Design of Circular Steel Arches With Hollow Circular Cross-Sections According To EC3

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Journal of Constructional Steel Research ( )

www.elsevier.com/locate/jcsr
Design of circular steel arches with hollow circular cross-sections
according to EC3
C.A. Dimopoulos, C.J. Gantes
Department of Civil Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Greece

Received 10 June 2007; accepted 15 September 2007
Abstract
Design of either pin-ended or xed circular steel arches with hollow circular cross-sections subjected to a uniformly distributed vertical load
along the horizontal projection of the entire arch with the aid of the EC3 provisions is discussed. Appropriate modication factors are proposed
that should be included in EC3 interaction equations, to improve their accuracy for the design of such arches.
c 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Design; Circular arches; Fixed; Pin-ended; EC3; Steel; Strength
1. Introduction
A great amount of work has been presented in the past
concerning the behavior and the strength of arches. Timoshenko
and Gere [1] calculated the linear buckling load of circular
arches under uniformly distributed radial and vertical loads.
Geometrically nonlinear buckling loads and loaddeection
curves for clamped arches have been given from Schreyer
and Masur [2]. Accurate solutions and approximations for
the nonlinear symmetric and antisymmetric buckling of both
pin-ended and xed shallow arches with arbitrary cross-
section have been provided by Pi et al. [3]. The geometrically
nonlinear buckling and postbuckling of elastic arches has
been thoroughly investigated by Pi and Trahair [4]. Pi and
Trahair [5] using a nite element program for the nonlinear
inelastic analysis, investigated the in-plane inelastic buckling
and strength of circular steel I-section arches. The effects of
initial crookedness, rise-to-span ratio, residual stresses, and
dead load to total load ratio on the in-plane inelastic stability
of steel arches in uniform compression and in combined
compression and bending were analyzed.
A great effort has also been directed towards the design of
steel arches. Kuranishi and Yabuki [6] proposed design criteria
for parabolic steel arches that were expressed in terms of axial
Corresponding author. Tel.: +30 210 7723440; fax: +30 210 7723442.
E-mail address: chgantes@central.ntua.gr (C.J. Gantes).
force and bending moment at the quarter point, but were only
valid for slenderness ratio 0.5S/i , where S is the length of
the arch and i is the radius of gyration of the cross-section
about its major principal axis, in the range 50150 and rise-
to-span ratios f /L in the range 0.10.3. However, using these
actions for design seems doubtful because these are not always
the maximum values. Verstappen et al. [7] proposed that the
design rule for straight beamcolumns from Dutch codes, can
be used for the check of the in-plane stability of pin-ended
circular arches. However, a linear interaction equation for a
straight beamcolumn may be conservative because, among
others, the favorable redistributions that take place in redundant
arches after the rst plastic hinge forms, is not taken into
account. Pi and Trahair [8] found that the design equation of the
Australian regulations for steel columns cannot be used directly
for steel arches in uniform compression, nor can the design
interaction equations for steel beamcolumns be used directly
for steel arches under nonuniform compression and bending.
Moreover, they proposed design equations for both uniform
compression and nonuniform compression and bending that
follow the provisions for the design of straight members of the
Australian Steel Structures code. These proposed equations can
be used for both shallow and non-shallow arches and are valid
for slenderness ratio 0.5S/i in the range 10170 and subtended
angles 2 in the range 10
180
.
In Eurocode 3 no design provision is given for the design
of steel arches. To the authors knowledge, no proposal
has been presented yet for the design of steel arches with
0143-974X/$ - see front matter c 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.jcsr.2007.09.009
Please cite this article in press as: Dimopoulos CA, Gantes CJ. Design of circular steel arches with hollow circular cross-sections according to EC3. Journal of
Constructional Steel Research (2008), doi:10.1016/j.jcsr.2007.09.009
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2 C.A. Dimopoulos, C.J. Gantes / Journal of Constructional Steel Research ( )
Fig. 1. Geometry, loading and cross-section.
the aid of Eurocode 3 provisions. This paper deals with
the design of either pinned or xed circular steel arches
with hollow circular cross-sections, subjected to uniformly
distributed vertical load on the entire arch (Fig. 1), under the
provisions of EC3 concerning the design of uniform straight
members in combined compression and bending. A modied
interaction equation that provides good lower bounds for the
in-plane strength of both shallow and non-shallow steel arches
is proposed.
2. Methodology
For the purposes of this paper, the nonlinear nite element
analysis program, ADINA [9], has been used. A sufcient
number of straight Hermite beam nite elements has been
used for the analysis of the circular arches accounting for the
effect of both geometric and material nonlinearities. For the
solution of the nonlinear system of equations, the well-known
displacement-control method (LDC) [9] is used in combination
with the full NewtonRaphson procedure and the use of line
searches. An inelastic bilinear material with yield stress f
y
=
275 MPa, Youngs modulus E = 210 GPa, Poissons ratio
= 0.30, without any hardening, is used for the inelastic
analyses (Fig. 2). A hollow circular cross-section with a ratio
of external diameter D to thickness t sufciently small to avoid
local buckling effects is used throughout this paper (Fig. 1). It
is assumed that the cross-section has no residual stresses. In the
analyses initial imperfections are taken into account, having the
shape of the rst antisymmetric eigenvector from a linearized
buckling analysis (Fig. 3). The imperfection magnitude is equal
to L/600, in accordance with the provisions of EC3 [10].
The behavioral characteristics of arches of this type under
uniform vertical load have been discussed in [11]. Generally
speaking, it was shown that the type of failure depends on
the geometrical and the cross-sectional characteristics. When
arches are extremely shallow, they suffer no buckling. However
they are likely to violate serviceability tolerances. Shallow
arches suffer from elastic snap-through. In the other cases, the
strength of the arches is inuenced by both the geometrical and
the material nonlinearity. It is possible, however, for very deep
arches to evaluate their strength considering only the material
nonlinearity.
A large number of geometrically and materially nonlinear
analyses, including initial imperfection, was carried out in order
to capture the real, highly nonlinear, behavior of the arches and
Fig. 2. Material properties.
Fig. 3. Antisymmetric and symmetric eigenvectors.
to estimate their strength capacity. The results of these analyses
were used in order to propose, an appropriate interaction factor
in the linear interaction equation of EC3 for straight members,
in order to include all the nonlinearity effects. As a result, it
is possible to check the carrying capacity of arches by simply
substituting the maximum axial and bending moment forces,
which need not be situated at the same cross-section, obtained
from a linear analysis.
3. EC3 linear interaction equation for beamcolumn
members
The in-plane linear interaction equation for beamcolumn
members with class 1 or 2 cross-sections in combined
compression and bending that is provided in EC3 [12] is:
N
Ed
y
Af
y
M1
+k
yy
M
y,Ed
W
pl,y
f
y
M1
. (1)
For the application of this equation for the case of arches
N
Ed
, M
y,Ed
are taken as the design values of compression
and bending actions, which are the maximum values of the
internal actions appearing along the arch, not necessarily at the
same cross-section, A is the area of the cross-section, W
pl,y
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C.A. Dimopoulos, C.J. Gantes / Journal of Constructional Steel Research ( ) 3
is the plastic section modulus, f
y
is the yield stress,
y
is a
reduction factor due to in-plane exural buckling, k
yy
is an
interaction factor due to combined compression and bending.
The expression on the left part of inequality (1), dened as
the utilization factor, should be bounded for design purposes
by a maximum allowable value, denoted with , where = 1
according to [12].
The reduction factor
y
is obtained from
y
=
1
+
_
_
2
y
_
(2)
where
= 0.50
_
1 +
_
y
0.20
_
+

2
y
_
(3)
y
=
_
Af
y
N
cr,y
=
L
cr,y
i
y
1
1
(4)
1
=
_
E
f
y
(5)
L
cr,y
is the equivalent buckling length. For in-plane buckling of
arches, this length can be taken as L
cr,y
= S, where is a
factor that takes the value 0.50 in the case of pin-ended arches
and 0.35 in the case of xed arches [13].
For a hot-rolled circular hollow section the a buckling
curve is the appropriate one, so the imperfection factor is
equal to 0.21. The interaction factor k
yy
can be computed with
two alternative, methods, outlined in Annexes A and B of Part
1-1 of EC3 [12].
3.1. Method 1
According to method 1 [14], the interaction factor is:
k
yy
= C
my
C
mLT
y
1
N
Ed
N
cr,y
1
C
yy
. (6)
Since the in-plane strength of the arches is studied,

0
= 0,
where

0
is a non-dimensional slenderness factor for lateral-
torsional buckling due to uniform bending moment. This means
that the exural buckling factor C
my
= C
my,0
, the lateral-
torsional buckling factor C
mLT
= 1 and the lateral-torsional
factor b
LT
= 0.
For the computation of the above interaction factor the
following variables must rst be computed.
C
my,0
= 1 +
_

2
EI
y
||
L
2
cr
M
y,Ed
1
_
N
Ed
N
cr,y
(7)
C
yy
= 1 +
_
w
y
1
_
__
2
1.6
w
y
C
2
my
max
1.6
w
y
C
2
my
2
max
_
n
pl
b
LT
_
W
el,y
W
pl,y
(8)
N
cr,y
=
2
EI
y
L
2
cr,y
,
y
=
1
N
Ed
N
cr,y
1
y
N
Ed
N
cr,y
,
w
y
=
W
pl,y
W
el,y
, n
pl
=
N
Ed
N
Rk
/
M1
(9)
where I
y
is the in-plane second moment of area of the cross-
section, is the value of the vertical displacement of the
crown of the arch obtained from a linear analysis, M
y,Ed
is the
maximum bending moment, W
el,y
and W
pl,y
are the in-plane
elastic and plastic section moduli,

max
=

y
, N
Rk
= Af
y
.
The variable C
my,0
depends on the bending diagram of the
arch and is chosen to be equal to the expression of Eq. (7),
because the corresponding bending diagramfrom[12] is similar
and closer to the bending diagram exhibited by one-half of an
arch, either xed or pinned.
3.2. Method 2
The modication of this method for the case of arches lies
in the appropriate computation of the factor C
my
, as explained
next. According to this method [15] the interaction factor is:
k
yy
= C
my
_
1 +
_
y
0.2
_
N
Ed
y
N
Rk
/
M1
_
C
my
_
1 +0.8
N
Ed
y
N
Rk
/
M1
_
(10)
where
C
my
=
_
_
0.2 +0.8
s
0.40, 0
s
1, 1 1
0.1 0.8
s
0.40, 1
s
< 0, 0 1
0.1 (1 ) 0.8
s
0.40, 1
s
< 0,
1 < 0
(11)
s
= M
s
/M
h
, M
s
is the bending moment at the quarter point
of the arch,
M1
= 1.00 is a partial factor,
M
h
= max [|M (0)| , |M (S/2)|] and (12)
=
_
M (S/2) /M(0), |M (S/2)| < |M(0)|
M(0)/M (S/2) , |M(0)| < |M (S/2)|
(13)
where M(0), M(S/2) are the bending moments that appear at
the support and the crown of the arch, respectively. For pin-
ended arches the parameter is always equal to zero because
M(0) = 0. The corresponding parameter for xed arches is
always different from zero.
4. Use of EC3 linear interaction equation for straight
beamcolumn members for checking in-plane inelastic
stability of circular arches
4.1. Pin-ended arches
A representative sample of two hundred and fty two arches
were used to investigate the in-plane strength of pin-ended steel
arches subjected to uniformly distributed vertical load along the
entire arch. They were divided into 14 groups with slenderness
ratio 0.5S/i in the range from 40 to 170 and the subtended
angle 2 in the range from 10
to 180
.
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Fig. 4. Loaddisplacement curve for a shallow pin-ended steel arch.
Fig. 5. Loaddisplacement curve for a deep pin-ended steel arch.
In Figs. 4 and 5 some typical loaddisplacement curves
for the studied arches are given. On the horizontal axis the
dimensionless vertical displacement v
c
/f of the arch crown is
plotted, where f is the height of the arch. The dimensionless
load q/q
LB
is plotted on the vertical axis, where q
LB
is the
linearized buckling load. These curves were obtained either
through a geometrically nonlinear elastic analysis with initial
imperfections (GNIA), or through a material and geometry
nonlinear analysis with initial imperfections (GMNIA). The
equilibrium curve in Fig. 4 is representative of a shallow arch
characterized by snap-through buckling, while that in Fig. 5
is representative of a deep arch characterized by material
failure. The ultimate load, denoted as q
GMNIA
, is applied
in a subsequent linear elastic analysis in order to obtain
the maximum compression force and the maximum bending
moment that are developed along the arch. These maximum
values do not necessarily appear at the same cross-section and
are the design values for the compression force and the bending
moment that are encountered in the following linear interaction
equations.
Fig. 6. Strength of pin-ended steel arches method 1.
Fig. 7. Strength of pin-ended steel arches with
s
/
T
method 1.
4.1.1. Method 1
In Figs. 6 and 7 the predictions of the interaction equation (1)
with = 1 are given, and they are compared with the
nite element results. It is concluded that in most cases the
predictions of Eq. (1) are signicantly conservative. In some
cases of very shallow arches, the predictions are not on the safe
side. So, it is seen that the interaction Eq. (1) is not adequate
enough to be used for the design of pin-ended circular arches.
A modied interaction equation is proposed for the design
of circular arches:
N
Ed
y
Af
y
M1
+
k
yy
p
1
M
y,Ed
W
pl,y
f
y
M1
. (14)
In Fig. 8 the three-dimensional graphs of p
1
and p
1
are
given. p
1
is the factor that results in = 1. p
1
is an
approximation of the exact factor p
1
that is obtained using
the optimization tools of Matlab [16], given by the following
ARTICLE IN PRESS
Fig. 8. Graphic representation of factors p
1
and p
1
.
Fig. 9. Strength of pin-ended steel arches modied method 1.
equation:
p
1
=
_
_
0.661 +0.125 (
s
/
T
) 0.000155 (0.5S/i )
0.000595 (
s
/
T
) (0.5S/i ) ,
15
s
/
T
50
4.10n
1.59
(0.0681 (
s
/
T
)) ,
50 <
s
/
T
140
(15)
where
s
= S
2
/4i R,
T
= ( S/i )
_
f
y
/
_
2
E
_
.
In Figs. 9 and 10, the strengths of steel arches using modied
Eq. (14) are given. It is veried that the modied Eq. (14)
provides close to lower bound predictions of strength. For
design purposes it is suggested that the maximum allowable
value of the utilization factor is taken equal to 0.90. Moreover,
the modied Eq. (14) should be used for
s
/
T
15.
4.1.2. Method 2
In Figs. 11 and 12 the predictions of the interaction Eq. (1)
with = 1 and the interaction factor calculated according
to method 2 are given, and they are compared with the nite
s
/
T
modied method 1.
Fig. 11. Strength of pin-ended steel arches method 2.
element results. In contrast to the results of method 1, these
results are in many cases not on the safe side. Thus, it is
concluded that neither interaction Eq. (1) using method 2 for
the determination of the interaction factor is appropriate to be
used for the design of pin-ended circular arches.
A modied interaction equation is also proposed:
N
Ed
y
Af
y
M1
+
k
yy
p
2
M
y,Ed
W
pl,y
f
y
M1
. (16)
In Fig. 13 the three-dimensional graphs of p
2
and p
2
are
given. p
2
is that factor that results in = 1. p
2
is an
approximation of the exact factor p
2
obtained by Matlab [16]
and given by the following equation:
p
2
=
_
_
0.704 +0.0168 (
s
/
T
) 0.00509 (0.5S/i )
+0.0000121 (
s
/
T
) (0.5S/i ) ,
15
s
/
T
< 50
0.065 +0.00628 (
s
/
T
) +0.0191 (0.5S/i )
0.000138 (
s
/
T
) (0.5S/i ) ,
50
s
/
T
140.
(17)
ARTICLE IN PRESS
s
/
T
method 2.
Fig. 13. Graphic representation of factors p
2
and p
2
.
In Figs. 14 and 15, the strengths of steel arches using
modied Eq. (16) are given. It is seen that the modied Eq.
(16) provides sufciently close to lower bound predictions. For
value of the utilization factor is taken equal to 0.90 for
15
s
/
T
< 60 and 0.95 for
s
/
T
60.
4.2. Fixed arches
A representative sample of one hundred and ninety eight
arches is used to investigate the in-plane strengths of xed
steel arches subjected to uniformly distributed vertical load
along the entire arch. They are divided into 11 groups with the
slenderness ratio 0.5S/i in the range from 40 to 170 and the
subtended angle 2 in the range from 10
to 180
.
4.2.1. Method 1
In Figs. 16 and 17 the predictions of the interaction Eq.
(1) with = 1, compared with the nite element results are
given. It is concluded that in all cases the predictions of Eq.
(1) are signicantly conservative. Thus, it is observed that the
Fig. 14. Strength of pin-ended steel arches modied method 2.
s
/
T
modied method 2.
interaction Eq. (1) is not adequate to be used in the case of xed
circular arches.
of circular xed steel arches:
N
Ed
y
Af
y
M1
+
k
yy
f
1
M
y,Ed
W
pl,y
f
y
M1
. (18)
In Fig. 18 the three-dimensional graphics of f
1
and f
1
are given. f
1
is the factor that results in = 1. f
1
is an
approximation of the exact factor f
1
obtained by Matlab and
given by the following equation:
f
1
=
_
_
0.168 +0.0795 (
s
/
T
) +0.00955 (0.5S/i )
0.000251 (
s
/
T
) (0.5S/i ) ,
20
s
/
T
< 70
11.176 ln
1.906
(0.0807 (
s
/
T
)) ,
70
s
/
T
< 195.
(19)
In Figs. 19 and 20, the strengths of xed steel arches using
modied Eq. (18) are given. It is veried that the modied
Eq. (18) provides close to lower bound predictions. For design
purposes it is suggested that the maximum allowable value of
ARTICLE IN PRESS
Fig. 16. Strength of xed steel arches method 1.
Fig. 17. Strength of xed steel arches with
s
/
T
method 1.
Fig. 18. Graphic representation of factors f
1
and f
1
.
the utilization factor be taken equal to 0.90 for 20
s
/
T
<
195.
Fig. 19. Strength of xed steel arches modied method 1.
s
/
T
modied method 1.
4.2.2. Method 2
In Figs. 21 and 22 the predictions of the interaction Eq. (1)
with = 1 and the interaction factor calculated according to
method 2, compared with the nite element results are given.
In contrast to the results of method 1, these results are in the
case of small values of the ratio
s
/
T
not on the safe side.
Furthermore, the results are generally less conservative than the
corresponding results of method 1.
of circular arches:
N
Ed
y
Af
y
M1
+
k
yy
f
2
M
y,Ed
W
pl,y
f
y
M1
. (20)
In Fig. 23 the three-dimensional graphics of f
2
and f
2
are given. f
2
is that factor that results in = 1. f
2
is an
approximation of the exact factor f
2
obtained by Matlab and
ARTICLE IN PRESS
Table 1
Geometry, material and cross-sections of the three pinned example arches
(
) R (m) S (m) f
y
(MPa) E (GPa) D (m) t (m) 0.5S/i
P1 30 131.7145 68.9656 275 210 0.80 0.02 125
P2 100 39.5144 68.9656 275 210 0.80 0.02 125
P3 160 24.6965 68.9656 275 210 0.80 0.02 125
Fig. 21. Strength of xed steel arches method 2.
s
/
T
method 2.
given by the following equation:
f
2
=
_
_
0.195 +0.0239 (
s
/
T
) +0.00101 (0.5S/i )
0.00013 (
s
/
T
) (0.5S/i ) ,
20
s
/
T
< 70
0.230 +0.00714 (
s
/
T
) +0.0102 (0.5S/i )
0.0000775 (
s
/
T
) (0.5S/i ) ,
70
s
/
T
< 120
0.0344 +0.00581 (
s
/
T
) +0.0131 (0.5S/i )
0.0000797 (
s
/
T
) (0.5S/i ) ,
120
s
/
T
< 195.
(21)
Fig. 23. Graphic representation of factors f
2
and f
2
.
Fig. 24. Strength of xed steel arches modied method 2.
In Figs. 24 and 25, the strengths of xed steel arches using
modied Eq. (20) are given also. It is seen that the modied Eq.
(20) provides sufcient close to lower bound predictions. For
value of the utilization factor be taken equal to 0.90 for
20
s
/
T
< 195.
5. Examples
For the demonstration of the validity of the two modied
interaction Eqs. (14) and (16), three pin-ended and three
xed arches with a variety of geometries and cross-sectional
characteristics, listed in Tables 1 and 2, respectively, have been
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Table 2
Geometry, material and cross-sections of the three xed example arches
(
) R (m) S (m) f
y
(MPa) E (GPa) D (m) t (m) 0.5S/i
F
1
30 131.7145 68.9656 275 210 0.80 0.02 125
F
1
100 39.5144 68.9656 275 210 0.80 0.02 125
F
1
170 23.2437 68.9656 275 210 0.80 0.02 125
Table 3
Utilization factors for the three pinned example arches
Eq. (1) Method 1 Eq. (1) Method 2 Eq. (14) Eq. (16)
P1 1.1250 0.9069 1.0064 0.9610
P2 1.2193 1.1185 0.9830 0.9835
P3 1.1887 0.9627 1.0222 0.9672
Table 4
Utilization factors for the three xed example arches
Eq. (1) Method 1 Eq. (1) Method 2 Eq. (18) Eq. (20)
F
1
1.6197 0.90 1.0561 1.0033
F
1
1.5087 1.0813 0.9658 0.9910
F
1
1.7147 0.9413 1.1344 0.9778
studied. The utilization factors presented in Table 3 show that
the proposed Eqs. (14) and (16) provide improved accuracy
compared to methods 1 and 2 of EC3 and could be used for
the design of pinned arches under the aforementioned loading
pattern. The same conclusions are drawn for xed arches from
the results presented in Table 4.
6. Conclusions
In this paper, an investigation of the effectiveness of the
linear interaction equation for straight beamcolumn members
according to the EC3 provisions for the design of circular steel
arches subjected to a uniformly distributed load is carried out.
Modied interaction equations for the design of such arches are
proposed, making use of the two methods provided in EC3 for
the determination of the interaction factor k
yy
.
It has been concluded that the linear interaction equation for
the beamcolumn members provided by EC3 is not sufcient
for the design of circular steel arches. Particularly, using
method 1 for the determination of the interaction factor k
yy
leads, for the majority of arches, except some very shallow
arches, to very conservative estimations. Using method 2 for
the determination of the interaction factor k
yy
may lead either
to conservative or to unsafe estimations, depending on the case.
Thus, modied interaction equations are proposed for the
design of both pin-ended and xed circular steel arches.
The linear interaction equation for beamcolumn members is
modied through a factor p
1
for pin-ended arches ( f
1
for
xed arches) when using method 1 for the determination of
the interaction factor, or p
2
( f
2
) when using method 2 for the
determination of the interaction factor. The proposed modied
interaction equations give sufciently close to lower bound
predictions of strength.
s
/
T
modied method 2.
References
[1] Timoshenko SP, Gere JM. Theory of elastic stability. 2nd ed. New York
(NY): McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc.; 1961.
[2] Schreyer HL, Masur EF. Buckling of shallow arches. In: Proceedings
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Design of Circular Steel Arches With Hollow Circular Cross-Sections According To EC3

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Department of Civil Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Greece

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