Project Report

MINOR PROJECT REPORT: AUTOMATIC ROOM LIGHT CONTROLLER
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION 1 PROJECT INTRODUCTION
1.1 Why automation? Earlier, we are looking into the face of future when we talk about automated devices, which could do anything of instigation of a controller, but today it has become a reality. 1. An automated device can replace good amount of human working force, moreover humans are more prone to error and in intensive conditions the probability of error increases. Whereas an automated device can work with diligence, versatility and with almost zero error. 2. This is why this project looks into construction and implementation of a system involving hardware to control a variety of electric and electronic instrumentation. Next IC is used for 7 segment display. Since four seven segments display are used Therefore the require four7447 ICs in our project. 1.2 What is home/office automation?
Home/office automation is control of any or all electrical devices in our home/office.
Home/office is one of the most exciting developments in technology for home that has come along in decades. There are hundreds of products available that allow au control over the devices automatically, either by remote; or even by voice command! 1.3 What can be automated? Virtually anything in the home/office that is powered by electricity can be automated and controlled. We can control our electrical devices with wireless devices like phones from far distance. We can control the light automatically according to our needs. We can turn our room lights on automatic when we enter the room. Possibilities are only limited by our imagination!
1 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION HARYANA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT

1.4 How is the system controlled in this project? In this project, the system control is very simple. In the project the devices and the components used are not much costlier. By this project we can switch on and off the room light when we/anybody enter the room and turned it off when everyone left the room i.e. room is empty. There is no need for human operation switch on or off lights. The switching operation is quit safe. The power supply system is assembled in circuit so it operates at home power range so there is no need for any external power equipment.
1.5 Why not other device? In the age of automation many other devices like microprocessor or microcontroller, infrared devices, voice command control devices etc. are used for the automation purposes, but they have certain limitation which are described below:The use of microprocessors or controllers involves complexities like microprocessors operating voltages; interrupt servicing, poling, memory access mechanism and extensive soldering. Moreover, if we use micro-controller or a microprocessor we cant change the working as and when desired the problem being, while using them we have to handwrite the code into ROM chips and in case we need to amend we have to burn a new ROM code to replace previous codes. And this has to be done on every single time we need add something new. An infrared control can work for a device up-to a specified range of distance after it cannot be used foe controlling the devices. A voice controlled device works on a single voice and cannot be used by any other parson and have certain range of working.
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION HARYANA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT 2
CHAPTER 2 BASIC PRINCIPLE

In this project we have used two opto-couplers as sensors. Whenever anybody enters in the room (can be modeled by swiping a card b/w gate is opto.) the rays are cut by him and it is detected as signal 0 by the microcontroller and it will set the relay by sending 1 or 0 accordingly to the i/p of relay and lights will be switched on and counter is incremented be 1 showing the single person entrance in the room & display this to display device. Now for next entry it will just increment the counter by one. This will continue until the no. of person entering in the room is not equal to a pre-decided limit. As the lit crosses that value and as anybody try to enter the buzzer will start alarming indicating the entry of extra person. Now for the exiting case, as a person exit from the room it will sensed by microcontroller and it will decrement the counter by one. It will continue to decrement the counter with every exit until the room is not empty which is sensed when the value of counter will becomes zero and microcontroller commands relay to switch off the light. In this way the lights of a room is controlled with counting the entries by this project.
OPTO COUPLER
A simple circuit with an opto-isolator. When switch S1 is closed, LED D1 lights, which trigger phototransistor Q1, which pulls the output pin low. This circuit, thus, acts as a NOT gate.
Fig.2.1: OPTO COUPLER
CHAPTER 3
MINOR PROJECT REPORT: AUTOMATIC ROOM LIGHT CONTROLLER COMPONENT LIST & DISCRIPTION
In this project we used some basic electronics components like resistors, capacitors and some IC like 7805, ULN2004 and microcontroller AT89S52. There detailed description is given below
TABLE 3.1 LIST OF COMPONENTS S.NO. COMPONENTS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
\
Microcontroller 89C52 Relay drivers IC ULN2004/ULN2804 Two opto-coupler Frequency generator of 11.0592 Two 1-phase transformer rating of 12v/500ma 3- PNP and 2 NPN transistors Voltage regulator 7805 Two relay Two LED Capacitors of 10pf PCB 6 register of 2.2 k ohm, 10 register of 1 k ohm 2 resistors of 330 ohm Four diode connecting wires
COMPONENT DETAIL 3.2 DIODE

The simplest semiconductor device is made up of a sandwich of P-type semi conducting material, with contacts provided to connect the p-and n-type layers to an external circuit. This is a junction Diode. If the positive terminal of the battery is connected to the p-type material

(cathode) and the negative terminal to the N-type material (Anode), a large current will flow. This is called forward current or forward biased. If the connections are reversed, a very little current will flow. This is because under this condition, the p-type material will accept the electrons from the negative terminal of the battery and the N-type material will give up its free electrons to the battery, resulting in the state of electrical equilibrium since the N-type material has no more electrons. Thus there will be a small current to flow and the diode is called Reverse biased. Thus the Diode allows direct current to pass only in one direction while blocking it in the Other direction. Power diodes are used in concerting AC into DC. In this, current will flow freely during the first half cycle (forward biased) and practically not at all during the other half cycle (reverse biased). This makes the diode an effective rectifier, which convert ac into pulsating dc. Signal diodes are used in radio circuits for detection. Zener diodes are used in the circuit to control the voltage. no of diodes are shown in fig 3.6
Fig.3.1: Common Diode
1. ZENER DIODE A zener diode is specially designed junction diode, which can operate continuously without being damaged in the region of reverse break down voltage. One of the most important applications of zener diode is the design of voltage power supply. The zener diode is joined in reverse bias to dc through a resistance R of suitable value.

2. PHOTO DIODE A photodiode is a semiconductor diode that functions as a photodetector. Photodiodes are packaged with either a window or optical fibre connection, in order to let in the light to the sensitive part of the device. They may also be used without a window to detect vacuum UV or Xrays. A photo diode is a junction diode made from photo- sensitive semiconductor or material. In such a diode there is a provision to allow the lighter of suitable frequency to fall on the pn junction. It is reverse biased but the voltage applied is less than the break down voltage as the intensity of incident light is increased, current.
Fig. 3.2 Simple diode structure 3.
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
A photodiode is a p-n junction or p-i-n structure. When light with sufficient photon energy strikes a semiconductor, photons can be absorbed, resulting in generation of a mobile electron and electron hole. If the absorption occurs in the junction's depletion region, these carriers are swept from the junction by the built-in field of the depletion region, producing a photocurrent. Photodiodes can be used in either zero bias or reverse bias. In zero bias, light falling on, leading to a current in the forward the diode causes a voltage to develop across the device bias direction. This is called the photovoltaic effect, and is the basis for solar cells in fact, a solar cell is just a large number of big, cheap photodiodes. Diodes usually have extremely high resistance when reverse biased. This resistance is reduced when light of an appropriate frequency shines on the junction. Hence, a reverse biased diode can be used as a detector by monitoring the current running through it. Circuits based on this effect are more sensitive to light than ones based on the photovoltaic effect. Avalanche photodiodes have a similar structure, however they are operated with much higher reverse bias. This allows each photo-generated carrier to be multiplied by DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION HARYANA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT 6

avalanche breakdown, resulting in internal gain within the photodiode, which increases the effective responsively of the device.
The material used to make a photodiode is critical to defining its properties, because only photons with sufficient energy to excite an electron across the material's bandgap will produce significant photocurrents. Material Silicon Germanium Indium gallium arsenide Lead sulfide Wavelength range (nm) 1901100 8001700 8002600 <1000-3500
Materials commonly used to produce photodiodes: Because of their greater bandgap, siliconbased photodiodes generate less noise than germanium-based photodiodes, but germanium photodiodes must be used for wavelengths longer than approximately 1 m 3.3. LIGHT EMITTING DIODE (LED) When a junction diode is forward biased, energy is release at the junction due to recombination of electrons and holes. In case of silicon and germanium diodes, the energy released is in infrared region. In the junction diode made of gallium arsenate or indium phosphate. The energy is released in visible region. Such a junction diode is called a light emitting diode or LED.
Fig.3.3.: L.E.D
Light emitting diode (LED) is basically a P-N junction semiconductor diode particularly designed to visible light. There are infrared emitting LEDs which emit visible light. The LEDs which emit visible light. as shown in fig 3.5 The diameter of the base is less than a quarter of an inch. The actual diameter varies somewhat with different makes. The common circuit symbols for the LED are shown in fig. It is similar to the conventional rectifier diode symbol with two arrows pointing out. There are two leads one for anode and other for cathode. The main requirements for a suitable LED material are:1) 2) 3) It must have on energy gap of appropriate width. Both P and N types must exist, preferably with low resistivity. Efficient radioactive pathways must be present.
Generally, energy gaps greater than or equal to about 2 are required. Commercial LED materials: Gallium arsenide (Ga As) doped with Si Gallium Phosphide (Gap) doped with N & Bi Gallium arsenide Phosphide (Ga As1-x Px) Gallium aluminum arsenide (Gax Al1-x As) LED CONSTRUCTION To reduce reflection losses in LEDs there are two obvious ways:DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION HARYANA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT 8

The first is to ensure that most rays strike the surface at les than the critical angle. This may be achieved by shaping the semiconductor /air interface into a hemisphere. The second technique is to encapsulate the junction in a transparent medium of high refractive index. This is usually a plastic material with refractive index of about 1.5. Molding the plastic into an approximately hemispherical shape can minimize the losses at the plastic lair interface.
3.4. RESISTORS
The resistor is an electrical device whose primary function is to introduce resistance to the flow of electric current. The magnitude of opposition to the flow of current is called the resistance of the resistor. A larger resistance value indicates a greater opposition to current flow. The resistance is measured in ohms. An ohm is the resistance that arises when a current of one ampere is passed through a resistor subjected to one volt across its terminals. The various uses of resistors include setting biases, controlling gain, fixing time constants, matching and loading circuits, voltage division, and heat generation. The following sections discuss resistor characteristics and various resistor types.
Fig. 3.4: Symbol of Resistance
A resistance with resistance having current I flowing through it will have a voltage drop across it IR . The first rings give the first digit. The second ring gives the second digit. The third ring indicates the number of zeroes to be placed after the digits. The fourth ring gives tolerance (gold 5%, silver 10%, No colour 20%).
Fig.3.5: variable resistance
Voltage and Current Characteristics of Resistors

The resistance of a resistor is directly proportional to the resistivity of the material and the length of the resistor and inversely proportional to the cross-sectional area perpendicular to the direction of current flow.
RESISTOR TYPES
Resistors can be broadly categorized as fixed, variable, and special-purpose. Each of these resistor types is discussed in detail with typical ranges of their characteristics.
FIXED RESISTORS
The fixed resistors are those whose value cannot be varied after manufacture. Fixed resistors are classified into: composition resistors, wire-wound resistors, and metal-film resistors. Outlines the characteristics of some typical fixed resistors.
Fig. 3.6: Types of resistors
VARIABLE RESISTORS Potentiometers

The potentiometer is a special form of variable resistor with three terminals. Two terminals are connected to the opposite sides of the resistive element, and the third connects to a sliding contact that can be adjusted as a voltage divider. Potentiometers are usually circular in form with the movable contact attached to a shaft that rotates. Potentiometers are manufactured as carbon composition, metallic film, and wire-wound resistors available in single-turn or multi-turn units. The movable contact does not go all the way toward the end of the resistive element, and a small resistance called the hop-off resistance is present to prevent accidental burning of the resistive element.
Fig. 3.7: Color Coding DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION HARYANA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT 11
MINOR PROJECT REPORT: AUTOMATIC ROOM LIGHT CONTROLLER 3.5. CAPACITORS

It is an electronic component whose function is to accumulate charges and then release it.To understand the concept of capacitance, consider a pair of metal plates which all are placed near to each other without touching. If a battery is connected to these plates the positive pole to one and the negative pole to the other, electrons from the battery will be attracted from the plate connected to the positive terminal of the battery. If the battery is then disconnected, one plate will be left with an excess of electrons, the other with a shortage, and a potential or voltage difference will exists between them. These plates will be acting as capacitors. Capacitors are of two types: (1) fixed type like ceramic, polyester, electrolytic capacitors-these names refer to the material they are made of aluminium foil. (2) Variable type like gang condenser in radio or trimmer. In fixed type capacitors, it has two leads and its value is written over its body and variable type has three leads. Unit of measurement of a capacitor is farad denoted by the symbol F. It is a very big unit of capacitance. Small unit capacitor are Pico-farad denoted by pf (Ipf=1/1000, 000,000,000 f) Above all, in case of electrolytic capacitors, its two terminal are marked as (-) and (+) so check it while using capacitors in the circuit in right direction. Mistake can destroy the capacitor or entire circuit in operational. The two conducting places separated by an insulating material (called dielectric) forms a capacitor. The basic purpose of a capacitor is to store the charge. The capacity of a capacitor to store charge per unit potential difference is called capacitance which is measured in Farads but the practical units are micro/nano/pico farads. The capacitor also offers low impedance to AC but very high impedance to DC. The applications include coupling, by-passing and filtering for AC signal. Capacitors are of various types that include paper, Mica, Ceramic & Electrolytic. The capacitors can also be of either variable or fixed type. The capacitors used in the project are fixed: ceramic or electrolytic type as shown in fig 3.3
Fig. 3.8: Capacitors
MINOR PROJECT REPORT: AUTOMATIC ROOM LIGHT CONTROLLER CERAMIC CAPACITORS

Ceramic is a dielectric made from earth fired material under extreme heat. Titanium oxide or several types of silicates are used to obtain very high value of dielectric constant of dielectric constant of ceramic material. The ceramic capacitors may be of disc type or tubular type. In the disc type, a ceramic disc is coated on two on two sides with a metal (silver or copper). Tinned copper wire leads are attached to each coating which acts as electrodes or plates. Then the entire unit is encapsulated in a protective plastic and marked with its capacitance value in numerals or color code.
ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITORS
An electrolytic capacitor contains two aluminum electrodes. Between the electrodes, absorbent gauze soaks up electrolyte (borax, phosphate, or carbonate) to provide the required electrolysis that produces an oxide film (a molecular thin layer of aluminum oxide) at the positive electrode when DC voltage is applied. The oxide film acts as an insulator and forms a capacitance between the positive aluminum electrode and the electrolyte in the gauze separator. The negative aluminum electrode simply provides a connection to the electrolyte. Usually the metal itself can act as the negative terminal of the capacitor.
2.6. TRANSFORMER
The transformer was invented by Michael Faraday in 1831 to enable him to demonstrate the phenomenon of electro-magnetic induction. In a transformer, two coils of wire are wound on opposite sides of a metal core. A device that transfers electrical energy from one electric circuit to another, without changing the frequency, by the principles of ectromagnetic induction. The energy transfer usually takes place with a change of voltage. An electrical device consisting of a magnetic core and one or more windings, used to change the voltage of an AC circuit from one value to another or to isolate portions of the circuits from others.
Fig. 3.9: Basic Transformer This is a very useful device, indeed. With it, we can easily multiply or divide voltage and current in AC circuits. Indeed, the transformer has made long-distance transmission of electric power a practical reality, as AC voltage can be stepped up and current stepped down for reduced wire resistance power losses along power lines connecting generating stations with loads. At either end (both the generator and at the loads), voltage levels are reduced by transformers for safer operation and less expensive equipment. A transformer that increases voltage from primary to secondary (more secondary winding turns than primary winding turns) is called a step-up transformer. Conversely, a transformer designed to do just the opposite is called a step-down transformer.
Fig. 3.10: Step Down Transformer
This is a step-down transformer, as evidenced by the high turn count of the primary winding and the low turn count of the secondary. As a step-down unit, this transformer converts high-voltage, DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION HARYANA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT 14

low-current power into low-voltage, high-current power. The larger-gauge wire used in the secondary winding is necessary due to the increase in current. The primary winding, which doesn't have to conduct as much current, may be made of smaller-gauge wire. In case you were wondering, it is possible to operate either of these transformer types backwards (powering the secondary winding with an AC source and letting the primary winding power a load) to perform the opposite function: a step-up can function as a step-down and visa-versa. However, as we saw in the first section of this chapter, efficient operation of a transformer requires that the individual winding inductances be engineered for specific operating ranges of voltage and current, so if a transformer is to be used backwards like this it must be employed within the original design parameters of voltage and current for each winding, lest it prove to be inefficient (or lest it be damaged by excessive voltage or current!). Transformers are often constructed in such a way that it is not obvious which wires lead to the primary winding and which lead to the secondary. One convention used in the electric power industry to help alleviate confusion is the use of H designations for the higher-voltage winding (the primary winding in a step-down unit; the secondary winding in a step-up) and X designations for the lower-voltage winding. Therefore, a simple power transformer will have wires labeled H1, H2, X1, and X2. There is usually significance to the numbering of the wires (H1 versus H2, etc.), which we'll explore a little later in this chapter. The fact that voltage and current get stepped in opposite directions (one up, the other down) makes perfect sense when you recall that power is equal to voltage times current, and realize that transformers cannot produce power, only convert it. Any device that could output more power than it took in would violate the Law of Energy Conservation in physics, namely that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted. As with the first transformer example we looked at, power transfer efficiency is very good from the primary to the secondary sides of the device.
3.7 TACTILE SWITCHES

Features of Tactile Switches are: Bounce Time: 10 msec SPST momentary ON Contact resistance: 100mohm DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION HARYANA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT 15
Specifications of Tactile Switches are: Rating: DC 12V 50mA Operating Force: 16030 or 25050gf Travel: 0.30.15mm
Fig. 3.11: switch (key)
3.8. IC- 7805(VOLTAGE REGULATOR)

78XX Series are three terminal +ve fixed voltage regulators these are available with seven output options i.e. (5v, 6v, 7v, 12,15v & 24v) and 79xx series are terminal fixed voltage negative regulators. The number of PC gives the indication about these out put voltage i.e. 78xx means these are positive regulators and last two digits gives the magnitude of out put voltage, for e.g. 7805 means its output will be +5v.as shown in fig 3.4
CHARACTERISTICS
Vo- The regulated output voltage is fixed at a value which is specified by manufactures and it is indicated by the IC number. Vin- The unregulated input must be at least 2v more than regulated out put voltage. Io max- The output current on the load may vary from zero to maximum out put current and to protect it from thermal breakdown heat sinks are used. Thermal Shut Down-There is internal temperature sensors which turn OFF the IC when it becomes too hot. The IC again starts working when it is cooling up to given specified levee.
Figure No. 3.12: Voltage Regulator
3.9. RELAY DRIVER

The coil of relay needs relatively large current for execution. So, we can require a current deriver/amplifier for driving relays. The need can be fulfill by transistors and for more amplification we can also use Darlington pair. The most common part no. of Darlington pair IC is ULN2004/ULN2804.
Figure No. 3.13:Relay Driver
3.10. OPTO COUPLER

A simple circuit with an opto-isolator. When switch S1 is closed, LED D1 lights, which trigger phototransistor Q1, which pulls the output pin low. This circuit, thus, acts as a NOT gate.
Figure No. 3.14:Optocoupler DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION HARYANA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT 17
CHAPTER 4 PROJECT OPERATION

4.1 WORKING
In this project we have used two opto-couplers as sensors. Whenever anybody enters in the room (can be modeled by swiping a card b/w gate is opto.) the rays are cut by him and it is detected as signal 0 by the microcontroller and it will set the relay by sending 1 or 0 accordingly to the i/p of relay and lights will be switched on and counter is incremented be 1 showing the single person entrance in the room & display this to display device. Now for next entry it will just increment the counter by one. This will continue until the no. of person entering in the room is not equal to a pre-decided limit. As the lit crosses that value and as anybody try to enter the buzzer will start alarming indicating the entry of extra person. Now for the exiting case, as a person exit from the room it will sensed by microcontroller and it will decrement the counter by one. It will continue to decrement the counter with every exit until the room is not empty which is sensed when the value of counter will becomes zero and microcontroller commands relay to switch off the light. In this way the lights of a room is controlled with counting the entries by this project. An opto-isolator contains a source (emitter) of light, almost always a near infrared light-emitting diode (LED), that converts electrical input signal into light, a closed optical channel (also called dielectrical channel[8]), and a photosensor, which detects incoming light and either generates electric energy directly, or modulates electric current flowing from an external power supply. The sensor can be a photoresistor, a photodiode, a phototransistor, a silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR) or a triac. Because LEDs can sense light in addition to emitting it, construction of symmetrical, bidirectional opto-isolators is possible. An optocoupled solid state relay contains a photodiode opto-isolator which drives a power switch, usually a complementary pair of MOSFET transistors. A slotted optical switch contains a source of light and a sensor, but its optical channel is open, allowing modulation of light by external objects obstructing the path of light or reflecting light into the sensor.
BLOCK DIAGRAM
Fig. 4.1: Block diagram of Project
4.2 POWER SUPPLY DESCRIPTION

The power supply circuit consists of four basic parts. The transformer steps down the 220 volt ac into 12 volt dc. The transformer works on the principle of magnetic induction. The ac voltage is then fed to the bridge rectifier. The rectifier circuit is used in most electronics power supplies is the single-phase bridge rectifier with capacitor filtering usually followed by a linear voltage regulator. A rectifier circuit is necessary to convert a signal having zero average value into a non-zero average value. TRANSFORMER BRIGDR RECTIFIER SHUNT CAPACITORS
VOLTAGE REGULATOR Fig. 4.1: Block diagram of PS
MINOR PROJECT REPORT: AUTOMATIC ROOM LIGHT CONTROLLER 4.3 THE MICRO-CONTROLLER
In our day to day life the role of microcontroller has been immense. They are used in variety of applications ranging from home appliances, FAX machines, Video games, Cameras, Exercise equipments, Cellular phones, Musical instruments to Computers, Engine control, aeronautics, security system, etc.
4.3.1 MICROCONTROLLER V/S MICROPROCESSOR

The microprocessor contains no RAM, ROM and no I/O ports on the chip itself. For this reason they are referred as general purpose microprocessors. System designer must add external RAM, ROM, I/O ports and the timers to make them functional. So all these external things makes the device bulky and heavy. But in the case of microcontroller, it has its own on-chip RAM, ROM, I/O ports. It is a functioning devices just required power supply and interface for input.
4.4 INTRODUCTION TO 8051

In1981, Intel Corporation introduces an 8-bit micro-controller called 8051. This micro controller had 128 bytes of RAM, 4k bytes of on chip ROM, two timers, one serial port and four 8-bit ports on a single chip. The 8051 is an 8-bit processor meaning the CPU can work only 8 bit wide pieces to be processed by CPU. Although 8051 can have a maximum of 64 k bytes of on chip ROM, many manufacturers puts 4K bytes on the chip. It was called as a system on a chip.
4.5 AT89C51 FROM ATMEL CORPORATION

The AT89S51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 4K bytes of In-System Programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmels high-density non-volatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard 80C51 instruction set and pin-out. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional non-volatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with In-System Programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S51 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications. The AT89S51 provides the following standard features: 4K bytes of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, two 16-bit timer/counters, a five-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION HARYANA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT 20

circuitry. In addition, the AT89S51 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down mode saves the RAM con-tents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next external interrupt or hardware reset.
STANDERD FEATURES OF THE 8051

8-BIT data path and ALU. On chip flash memory. 5K X 8ROM- Program memory. 128 X 8RAM- Data memory. Multiple 16-BIT timer/counter. Full duplex UART (serial port). On chip clock oscillator. 32 I/O pins. Six interrupt sources
FAMILY MEMBERS OF uC 8051

TABLE 4.1 Features ROM RAM Timers I/O pins Serial port Interrupt sources 8051 4k 128 2 32 1 6 8031 0k 128 2 32 1 6 8052 8k 256 3 32 1 7 8032 0k 256 3 32 1 7
Intel allows other manufacturers to and markets any version of 8051 depending upon the speed and on-chip ROM. There are more then 50 companies like ST, TI, SIEMENS, WINBONDS etc. marketing micro-controller base on Intel-8051.
ARCHITECTURE OF 8051
Fig. 4.2: overview of 8051
PIN DIAGRAM
Fig. 4.3 : Pin diagram
4.5.1 PIN DISCRIPTION

Port 0 - pins (32 - 39) DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION HARYANA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT 22

Input/output pins. Required external pull-up register of 10 k ohm. Used as I/O port and higher address byte.
Prot 1 pins (1 - 8) i/o pins

Contains internal pull-ups.
Prot 2 pins (21 - 28)

i/o pins Contains internal pull-ups.. Used as I/O port and higher address byte
Prot 3 pins (10 - 17) i/o pins Contains internal pull-ups. Alternate function to provide signal such as interrupts.
PSEN (pin 29 ) Program store enable Active low input. Used while accessing external memory Connected to OE pin of external ROM.
ALE -- (pin 30 ) Address latch enable Active high. Used for de-multiplexing the address & data by connecting G pin of the 74LS373.

EA ( pin 31) Active low input. To excess external ROM it must be connected to GND.
XTAL1 & XTAL2 (pins 18 & 19)

Provide electric field to quartz oscillator for oscillations.
RESET ( pin 9) Active high input. Terminates all activities of microcontroller. Set PC to 0000h. Requires minimum 2 machine cycles.
VCC (pin 40) GND (pin 20)
4.8) CRYSTAL CONNECTIONS
Fig. 4.4 Crystal Osc. XTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively, of an inverting amplifier that can be configured for use as an on-chip oscillator. Either a quartz crystal or ceramic resonator may be DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION HARYANA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT 24

used. To drive the device from an external clock source, XTAL2 should be left unconnected while XTAL1 is driven. There are no requirements on the duty cycle of the external clock signal, since the input to the internal clocking circuitry is through a divide-by-two flip-flop, but minimum and maximum voltage high and low time specifications must be observed.
4.6 INSIDE THE 89C51

MCS-51 devices have a separate address space for Program and Data Memory. Up to 64K bytes each of external Program and Data Memory can be addressed. All 80C51 devices have separate address spaces for program and data memory, as shown in Figures 1 and 2. The logical separation of program and data memory allows the data memory to be accessed by 8-bit addresses, which can be quickly stored and manipulated by an 8-bit CPU. Nevertheless, 16-bit data memory addresses can also be generated through the DPTR register. Program memory (ROM, EPROM) can only be read, not written to. There can be up to 64k bytes of program memory. In the 80C51, the lowest 4k bytes of program are on-chip. In the ROM less versions, all program memory is external. The read strobe for external program memory is the PSEN (program store enable).Data Memory (RAM) occupies a separate address space from Program Memory. In the 80C51, the lowest 128 bytes of data memory are on-chip. Up to 64k bytes of external RAM can bead dressed in the external Data Memory space. In the ROM less version, the lowest 128 bytes are on-chip. The CPU generates read and write signals, RD and WR, as needed during external Data Memory accesses. External Program Memory and external Data Memory may be combined if desired by applying the RD and PSEN signals to the inputs of an AND gate and using the output of the gate as the read strobe to the external Program/Data memory.
Fig.4.5 Memory Organization
Program Memory:If the EA pin is connected to GND, all program fetches are directed to external memory. On the AT89S51, if EA is connected to VCC, program fetches to addresses 0000H through FFFH are directed to internal memory and fetches to addresses 1000H through FFFFH are directed to external memory.
Data Memory:The AT89S51 implements 128 bytes of on-chip RAM. The 128 bytes are accessible via direct and indirect addressing modes. Stack operations are examples of indirect addressing, so the 128 bytes of data RAM are available as stack space.
Fig. 4.6 Assessing external data memory
DATA MEMORY

Fig.4.7 Data memory
Internal data memory

Lower 128 bytes Four register bank Bit addressable area General purpose area SFR address space : 00H 7FH : 00H 1FH : 20H 2Fh : 30H 7Fh : 80H FFH
SPECIAL FUNCTION REGISTER

SFR lies between 80H to FFH Nit all space of 80H to FFH is used by SFR The unused locations are reserved & must not be used by the programmer 16 addresses are addressable
CPU RAGISTER
ACC B PSW SP DPTE : Accumulator. : B register : Program Status Word : Stack pointer : Data pointer
INTERRUPT CONTROL
IE : Interrupt Enable

IP : Interrupt priorities
I/O PORTS
P0 P1 P2 P3 : port 0 : port 1 : port 2 : port 3
TIMERS
TMOD TCON TH0 TL0 TH1 TL1 : timer mode : timer control : timer 0 high byte : timer 0 low byte : timer 1 high byte : timer 1 low byte
SERIAL I/O
SCON SBUF : Serial port control. : Serial data register
OTHERS
- PCON : Power control and misc.
PROGRAM STATUS WORD

CY
AC
F0
RSI
RS0
OV
-----
Fig. 4.8 Program status word
CY AC F0 RS1 RS0 OV P
: : : : : : :
CARRY FLAG AUXILIARY CARRY FLAG FLAG 0 (AVAILABLE FOR USER) REGISTER SELECT 1 REGISTER SELECT 0 AIRTHIMATIC OVERFLOW FLAG ACCUMMULATOR PARITY FLAG
The Program Status Word (PSW) contains several status bits that reflect the current state of the CPU. The PSW, shown in Figure 10, resides in the SFR space. It contains the Carry bit, the Auxiliary Carry (for BCD operations), the two register bank select bits, the Overflow flag, a Parity bit, and two user-definable status flags. The Carry bit, other than serving the function of a Carry bit in arithmetic operations, also serves as the Accumulator for a number of Boolean operations. The bits RS0 and RS1 are used to select one of the four register banks. A number of instructions refer to these RAM locations as R0 through R7. The selection of which of the four is being referred to is made on the basis of the RS0 and RS1 at execution time. The Parity bit reflects the number of 1s in the Accumulator: P = 1 if the Accumulator contains an odd number of 1s, and P = 0 if the Accumulator contains an even number of 1s. Thus the number of 1s in the Accumulator plus P is always even. Two bits in the PSW are uncommitted and may be used as general purpose status flags.
INTERRUPTS

The AT89S51 has a total of five interrupt vectors: two external interrupts (INT0 and INT1), two timer interrupts (Timers 0 and 1), and the serial port interrupt. These interrupts are all shown in. Each of these interrupt sources can be individually enabled or disabled by setting or clearing a bit in Special Function Register IE. IE also contains a global disable bit, EA, which disables all interrupts at once. Note that bit positions IE.6 and IE.5 are unimplemented. User software should not write 1s to these bit positions, since they may be used in future AT89 products. The Timer 0 and Timer 1 flags, TF0 and TF1, are set at S5P2 of the cycle in which the timers overflow. The values are then polled by the circuitry in the next cycle.
MODES OF OPERATION
Microcontroller 8051 has two modes of operations. IDLE MODE POWER-DOWN MODE
IDLE MODE
In idle mode, the CPU puts itself to sleep while all the on-chip peripherals remain active. The mode is invoked by software. The content of the on-chip RAM and all the special function registers remain unchanged during this mode. The idle mode can be terminated by any enabled interrupt or by a hardware reset. Note that when idle mode is terminated by a hardware reset, the device normally resumes pro-gram execution from where it left off, up to two machine cycles before the internal reset algorithm takes control. On-chip hardware inhibits access to internal RAM in this event, but access to the port pins is not inhibited. To eliminate the possibility of an unexpected write to a port pin when idle mode is terminated by a reset, the instruction following the one that invokes idle mode should not write to a port pin or to external memory.
POWER-DOWN MPODE
In the Power-down mode, the oscillator is stopped, and the instruction that invokes Power-down is the last instruction executed. The on-chip RAM and Special Function Registers retain their values until the Power-down mode is terminated. Exit from Power-down mode can be initiated DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION HARYANA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT 31

either by a hardware reset or by activation of an enabled external interrupt (INT0 or INT1). Reset redefines the SFRs but does not change the on-chip RAM. The reset should not be activated before VCC is restored to its normal operating level and must be held active long enough to allow the oscillator to restart and stabilize.
CHAPTER 5 PCB DESIGNING PCB DESIGNING

5.1 PCB Designing concepts
Printed Circuit Board is integral part of any electronics product, and its design plays an important role in the designing of the product. The general rules for the design of PCBs are listed below.
5.1.1 GENERAL RULES FOR PCBs Component placement rules

General rule is to place those components, whose positing is fixed for final fitting and interconnections. Then place the components, which are connected to those fixed components. Components should be placed on the grid. Larger components should be placed in such a manner

that disordering of components is not necessary if they have to be replaced. Components should be placed in row or a columns so that it gives good overview.
CONDUCTOR ROUTING RULES

The simple rule is that the conductor length should be as short as possible. In simple circuits where a lot of space is available, conductors can be run in any direction so as to give the shortest interconnection length. Conductor forming sharp angles should be avoided otherwise these give problem in etching. Where one or several conductors have to pass between pads or other conducting areas, the spacing has to be equally distributed. Minimum spacing is applied only where it cannot be avoided otherwise higher spacing should be give. In double-sided PCBs, it is normal practice to draw the tracks on the components side in the direction on y-axis and on solder side in the direction of x-axis. Distributed maximum number on the solder side and rest on the component side.
HOLE DIAMETER RULES

The number of holes diameter on a PCB has to be kept minimum. Satisfactory soldering are usually obtain if the diameter of the finalized and plated holes gives about 0.2-0.5 mm clearance as compared with the normal diameter of the component lead.
SOLDER PAD DIAMETER RULES

in PCB with PTH (plated through hole), the width of the number of the annular ring should be at least 0.5mm, but without PTH ring must be more because there is no through-hole plating to give mechanical strength to the solder pad. As a rule solder pad diameter approx 3 times the component lead diameter. The pads are always exactly and properly centered on the grid intersections. The conductor width should be less then the pad diameter. The pattern around the hole should be maintained as uniformly as possible to, enable symmetrical solder joints.
CONDUCTOR SHAPES
Sharp corners and acute angle bends should be avoided. DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION HARYANA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT 33
5.2 DESIGINING FACTORS

While taking into consideration the above rules, the designer should not neglect the various factors which influence the designing of PCBs. Those designing factors are listed below
5.3 DESIGNING ELEMENTS

Designing i/p, which are provided by the equipments designer to the PCB designer, are known as design element. The various design elements to be considered are: Board size (min and max) Number of layers Hole size Broad-thickness Conductor widths External connections Type of circuit Component detail and specifications.
5.4 ELECTRICAL DESIGN FACTORS

There are some important electrical factors that must be accounted for a proper printed board designing. Resistance and the capacitance are the most important designing factors. Copper conductor tracks on a PCB should have a finite resistance.
5.5 MECHANICAL DESIGN FACTORS

There are some important mechanical factors that must be accounted for a proper printed board designing. These are: Need for mechanical attachment or connector type Horizontal or vertical board mounting Ease of removal
5.6 CAPABILITIES OF THE PCB MANUFACTURER


Maximum number of layers Minimum track width possible Maximum size of board possible Tolerances Other capabilities
5.7 RELIABILITY OF THE SYSTEM

Reliability is defined as the likelihood that a system operates correctly when required. Reliability is a reflection of the product quality. All circuits are securely mounted and cables secured stress relief where connections are made. Attention to detail in the manufacturing process gives the system maximum potential for reliable operation.
CHAPTER 6: SOFTWARE
#include<reg51.h> #define lcd P0 sbit en=P1^0; sbit rs=P1^1; sbit opt1=P1^4; sbit opt2=P1^5; sbit relay1=P1^2; sbit relay2=P1^3; void delay(unsigned int); void lcdcmd(unsigned char); void lcddata(unsigned char); DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION HARYANA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT 35

void display(unsigned int); unsigned char v[]="no of person"; unsigned int l,numb,z,b,a; main() { lcdcmd(0x38); delay(5000); lcdcmd(0x01); delay(5000); lcdcmd(0x0e); delay(5000); lcdcmd(0x80); delay(500); for(z=0;v[z]!='\0';z++) { delay(5000); lcddata(v[z]); } relay1=0; relay2=0; while(1) { if(opt1==0) { if(opt2==0) { if(numb<=100) { relay1=1; relay2=0; numb++; DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION HARYANA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT 36

display(numb); delay(65000); } } if(opt2==0) { if(opt1==0) { if(numb<=1) { numb--; if(numb==0) { relay1=0; relay2=0; } display(numb); delay(65000); } } } } } } void display(unsigned int num) { lcdcmd(0xc0); delay(1000) ;

a=num%10; b=num/10;
lcddata(48+b); delay(2000);
lcddata(48+a); delay(2000); } void lcdcmd(unsigned char value) { lcd=value; rs=0; en=1; delay(5); en=0; delay(10); } void lcddata(unsigned char value) { lcd=value; rs=1; en=1; delay(5); en=0; delay(10); } DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION HARYANA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT 38

void delay(unsigned int h) { for(l=0;l<=h;l++); }
CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPES

RELIABLE:-
With more use of more practical sensors and microcontroller this project is quit reliable.
FASTER RESPONSE:In this project we use microcontroller with the response time in terms of microseconds. So this projects is has faster response.
AUTOMATIC:DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION HARYANA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT 39

Once programmed the microcontroller takes up the responsibilities of operating it.
CHEAPER:With large production coming up the production cost of electric goods has decreased dramatically.
APPLICABLE TO SMALL AS WELL AS LARGER LEVELS:It can be used as a counter for people by using LASER and LDR, coupling as sensors or at a lover level by using an optocoupler .
SMALL POWER REQUIREMENT:It consumes less power approximate 12v and also eliminates the danger of electric shock.
HUMAN INRTFACING:Human interfacing is possible by using LCD and LED (seven segments).
CONCLUSION
Controlling devices using switches are common. From a few decades controlling devices using remote control switches like infrared remote control switch, wireless remote control switches, light activated switches are becoming popular. But these technologies have their own limitations. Laser beams are harmful to mankind. Some technologies like IR remote control are used for short distance applications. In such case if we have system which does not require any radiations or which is not harmful, long remote control switch!! Automatic room light controller works very well for counting the number of persons entering in the room. It also controls the light of the room and displays the person entered on seven segments (LED) which are used as display unit. The sensors used here are optocouplers .this project is much beneficial for room light control and visitors counting.
REFERENCES
WEB REFRENCES [1] http://www.discovercircuits.com/list.htm [2] http://www.Datasheetcatalog.com [3] www.electrofriends.com [4] http://www.electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/top100/top100electronics.asp [5] http://www.geocities.com/iecmaster/circuits_tel/cir_tel002.html [6] http://home.maine.rr.com/randylinscott/project.htm

[7] http://www.Google.com [8] http://www.Wikipedia.co [9] THE 8051 MICROCONTROLLER, K.J.AYALA [10] 8051 WORKBOOK & REFERENCE MANUAL,EMTECH.
APPENDIX DATASHEET
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MINOR PROJECT REPORT: AUTOMATIC ROOM LIGHT CONTROLLER

1 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION HARYANA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT

MINOR PROJECT REPORT: AUTOMATIC ROOM LIGHT CONTROLLER

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION HARYANA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT 2

MINOR PROJECT REPORT: AUTOMATIC ROOM LIGHT CONTROLLER

CHAPTER 2 BASIC PRINCIPLE

Fig.2.1: OPTO COUPLER

TABLE 3.1 LIST OF COMPONENTS S.NO. COMPONENTS

COMPONENT DETAIL 3.2 DIODE

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION HARYANA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT 4

MINOR PROJECT REPORT: AUTOMATIC ROOM LIGHT CONTROLLER

Fig.3.1: Common Diode

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION HARYANA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT 5

MINOR PROJECT REPORT: AUTOMATIC ROOM LIGHT CONTROLLER

Fig. 3.2 Simple diode structure 3.

MINOR PROJECT REPORT: AUTOMATIC ROOM LIGHT CONTROLLER

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION HARYANA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT 7

MINOR PROJECT REPORT: AUTOMATIC ROOM LIGHT CONTROLLER

MINOR PROJECT REPORT: AUTOMATIC ROOM LIGHT CONTROLLER

Fig. 3.4: Symbol of Resistance

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION HARYANA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT 9

MINOR PROJECT REPORT: AUTOMATIC ROOM LIGHT CONTROLLER

Fig.3.5: variable resistance

Voltage and Current Characteristics of Resistors

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION HARYANA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT 10

MINOR PROJECT REPORT: AUTOMATIC ROOM LIGHT CONTROLLER

Fig. 3.6: Types of resistors

VARIABLE RESISTORS Potentiometers

MINOR PROJECT REPORT: AUTOMATIC ROOM LIGHT CONTROLLER 3.5. CAPACITORS

Fig. 3.8: Capacitors

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION HARYANA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT 12

MINOR PROJECT REPORT: AUTOMATIC ROOM LIGHT CONTROLLER CERAMIC CAPACITORS

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION HARYANA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT 13

MINOR PROJECT REPORT: AUTOMATIC ROOM LIGHT CONTROLLER

Fig. 3.10: Step Down Transformer

MINOR PROJECT REPORT: AUTOMATIC ROOM LIGHT CONTROLLER

3.7 TACTILE SWITCHES

MINOR PROJECT REPORT: AUTOMATIC ROOM LIGHT CONTROLLER

Fig. 3.11: switch (key)

3.8. IC- 7805(VOLTAGE REGULATOR)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION HARYANA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT 16

MINOR PROJECT REPORT: AUTOMATIC ROOM LIGHT CONTROLLER

Figure No. 3.12: Voltage Regulator

3.9. RELAY DRIVER

Figure No. 3.13:Relay Driver

3.10. OPTO COUPLER

MINOR PROJECT REPORT: AUTOMATIC ROOM LIGHT CONTROLLER

CHAPTER 4 PROJECT OPERATION

MINOR PROJECT REPORT: AUTOMATIC ROOM LIGHT CONTROLLER

Fig. 4.1: Block diagram of Project

4.2 POWER SUPPLY DESCRIPTION

VOLTAGE REGULATOR Fig. 4.1: Block diagram of PS

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION HARYANA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT 19

4.3.1 MICROCONTROLLER V/S MICROPROCESSOR

4.4 INTRODUCTION TO 8051

4.5 AT89C51 FROM ATMEL CORPORATION

MINOR PROJECT REPORT: AUTOMATIC ROOM LIGHT CONTROLLER

STANDERD FEATURES OF THE 8051

FAMILY MEMBERS OF uC 8051

MINOR PROJECT REPORT: AUTOMATIC ROOM LIGHT CONTROLLER

Fig. 4.2: overview of 8051

Fig. 4.3 : Pin diagram

4.5.1 PIN DISCRIPTION