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Show that the relation R in the set R of real numbers, defined as R = {(a, b): a b2} is neither reflexive nor symmetric nor transitive.
It can be observed that R is not reflexive. Now, (1, 4) R as 1 < 42 But, 4 is not less than 12. (4, 1) R R is not symmetric. Now, (3, 2), (2, 1.5) R (as 3 < 22 = 4 and 2 < (1.5)2 = 2.25) But, 3 > (1.5)2 = 2.25 (3, 1.5) R R is not transitive. Hence, R is neither reflexive, nor symmetric, nor transitive.
Question 8:
Show that the relation R in the set A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} given by
, is an equivalence relation. Show that all the elements of {1, 3, 5} are related to each other and all the elements of {2, 4} are related to each other. But no element of {1, 3, 5} is related to any element of {2, 4}.
(which is even).
(a, c) R R is transitive. Hence, R is an equivalence relation. Now, all elements of the set {1, 3, 5} are related to each other as all the elements of this subset are odd. Thus, the modulus of the difference between any two elements will be even. Similarly, all elements of the set {2, 4} are related to each other as all the elements of this subset are even. Also, no element of the subset {1, 3, 5} can be related to any element of {2, 4} as all elements of {1, 3, 5} are odd and all elements of {2, 4} are even. Thus, the modulus of the difference between the two elements (from each of these two subsets) will not be even.
Question 9:
, given by
(i)
(ii) is an equivalence relation. Find the set of all elements related to 1 in each case.
(i)
is a multiple of 4.
is a multiple of 4.
(ii) R = {(a, b): a = b} For any element a A, we have (a, a) R, since a = a. R is reflexive. Now, let (a, b) R. a=b b=a (b, a) R R is symmetric. Now, let (a, b) R and (b, c) R. a = b and b = c a=c (a, c) R R is transitive. Hence, R is an equivalence relation. The elements in R that are related to 1 will be those elements from set A which are equal to 1. Hence, the set of elements related to 1 is {1}.
Question 15:
Let R be the relation in the set {1, 2, 3, 4} given by R = {(1, 2), (2, 2), (1, 1), (4, 4), (1, 3), (3, 3), (3, 2)}. Choose the correct answer. (A) R is reflexive and symmetric but not transitive. (B) R is reflexive and transitive but not symmetric.
(C) R is symmetric and transitive but not reflexive. (D) R is an equivalence relation.
Answer Discussion Share R = {(1, 2), (2, 2), (1, 1), (4, 4), (1, 3), (3, 3), (3, 2)} It is seen that (a, a) R, for every a {1, 2, 3, 4}. R is reflexive. It is seen that (1, 2) R, but (2, 1) R. R is not symmetric. Also, it is observed that (a, b), (b, c) R (a, c) R for all a, b, c {1, 2, 3, 4}. R is transitive. Hence, R is reflexive and transitive but not symmetric. The correct answer is B.
Question 5:
Show that the Signum Function f: R R, given by
It is seen that f(1) = f(2) = 1, but 1 2. f is not one-one. Now, as f(x) takes only 3 values (1, 0, or 1) for the element 2 in co-domain R, there does not exist any x in domain R such that f(x) = 2. f is not onto. Hence, the signum function is neither one-one nor onto.
Question 9:
Let f: N N be defined by State whether the function f is bijective. Justify your answer.
f is not one-one. Consider a natural number (n) in co-domain N. Case I: n is odd n = 2r + 1 for some r N. Then, there exists 4r + 1N such that
n = 2r for some r N. Then,there exists 4r N such that f is onto. Hence, f is not a bijective function.
Question 10:
Let A = R {3} and B = R {1}. Consider the function f: A B defined by
f: A B is defined as
f is one-one. Let y B = R {1}. Then, y 1. The function f is onto if there exists x A such that f(x) = y. Now,
such that
Question 4:
If
It is given that
Question 8:
Consider f: R+ [4, ) given by f(x) = x2 + 4. Show that f is invertible with the inverse f1 of given f by , where R+ is the set of all non-negative real numbers.
Answer Discussion Share f: R+ [4, ) is given as f(x) = x2 + 4. One-one: Let f(x) = f(y).
such that
. f is onto. Thus, f is one-one and onto and therefore, f1 exists. Let us define g: [4, ) R+ by,
Question 9:
Consider f: R+ [5, ) given by f(x) = 9x2 + 6x 5. Show that f is invertible with
Answer Discussion Share f: R+ [5, ) is given as f(x) = 9x2 + 6x 5. Let y be an arbitrary element of [5, ). Let y = 9x2 + 6x 5.
and
Question 14:
Let
be a function defined as
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
such that
as
Now,
, which is given by
Question 9:
Let * be a binary operation on the set Q of rational numbers as follows: (i) a * b = a b (ii) a * b = a2 + b2 (iii) a * b = a + ab (iv) a * b = (a b)2
(v)
(vi) a * b = ab2
Find which of the binary operations are commutative and which are associative.
Answer Discussion Share (i) On Q, the operation * is defined as a * b = a b. It can be observed that:
and
; where
Thus, the operation * is not associative. (ii) On Q, the operation * is defined as a * b = a2 + b2. For a, b Q, we have:
Thus, ,the operation * is not associative. (iii) On Q, the operation * is defined as a * b = a + ab. It can be observed that:
Thus, the operation * is not associative. (iv) On Q, the operation * is defined by a * b = (a b)2. For a, b Q, we have: a * b = (a b)2 b * a = (b a)2 = [ (a b)]2 = (a b)2 a*b=b*a
(a * b) * c = a * (b * c) Thus, the operation * is associative. (vi) On Q, the operation * is defined as a * b = ab2 It can be observed that:
Thus, the operation * is not associative. Hence, the operations defined in (ii), (iv), (v) are commutative and the operation defined in (v) is associative.
Question 5:
Show that the function f: R R given by f(x) = x3 is injective.
Answer Discussion Share f: R R is given as f(x) = x3. Suppose f(x) = f(y), where x, y R. x3 = y3 (1) Now, we need to show that x = y. Suppose x y, their cubes will also not be equal. x3 y3
Question 7:
Given examples of two functions f: N N and g: N N such that gof is onto but f is not onto.
We first show that g is not onto. For this, consider element 1 in co-domain N. It is clear that this element is not an image of any of the elements in domain N. f is not onto. Now, gof: N N is defined by,
Then, it is clear that for y N, there exists x = y N such that gof(x) = y. Hence, gof is onto.
Question 10:
Find the number of all onto functions from the set {1, 2, 3, , n) to itself.
Answer
Discussion Share Onto functions from the set {1, 2, 3, ,n} to itself is simply a permutation on n symbols 1, 2, , n. Thus, the total number of onto maps from {1, 2, , n} to itself is the same as the total number of permutations on n symbols 1, 2, , n, which is n.
Question 12:
Consider the binary operations*: R R and o: R R R defined as and a o b = a,
&mnForE;a, b R. Show that * is commutative but not associative, o is associative but not commutative. Further, show that &mnForE;a, b, c R, a*(b o c) = (a * b) o (a * c). [If it is so, we say that the operation * distributes over the operation o]. Does o distribute over *? Justify your answer.
The operation * is not associative. Now, consider the operation o: It can be observed that 1 o 2 = 1 and 2 o 1 = 2.
1 o 2 2 o 1 (where 1, 2 R) The operation o is not commutative. Let a, b, c R. Then, we have: (a o b) o c = a o c = a a o (b o c) = a o b = a a o b) o c = a o (b o c) The operation o is associative. Now, let a, b, c R, then we have:
a * (b o c) = a * b =
1 o (2 * 3) =
Question 15:
Let A = {1, 0, 1, 2}, B = {4, 2, 0, 2} and f, g: A B be functions defined by f(x) = x2 x, x A
and
Justify your answer. (Hint: One may note that two function f: A B and g: A B such that f(a) = g(a) &mnForE;a A, are called equal functions).
Question 16:
Let A = {1, 2, 3}. Then number of relations containing (1, 2) and (1, 3) which are reflexive and symmetric but not transitive is (A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
The smallest relation containing (1, 2) and (1, 3) which is reflexive and symmetric, but not transitive is given by: R = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 1), (3, 1)} This is because relation R is reflexive as (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3) R. Relation R is symmetric since (1, 2), (2, 1) R and (1, 3), (3, 1) R. But relation R is not transitive as (3, 1), (1, 2) R, but (3, 2) R. Now, if we add any two pairs (3, 2) and (2, 3) (or both) to relation R, then relation R will become transitive. Hence, the total number of desired relations is one. The correct answer is A.
Question 18:
Let f: R R be the Signum Function defined as
and g: R R be the Greatest Integer Function given by g(x) = [x], where [x] is greatest integer less than or equal to x. Then does fog and gof coincide in (0, 1]?
f: R R is defined as Also, g: R R is defined as g(x) = [x], where [x] is the greatest integer less than or equal to x. Now, let x (0, 1]. Then, we have: [x] = 1 if x = 1 and [x] = 0 if 0 < x < 1.
Thus, when x (0, 1), we have fog(x) = 0and gof (x) = 1. Hence, fog and gof do not coincide in (0, 1].
Question 1:
Let sin-1
Then sin y =
and sin
Question 7:
Question 10:
Question 11:
Question 12:
Question 14:
is equal to
(A) (B)
(C)
(D)
Question 5:
Question 6:
Write the function in the simplest form:
Question 7:
Write the function in the simplest form:
Question 8:
Write the function in the simplest form:
Question 9:
Write the function in the simplest form:
Question 10:
Write the function in the simplest form:
Question 11:
Let
. Then,
Question 13:
Question 15:
If
Question 7:
Prove
Question 8:
Prove
Question 10:
Prove
Question 11:
Prove
Question 9:
Which of the given values of x and y make the following pair of matrices equal
(C) (D)
Question 10:
The number of all possible matrices of order 3 3 with each entry 0 or 1 is: (A) 27 (B) 18 (C) 81 (D) 512
Answer Discussion Share The correct answer is D. The given matrix of the order 3 3 has 9 elements and each of these elements can be either 0 or 1. Now, each of the 9 elements can be filled in two possible ways. Therefore, by the multiplication principle, the required number of possible matrices is 29 = 512
Question 5:
If
and
then compute
Question 7:
Find X and Y, if
(i)
and
(ii)
and
(ii)
Now,
Question 11:
If
Question 12:
Given w.
Question 13:
If
, show that
Question 15:
Find
if
Question 16:
If
, prove that
Question 18:
If
Question 10:
Express the following matrices as the sum of a symmetric and a skew symmetric matrix:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
Thus,
is a symmetric matrix.
Thus,
is a skew-symmetric matrix.
(ii)
Thus,
is a symmetric matrix.
Thus,
is a skew-symmetric matrix.
(iii)
Thus,
is a symmetric matrix.
Thus,
is a skew-symmetric matrix.
(iv)
Thus,
is a symmetric matrix.
Thus,
is a skew-symmetric matrix.
Question 12:
If
, then
, if the value of is
A.
B.
C. D.
Question 13:
Find the inverse of each of the matrices, if it exists.
Answer Discussion
Share
We know that A = IA
Question 14:
Find the inverse of each of the matrices, if it exists.
We know that A = IA
Applying
, we have:
Now, in the above equation, we can see all the zeros in the first row of the matrix on the L.H.S. Therefore, A1 does not exist.
Question 15:
Find the inverse of each of the matrices, if it exists.
We know that A = IA
Question 16:
Find the inverse of each of the matrices, if it exists.
We know that A = IA
Question 1:
Let and n N
, show that
Answer Discussion
Share
It is given that
We shall prove the result by using the principle of mathematical induction. For n = 1, we have:
Therefore, the result is true for n = 1. Let the result be true for n = k. That is,
Therefore, the result is true for n = k + 1. Thus, by the principle of mathematical induction, we have:
Question 2:
If
, prove that
It is given that
We shall prove the result by using the principle of mathematical induction. For n = 1, we have:
Therefore, the result is true for n = 1. Let the result be true for n = k.
Therefore, the result is true for n = k + 1. Thus by the principle of mathematical induction, we have:
Question 7:
Question 15:
then
is equal to
Question 5:
Using the property of determinants and without expanding, prove that:
Question 6:
By using properties of determinants, show that:
Question 11:
By using properties of determinants, show that:
(i)
(ii)
(i)
Question 13:
By using properties of determinants, show that:
Question 13:
By using properties of determinants, show that:
Question 2:
Show that points
are collinear
Thus, the area of the triangle formed by points A, B, and C is zero. Hence, the points A, B, and C are collinear.
Question 3:
Find values of k if area of triangle is 4 square units and vertices are (i) (k, 0), (4, 0), (0, 2) (ii) (2, 0), (0, 4), (0, k)
Answer Discussion Share We know that the area of a triangle whose vertices are (x1, y1), (x2, y2), and (x3, y3) is the absolute value of the determinant (), where
It is given that the area of triangle is 4 square units. = 4. (i) The area of the triangle with vertices (k, 0), (4, 0), (0, 2) is given by the relation,
k + 4 = 4 When k + 4 = 4, k = 8. When k + 4 = 4, k = 0. Hence, k = 0, 8. (ii) The area of the triangle with vertices (2, 0), (0, 4), (0, k) is given by the relation,
Question 5:
If area of triangle is 35 square units with vertices (2, 6), (5, 4), and (k, 4). Then k is A. 12 B. 2 C. 12, 2 D. 12, 2
Answer Discussion Share Answer: D The area of the triangle with vertices (2, 6), (5, 4), and (k, 4) is given by the relation,
Question 4:
M13 =
M23 =
M33 = A13 = cofactor of a13 = (1)1+3 M13 = (z y) A23 = cofactor of a23 = (1)2+3 M23 = (z x) = (x z) A33 = cofactor of a33 = (1)3+3 M33 = (y x) We know that is equal to the sum of the product of the elements of the second row with their corresponding cofactors.
Hence,
Question 10:
Find the inverse of each of the matrices (if it exists).
Question 14:
We have:
Question 15:
Question 16:
If
Question 10:
Solve system of linear equations, using matrix method. 5x + 2y = 3 3x + 2y = 5
Answer Discussion Share The given system of equations can be written in the form of AX = B, where
Question 11:
Solve system of linear equations, using matrix method.
Answer Discussion Share The given system of equations can be written in the form of AX = B, where
Question 12:
Solve system of linear equations, using matrix method. xy+z=4 2x + y 3z = 0
x+y+z=2
Answer Discussion Share The given system of equations can be written in the form of AX = B, where
Question 13:
Answer Discussion Share The given system of equations can be written in the form AX = B, where
Question 15:
If
Now, the given system of equations can be written in the form of AX = B, where
Question 3:
Evaluate
Question 4:
Question 6:
Prove that
Question 10:
Evaluate
Question 11:
Using properties of determinants, prove that: