the 3mm diameter FBH Smaller than the 3mm diameter FBH 20. When an ultrasonic wave encounters a point reflector the reflected wave is re-radiated as a? Spherical wave front Plane wave front Either of them Neither of them

Figure One (click image to enlarge)

Answer

1. Calibrate the time base 2. Measue beam angle 3. Check probe resolution 4. Set sensitivity 5. Set sensitivity 6. Position the beam exit point 7. Calibrate the time base 8. Immersion testing 9. At least as large as the calibration reflector 10. Improve penetration 11. 5:1 12. Decrease side lobe energy, decreasing the effects of rough surfaces 13. 3.2mm 14. 3.1, 6.3, 9.4 15. 50mm 16. 6 dB 17. Frequency dependent 18. A calibration block 19. No smaller than the 3mm diameter FBH 20. Spherical wave front

1. Which of the following parameters is controlled by the operator using ultrasonic equipment?

Material velocity Material attenuation Pulse length SUrface geometry 2. The pulse repetition rate on a pulse echo system is adjusted so that reverberations within the test object? Interact and cancel out Decay completely between pulses Match the natural frequency of the transducer Both decay and completely between pulses and match the natural frequency of the transducer 3. What should the minimum water path be for an immersion set up testing a 40mm thick steel plate with a zero degree beam? 8mm 10mm 16mm 20mm 4. A butt weld prep in a 30mm thick plate is a single vee with an included angle of 60 degrees. What probe angle shall be used for the beam to be normal to the weld fusion face in the second half skip? 30 degree 38 degree 50 degree 60 degree 5. A butt weld prep in 10mm thick plate is a single vee with an included angle of 45 degrees, what probe angle shall be used for the ebam to be normal to the weld fusion face in the second half skip? 45 degrees 54.3 degrees 67.5 degrees 70 degrees 6. In the squirter or bubbler system using a column of flowing water, to ensure satisfactort coupling it is essential that the? Probe emits a sound wave radially through the water stream Water stream velocity is constant Water stream is free of turbulence causing air bubbles All of the above are essential 7. To which of the following testing techniques does this statement refer? 'Test items of many different configurations can be examined with little difficulty' Manual contact testing Immersion testing

Automated testing C scan testing 8. Which of the following arrangements would be most suitabel for the detection of a vertical planar defect at mid depth in a double vee plate butt weld? Twin crystal probe system Immersion probe system Tandem probe system Angle probe system 9. Laminations in plate are detected and sized using? A straight beam technique An angle beam technique An A scan technique A pulse echo technique 10. An ultrasonic operator should be aware that the use of reject circuitry may? Reject components that are acceptable Alter the linearity of the time base Increase sensitivity to low level signals Alter the linearity of the amplifier 11. For maximum detection reliability the sound wave should strike a reflector at? Normal incidence Zero degree incidence 90 degree incidence Either normal incidence or 90 degree incidence 12. Couplants used for ultrasonic inspection of stainless steels and high nickel alloys susceptible to stress corrosion cracking should be free from traces of? Water Cellulose Oil Sulphur 13. Ultrasonic signal to noise ratio may be improved by use of? Broad band instrument Narrow band instrument Low pass filters Both narrow band instrument and low pass filters 14. In fine grained, homogenous and isotropic materials which of the following beams will travel the greater distance? Wide beam spread Narrow beam spread

Beam spread will not affect distance travelled Polarised beam 15. Using lower frequency probes to decrease attenuation losses will usually result in? Increased sensitivity and decreased resolution Decreased sensitivity and increased resolution Increased sensitivity and increased resolution Decreased sensitivity and decreased resolution 16. An ultrasonic method was used to check the oil level in a steel tank. Multiple backwall echoes were displayed on the screen from the tank above the oil level. Below the oil level these multiple echoes? Decreased in amplitude Increased in amplitude Were spaced wider apart Were spaced closer together 17. When using ultrasound to determine microstructural differences which of the following factors is likely to be measured? Grain boundary echo amplitude Attenuation Velocity Attenuation and velocity 18. One reason that angle beam inspection of weld is used is that? The ultrasonic beam angle can be chosen to be parallel to major defect directions The transducer does not have to be placed on the weld surface The wavelength of an angle beam is shorter and will give a higher sensitivity Zero degree probes are only used for inspecting plate material 19. During ultrasonic inspection of bonding between bearing metal and a steel backing three echoes are seen on the screen: The initial pulse, the interface echo and the back wall echo. The interface echo increases at one point during scanning. The indicates that the bonding? Has improved in that area Has deteriorated in that area The steel backing is thinner in that area The bearing metal is thinner in that area 20. Angle beam testing may be carried out using which of the following modes? Surface waves Longitudinal waves Shear waves All the above modes may be used 21. The linear distance between two successive nodes on the same surface when using angle beam testing is called the? Skip distance Resonance length

Wave length Cycle length 22. Which of the following flaws is most likely to have been detected? Swivelling the search unit to either side away from the direction of maximum echo amplitude causes the peak to fall rapidly accompanied by a slight shift to the right on the time base. Traversing the search unit in an arc causes the echo signal to broaden slightly and fall rapidly with no change in position. Gas pore Crack Slag Clustered porosity 23. 30mm thick steel plates 1.5m wide are stacked 20 high. Preliminary screening for laminations could be carried out by? Scanning from the edge at right angles to the direction of rolling Scanning with a low frequency probe from the top surface of the stack Removing each plate from the stack and scanning a grid system from the top surface Scanning with a probe array from the top surface of the stack 24. Which of the following ultrasonic methods involves only the measurement of signal attenuation? Immersion Puls echo Through transmission Spectral analysis 25. Which of the following techniques requires only one transducer type regardless of the incident angle? Through transmission Pulse echo Immersion Crack tip diffraction 26. In straight beam immersion inspection the water path is generally adjusted to require a ??? than the depth of scan? Longer transit time Longer beam path Shorter transit time Shorter beam path 27. Acoustic lenses are used for contour correction such that in the straight beam inspection of tubing where the transducer is inside the tube the preferred beam is? Narrow and converging Narrow and parallel Narrow and diverging Wide and parallel 28. Materials exhibiting a columnar grain structure are more likley to? Show isotropic elastic behaviour Show better ultrasound propagation in certain preferred directions

Show both isotropic elastic behaviour and show better ultrasound propagation in certain preferred directions Have less attenuation characteristics than similar homogenous materials

Answer

1. Pulse length 2. Decay completely between pulses 3. 16mm 4. 60 degree 5. 67.5 degrees 6. Water stream is free of turbulence causing air bubbles 7. Manual contact testing 8. Tandem probe system 9. A straight beam technique 10. Alter the linearity of the amplifier 11. Either normal incidence or 90 degree incidence 12. Sulphur 13. Both narrow band instrument and low pass filters 14. Narrow beam spread 15. Decreased sensitivity and decreased resolution 16. Decreased in amplitude 17. Attenuation and velocity 18. The transducer does not have to be placed on the weld surface 19. Has deteriorated in that area 20. All the above modes may be used 21. Skip distance 22. Crack 23. Scanning from the edge at right angles to the direction of rolling 24. Through transmission 25. Immersion 26. Longer transit time 27. Narrow and diverging 28. Show better ultrasound propagation in certain preferred directions

1. The temporal resolution of a transducer is directly proportional to?

Frequency Its crystal diameter Its crystal thickness Its bandwith 2. Cylindrical acoustic lenses make it possible to fouc the ultrasonic beam? At a point Along a line To a disc the diamater of the cylinder Without loss of axial resolution 3. Short duration pulses from well damped transducers should significantly improve? Near surface resolution Far field penetration Near zone length All of the above 4. Lateral resolution is prinicipally a function of? Wavelength Probe diamater Material velocity Beam width 5. Higher frequency probes producing increased sensitivity levels are able to be used in? Manual contact testing Immersion testing Automated testing C scan testing 6. Which of the following is a principal advanatge of focused transducers? The energy at the focal spot decreases The sensitivity at the focal spot increased The axial resolution is increased Both the sensitibity at the focal spot increases and the axial resolution increases 7. With reference to Figure One below, which of the following pulses first exhibits phase reversal? 0.5 microsecs 1.6 microsecs 2.6 microsecs 3.7 microsecs 8. The bandwidth of a tranducer is measured at points 70% of the resonance frequency intensity. These points represent a drop in intensity of?

2 dBs 3 dBs 4 dBs 5 dBs 9. Which of the following couplants would be considered to be most suitable for use on hot aluminium surfaces? Water Wall paper paste Grease Glycerine 10. Which type of probe can be described as containing an acoustical barrier seperating the transmitter element from the receiver? Twin crystal Damped wide bandwidth Damped narrow bandwidth Damped low resolution 11. Paintbush transducers are designed to? Pinpoint the location and size of a flaw Allow smooth scanning with less couplant than a conventional transducer Be survey devices Have a narrow parallel beam pattern for uniform scanning 12. Given the following information regarding the relation between Pulse Repetition Rate -PRR- and Scanning Speed -SS- what scanning speed shall be used for a PSR of 900PPS? 500PPS & 101.6SS, 750PPS & 152.4SS, 1000PPS & 203.2SS 160.4 173.6 182.9 198.4 13. Which of the following is a monohydrate piezoelectric crystal that is highly sensitive to minute quantities of water? Quartz Lithium suplphate Barium titanate Lead zirconate 14. When evaluating the Damping Factor of an ultrasonic transducer it shall be based on the number of cycles in the pulse envelope greater than? 70% of the initial pulse amplitude 50% of the initial pulse amplitude 35% of the initial pulse amplitude 20% of the initial pulse amplitude 15. Bond imperfections between the transducer and the damping element cause?

Increased beam symmetry Decreased Damping Factor Increased transducer operating frequency All of the above 16. One of the factors that are primarily responsible for the loss in beam intensity is transmission losses. Transmission losses include? Diffraction Scattering Beam spreading Frequency shift 17. Near field and far field effects in the ultrasonic beam occur due to the transudcer crystal not vibrating under the influence of an impressed electrical voltage. Near and far fields can occur due to? A pulsed instead of constant output signal A refelction of the ultrasonic beam at interfaces Disturbances in the water couplant used in immersion testing Gradual changes in acoustic velocities within a material 18. For a non-focused zero degree 10mm diameter probe calculate the 6 dB beam diameter at the near zone length? 2.5mm 10mm 5mm 6.5mm 19. Which of the following piezoelectric materials tend to depolarise with age? Lithium sulphate Lead zirconate titanate Lead metaniobate Barium titanate 20. A nickel rod placed in a coil carrying a current experiences a change in length as a function of the current through coil. This fact explains the basic principle of? Thickness measurement Magnetostriction transducers Lamb wave testing Resonance testing 21. Material noise consists of low amplitude, random signals from numerous small reflectors irregularly distributed throughout the test piece. This noise may be reduced by the use of? Focused probes Parallel beam probes High frequency probes Twin crystal probes 22. The predominant central frequency of an ultrasonic beam is closely related to?

The diamater of the transducer The transducers natural thickness resonance The velocity of sund in the test material The grain size of the test material

Figure One (click image to enlarge)

1. Its bandwith 2. Along a line 3. Near surface resolution 4. Beam width 5. Immersion testing 6. The sensitivity at the focal spot increased 7. 1.6 microsecs 8. 3 dBs 9. Grease 10. Twin crystal 11. Be survey devices 12. 182.9 13. Lithium suplphate 14. 50% of the initial pulse amplitude 15. Increased transducer operating frequency 16. Scattering 17. A refelction of the ultrasonic beam at interfaces 18. 2.5mm 19. Barium titanate 20. Magnetostriction transducers 21. Focused probes 22. The transducers natural thickness resonance

1. Ultrasound travels through a test block 20mm thick at a velocity of 3.4 x 106 mm/sec. How long does it take froom pulse transmission for refelected sound to reach the probe? 11.8 microsec 5.9 microsec 118 microsec 59 microsec 2. A 60 degree shear wave is used to inspect a 100mm diameter steel bar in a circumferential direction. An indication is located from a point defect at a beam path of 40mm. What is the depth of this defect below the bar surface? [Cosine rule a2=b2+c2-2 bc cos A] 1.5mm 3.2mm 4.2mm 6.0mm 3. What probe angle is required to meet the requirements shown in Figure One below? 40 degree 45 degree 50 degree 55 degree 4. The next six questions are based on the information in Table One at the bottom of the page. What screen height response will be given by a 2.5mm dia FBH under the same conditions? 20% 18% 16% 10% 5. What screen height response will be given by a 4.0mm dia FBH under the same conditions? 43% 39% 35% 30% 6. What screen height response will be given by a 5.0mm dia FBH under the same conditions?

70% 65% 61% 57% 7. What diameter of FBH will give a screen response of 65% under the same conditions? 5.4 5.2 4.8 4.0 8. What diameter of FBH will give a screen response of 35% under the same conditions? 3.2 3.5 3.8 4.2 9. What diameter of FBH will give a screen response of 90% under the same conditions? 6.3 6.1 5.8 5.6 10. Calculate the focal length in water of an ultrasonic probe fitted with an epoxy lens having a radius of curvature of 56mm? VLepoxy = 2.7 x 106 mm/sec, VL water = 1.5 x 106 mm/sec 28mm 112mm 127mm 168mm 11. Calculate the offset required for an immersion probe to create a 45 degree shear wave in a steel bar having a radius of 21mm? 3.5mm 5.0mm 7.0mm 10.5mm

12. Calculate the offset required for an immersion probe to create a 60 degree shear wave in a steel bar having a radius of 21mm? VL water = 1.5 x 106 mm/sec, Vs steel = 3.2 x 106 mm/sec 5.5 8.5 10.5 12.5 13. Using Figure Two below, how much energy will be transmitted through water to aluminium interface by a longitudinal angle beam created by an 11 degree angle of incidence? 5% 20% 48% 72% 14. Calculate the apparent attenuation from teh following information? Amplitude of second back wall echo = 84% FSH, Amplitude of sixth back wall echo = 15% FSH, Thickness of Material = 20mm 0.09 dB/mm 14.9 dB/mm 1.49 dB/mm 0.90 dB/mm 15. Calculate the dB differece between 5/64 inch FBH and 3/64 inch FBH? 4 dB 6 dB 9 dB 12 dB 16. It is possible to approximately calculate the elastic modulus of material by determination of the longitudinal and transverse velocities of sound in that material. Calculate Youngs Modulus of Elasticity from the information in Table Two below? 7068 x 104 dynes/cm2 146 x 106 dynes/cm2 53 x 104 dynes/cm2 5074 x 105 dynes/cm2 17. Calculate the incident angle required to produce Rayleigh waves in aluminium? VL 6.35 x 106 mm/sec, Vp 2.7 x 106 mm/sec, VL3.1 x 106 mm/sec

30.4 degrees 45.8 degrees 57.5 degrees 60.6 degrees 18. A 6 MHz longitudinal pulse of ultrasound is transmitted at a pulse repetition rate of 800 pulses per second. To what theoretical depth in steel can this pulse travel and return before the next pulse is initiated? Longitudibal velocity in steel VL x 6.0 x 106 mm/sec 15mm 1.5mm 7.5mm 3.75mm 19. Calculate the attenuation of a test material where the gain differene between the second and fourth back wall echoes is 20sBs. The material thickness is 40mm and take into consideration the natural loss of 6dB between double distance back wall echoes? 0.087 dBs per mm 0.125 dBs per mm 0.175 dBs per mm 0.25 dBs per mm 20. Calculate the hald beam spread angle when considering beam extremities that are 1/10 of the intensity of the axis. The 10mm diameter transducer is producing ultrasound at 5MHz into steel at zero degrees? VL steel 6 x 106 mm/sec, Vs steel 3.2 x 106 mm/sec 12 degrees 7.4 degrees 6 degrees 4.8 degrees 21. Calculate the total beam spread angle when considering beam extremities that are one half of the intensity at the axis. The 25mm diameter transducer is producing ultrasound at 2 MHz into steel at zero degrees? VL steel 6 x 106 mm/sec, Vs steel 3.2 x 106mm/sec 4.8 degrees 8.4 degrees 9.6 degrees 16.8 degrees 22. Calculate the near field length for a zero degree 2.5MHz, 25mm diameter single crystal transducer transmitting ultrasound into a steel forging using a polycell couplant? VL steel 6 x 106 mm/sec, Vs steel 3.2 x 106 mm/sec

2.6mm 26mm 65mm 130mm

Figure One (click image to enlarge)

Figure Two (click image to enlarge)

Table One: Using area amplitude flat bottomed reference holes and a zero degree probe at a constant gain setting the following was recorded:

mm dia FBH 6.4 5.5 4.5 3.2 1.6 0.8

Screen Height Resolution 100% 74% 49% 25% 6.5% 1.5%

Table Two: E = [dvs2 (3vI2 - 4Vs2)] VI 2 - Vs 2

Answer

1. 11.8 microsec 2. 4.2mm 3. 50 degree 4. 16% 5. 39% 6. 61% 7. 5.2 8. 3.8 9. 6.1

10. 127mm 11. 7.0mm 12. 8.5 13. 20% 14. 0.09 dB/mm 15. 9 dB 16. 7068 x 104 dynes/cm2 17. 60.6 degrees 18. 3.75mm 19. 0.087 dBs per mm 20. 7.4 degrees 21. 9.6 degrees 22. 65mm