Learning Activity: Task 2: At the end of the lesson, student should be able to:

Medical Microbiology

a) Differentiate the gram negative bacteria and gram positive bacteria. b) Explain the gram stain procedure. c) Describe factors influencing the growth of microorganisms by providing sample microorganisms. Students instruction: Your given 1 hour to find the information and prepare a power point presentation. You have to present the topic for 15minutes. Group 1 & 2 Find the structural diagram of gram positive and gram negative bacteria. a. Label the diagram. b. Describe the function for at least 3 named parts of both gram negative and gram positive bacteria. c. In a table form, differentiate the gram negative and gram positive bacteria.

Group 3 Describe the procedure involved in Gram staining. a. b. c. d. State the purpose of gram staining. List the procedures. Find the diagram/video of the gram staining. Provide sample expected results for gram positive and gram negative bacteria.

Group 4 & Group 5 Describe the factors influencing the growth of microorganisms. a. Provide main 4 factors and classify the subgroups. b. Name the at least 2 name of microorganisms for each classification.

Learning Activity:

Medical Microbiology

Notes:

Figure 1: Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. A Gram positive bacterium has a thick layer of peptidoglycan (left). A Gram negative bacterium has a thin peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane (right). Structures in (capsule and flagellum) are not found in all bacteria.
Bacterial Membrane Structures Structure Plasma Membrane Cell Wall Gram +ve Bacteria Peptidoglycan Teichoic Acid Lipoteichoic Acid Gram -ve Bacteria Peptidoglycan Periplasmic Space Outer Membrane Proteins LPS Other Structures Capsule Chemical Constituents Phospholipids, proteins, enzymes for energy, membrane potential, transport.

Glycan chains of GlcNAc and MurNAc cross linked by peptide bridge. Polyribitol phosphate or glycerol phosphate cross linked to peptidoglycan. Lipid linked teichoic acid. Thinner version of that found in Gram positive bacteria. Enzymes involved in transport, degradation, and synthesis. Phospholipids with saturated fatty acids. Porins, lipoprotein, transport proteins. Lipid A, core polysaccharide, O antigen. Polysaccharides (disaccharides and trisaccharides) and polypeptides.

Learning Activity:

Medical Microbiology

Pili Pilin, adhesins. Flagellum Motor proteins, flagellin. Proteins M proteins of streptococci (for example). GlcNac=N-Acetylglucosamine; MurNAc=N-acetylmuramic acid; LPS=lipopolysaccharide Functions Of The Bacterial Envelope Function Structural Rigidity Packaging Of Internal Contents Permeability Barrier Metabolic Uptake Energy Production Adhesion To Host Cells Immune Recognition By Host Escape From Host Recognition Antibiotic Sensitivity Antibiotic Resistance Motility Mating Adhesion Component(s) All. All. Outer membrane or plasma membrane. Membranes and periplasmic transport proteins, porins, permeases. Plasma membrane. Pili, proteins, teichoic acid. All outer structures. Capsule, M protein. Peptidoglycan synthetic enzymes. Outer membrane. Flagella. Pili. Pili.

The following characteristics are displayed for Gram-negative bacteria: 1. Cytoplasmic membrane 2. Thin peptidoglycan layer (which is much thinner than in Gram-positive bacteria) 3. Outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharide (LPS, which consists of lipid A, core polysaccharide, and O antigen) outside the peptidoglycan layer 4. Porins exist in the outer membrane, which act like pores for particular molecules 5. There is a space between the layers of peptidoglycan and the secondary cell membrane called the periplasmic space 6. The S-layer is directly attached to the outer membrane, rather than the peptidoglycan 7. If present, flagella have four supporting rings instead of two 8. No teichoic acids or lipoteichoic acids are present 9. Lipoproteins are attached to the polysaccharide backbone. 10. Most of them contain Braun's lipoprotein, which serves as a link between the outer membrane and the peptidoglycan chain by a covalent bond 11. Most do not sporulate (Coxiella burnetii, which produces spore-like structures, is a notable exception).