Geography (from Greek - geographia, lit.

. "earth describe-write"[1]) is the science that studies the lands, the features, the inhabitants, and the phenomena of the Earth.[2] A literal translation would be "to describe or write about the Earth". The first person to use the word "geography" was Eratosthenes (276-194 BC). Four historical traditions in geographical research are the spatial analysis of the natural and the human phenomena (geography as the study of distribution), the area studies (places and regions), the study of the man-land relationship, and the research in the earth sciences.[3] Nonetheless, the modern geography is an all-encompassing discipline that foremost seeks to understand the Earth and all of its human and natural complexitiesnot merely where objects are, but how they have changed and come to be. Geography has been called "the world discipline" and "the bridge between the human and the physical science". Geography is divided into two main branches: the human geography and the physical geography.[4][5][6]

The Philippines is an archipelago comprising 7,107 islands with a total land area of 300,000 km2. The 11 largest islands contain 94% of the total land area. The largest of these islands is Luzon at about 105,000 km2. The next largest island is Mindanao at about 95,000 km2. The archipelago is around 800 km from the Asian mainland and is located between Taiwan and Borneo. The islands are divided into three groups: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. The Luzon islands include Luzon Island itself, Palawan, Mindoro, Marinduque, Masbate and Batanes Islands. The Visayas is the group of islands in the central Philippines, the largest of which are: Panay, Negros, Cebu, Bohol, Leyte and Samar. The Mindanao islands include Mindanao itself, plus the Sulu Archipelago, composed primarily of Basilan, Sulu Island, and Tawi-Tawi. Physical setting

Physical map of the Philippines The Philippine archipelago lies in Southeast Asia in a position that has led to its becoming a cultural crossroads, a place where Malays, Arabs, Chinese, Spaniards, Americans, Japanese and others have interacted to forge a unique cultural and racial blend. The archipelago numbers some 7,107 islands and the nation claims an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) of 200 nautical miles (370 km) from its shores. The Philippines occupies an area that stretches for 1,850 kilometers from about the fifth to the twentieth parallels north latitude. The total land area is slightly more than 300,000 square kilometers. Only approximately 1,000 of its islands are populated, and fewer than one-half of these are larger than 2.5 square kilometers. Eleven islands make up 95 percent of the Philippine landmass, and two of these Luzon and Mindanao measure 105,000 and 95,000 square kilometers, respectively. They, together with the cluster of the Visayan Islands that separate them, represent the three principal regions of the archipelago that are identified by the three stars on the Philippine flag. Topographically, the Philippines is broken up by the sea, which gives it one of the longest coastlines of any nation in the world. Most Filipinos live on or near the coast, where they can easily supplement their diet from approximately 2,000 species of fish. Off the coast of eastern Mindanao is the Philippine Trough, which descends to a depth of 10,430 meters. The Philippines is part of a western Pacific arc system that is characterized by active volcanoes. Among the most notable peaks are Mount Mayon near Legazpi City, Taal Volcano south of Manila, and Mount Apo on Mindanao. All of the Philippine islands are prone to earthquakes. The northern Luzon highlands, or Cordillera Central, rise to between 2,500 and 2,750 meters, and, together with the Sierra Madre in the northeastern portion of Luzon and the mountains of Mindanao, boast rain forests that provide refuge for numerous upland tribal groups. The rain forests also offer prime habitat for more than 500

species of birds, including the Philippine eagle (or monkey-eating eagle), some 800 species of orchids, and some 8,500 species of flowering plants. The country's most extensive river systems are the Pulangi River, which flows into the Mindanao River (Rio Grande de Mindanao); the Agusan, in Mindanao which flows north into the Mindanao Sea; the Cagayan in northern Luzon; and the Pampanga, which flows south from east Central Luzon into Manila Bay. Laguna de Bay, east of Manila Bay, is the largest freshwater lake in the Philippines. Several rivers have been harnessed for hydroelectric power. To protect the country's biological resources, the government has taken a first step of preparing a Biodiversity Action Plan to address conservation of threatened species. [edit]Political geography

Main articles: Provinces of the Philippines and Regions of the Philippines The Philippines is divided into a hierarchy of local government units (LGUs) with the 81 provinces as the primary unit. Provinces are further subdivided into cities and municipalities, which are in turn composed of barangays. The barangay is the smallest local government unit. The Philippines is divided into 17 regions with all provinces grouped into one of 16 regions for administrative convenience. The National Capital Region however, is divided into four special districts. Most government offices establish regional offices to serve the constituent provinces. The regions themselves do not possess a separate local government, with the exception of the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao. [edit]Regions Ilocos Region (Region I) Cagayan Valley (Region II) Central Luzon (Region III) CALABARZON (Region IV-A) MIMAROPA (Region IV-B) Bicol Region (Region V) Western Visayas (Region VI) Central Visayas (Region VII) Eastern Visayas (Region VIII)

Zamboanga Peninsula (Region IX) Northern Mindanao (Region X) Davao Region (Region XI) Soccsksargen (Region XII) Caraga (Region XIII) Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR) National Capital Region (NCR; Metro Manila) [edit]Provinces Abra Agusan del Norte Agusan del Sur Aklan Albay Antique Apayao Aurora Basilan Bataan Batanes Batangas Benguet Biliran Bohol Bukidnon

Bulacan Cagayan Camarines Norte Camarines Sur Camiguin Capiz Catanduanes Cavite Cebu Compostela Valley Davao del Norte Davao del Sur Davao Oriental Dinagat Islands Eastern Samar Guimaras Ifugao Ilocos Norte Ilocos Sur Iloilo Isabela Kalinga La Union Laguna Lanao del Norte

Lanao del Sur Leyte Maguindanao Marinduque Masbate Misamis Occidental Misamis Oriental Mountain Province Negros Occidental Negros Oriental Northern Samar North Cotabato Nueva Ecija Nueva Vizcaya Occidental Mindoro Oriental Mindoro Palawan Pampanga Pangasinan Quezon Quirino Rizal Romblon Samar Sarangani

Shariff Kabunsuan Siquijor Sorsogon South Cotabato Southern Leyte Sultan Kudarat Sulu Surigao del Norte Surigao del Sur Tarlac Tawi-Tawi Zambales Zamboanga del Norte Zamboanga del Sur Zamboanga Sibugay [edit]List of landlocked provinces in the Philippines A landlocked province is one that has no coastline, meaning no access to sea or ocean. There are 16 landlocked provinces in the Philippines: All provinces of Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR): Apayao, Abra, Kalinga, Mt. Province, Ifugao and Benguet Two provinces of Cagayan Valley (Region II): Nueva Vizcaya and Quirino Two provinces of Central Luzon (Region III): Nueva Ecija and Tarlac Four provinces of Mindanao: Bukidnon of Northern Mindanao (Region X) Cotabato Province of Soccsksargen (Region XII) Agusan del Sur of Caraga (Region XIII), and

Similarly, Laguna and Rizal Province of CALABARZON (Region IV-A) have coastlines on Laguna de Bay. Since lakes do not allow access to seaborne trade, these provinces are still considered to be landlocked. [edit]List of island provinces in the Philippines An island province completely surrounded by water, is the opposite of a landlocked one. There are 15 island provinces in the Philippines: One province of Cagayan Valley (Region II): Batanes Five provinces of MIMAROPA (Region IV-B): Oriental Mindoro, Occidental Mindoro, Marinduque, Romblon, and Palawan Two provinces of Bicol (Region V): Catanduanes and Masbate One province of Western Visayas (Region VI): Guimaras Three provinces of Central Visayas (Region VII): Cebu, Bohol and Siquijor One province of Eastern Visayas (Region VIII): Biliran One province of Northern Mindanao (Region X): Camiguin Three provinces of Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM): Basilan, Sulu and Tawi-Tawi [edit]Subnational enclaves and exclaves In political geography, an enclave is a territory or part of a territory lying wholly within the boundaries of another, and an exclave is one which is politically attached to a larger piece but not actually contiguous with it. Many entities are both enclaves and exclaves, but the two are not synonymous. Enclaves which are not exclaves Since Chartered Cities are not considered to be a part of any provinces of the country, some cities are completely surrounded by provinces where they do not belong. Baguio City is an enclave in Benguet province. Angeles City is an enclave in Pampanga province. Naga City is an enclave in Camarines Sur province. Exclaves which are not enclaves Caloocan City is divided in two by Valenzuela City. The municipality of Cordon is separated from the rest of Isabela province by Santiago City. In Cotabato province, the municipality of President Roxas is divided in two by Antipas municipality. Pene-enclaves/exclaves and inaccessible districts

Three municipalities and two cities of Laguna are separated by the municipality of Santo Tomas, Batangas (a portion of SLEX crosses the municipality) from the rest of the province. In SoCCSKSarGen, Sarangani province is divided by General Santos City or Sarangani Bay. In Zamboanga Peninsula: Isabela City is part of this region (although it is the capital of the ARMM province of Basilan), but it is separated from it by Basilan Strait. Zamboanga del Sur Zamboanga City, a chartered city, is unofficially part of this province but is separated from it by Zamboanga Sibugay. Some coastal barangays in Canaman, Camarines Sur do not have direct connection to barangays in poblacion. People from some coastal barangays in Canaman have to pass Camaligan via Barangays of Sua and Dugcal or Naga City via Bicol River before reaching poblacion. [edit]Subnational quadripoint A quadripoint is a point on the Earth that touches four distinct regions. Such points are often called "four corners", from the corners of the four regions meeting there. Four provinces in Mindanao meet at a point: Bukidnon of Northern Mindanao Region, Davao del Norte and Davao del Sur of Davao Region, and Cotabato Province of Soccsksargen [edit]More than four Four distinct geographic divisions converging at a single point is not uncommon in the Philippines, and there are other points of convergence between five or more divisions that can be found. [edit]Five The municipalities of: Tagkawayan, Quezon Province; Labo, San Lorenzo Ruiz, and San Vicente, Camarines Norte Province; and Del Gallego, Camarines Sur Province The cities of Cadiz, Sagay, Silay and Talisay, and municipality of Calatrava, in Negros Occidental The municipalities of Batuan, Bilar, Carmen, Dimiao, and Valencia, in Bohol Province The municipalities of Alicia, Dagohoy, Pilar, San Miguel, and Ubay, in Bohol Province The municipalities of Baungon, Lantapan, Sumilao, and Talakag; and Malaybalay City in Bukidnon Province The municipalities of Aleosan, Carmen, Kabacan and Pikit in Cotabato Province; and Pagagawan in Maguindanao Province

The municipalities of Tibiao and Barbaza, in Antique Province; Madalag and Libacao (a close call?), in Aklan Province; and Jamindan, in Capiz Province [edit]Six The municipalities of Basey and Marabut, Samar Province; and Balangkayan, Llorente, Balangiga and Lawaan, Eastern Samar Province. [edit]Eight The cities of Ligao, Legazpi and Tabaco, and the municipalities of Guinobatan, Camalig, Daraga, Malilipot, Sto. Domingo, in the province of Albay meet on the crater of Mayon Volcano. [edit]Extraterritoriality Plaza Rizal in Naga City is claimed by the province of Camarines Sur, its home province. The Plaza belonged to the city (formerly Nueva Caceres) when it was the capital of Ambos Camarines. A new capitol was constructed in Pili when Camarines Sur was created. [edit]Geographic center The island province of Marinduque prides itself as being the geographic center of the Philippines.[1] The Marinduque governor has stated that their claim to be the Geographical Center of the Philippines has received notice and support from the National Mapping and Resource Information Authority (NAMRIA).[2] The Luzon Datum of 1911 in Marinduque is used as point number one for all map makers in the country.[3] An article at the Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism website says that Masbate "is supposed to be the geographic center of the Philippines."[4] The boundaries of the Philippine archipelago are described in Article III of the Treaty of Paris (1898), as comprising an irregular polygon.[5] A box enclosing that polygon would have corners at 20N 116E, 20N 127E, 4.75N 127E, 4.75N 116E. The center of this box would lie at 121.5 E, 12.375 N. That point lies roughly in the center of the Tablas Strait between the islands of Tablas and Mindoro. Republic Act No. 9522, "An Act to Define the Baselines of the Territorial Sea of the Philippines",[6] describes an irregular polygon which fits within a box with its center at 12144'47.45"E 1246'6.1252"N, a point also roughly in the center of the Tablas Strait. The CIA Factbook locates the Philippines at 13N 12E.[7] This point, northwest of Romblon Island, is the approximate center of a box enclosing the land boundaries of the Philippine archipelago, not including the Spratley Islands. The extreme points under Philippine control as of 2010 are: Direction Location Coordinates

Latitude (N)

Longitude (E) 21718.41" 71719.80" 1215648.79" 1263618.26"

North Amianan Island, Batanes East Pusan Point, Davao Oriental

South Frances Reef, Tawi-Tawi42453.84" West Thitu Island[a], Kalayaan, Palawan

1191450.71" 11310.19" 1141654.66"

a Thitu island is the westernmost of all the Spratly Island features controlled by the Philippines as of December 2009. The center of a box enclosing these points would be located at 12466.13"N, 1202636.46"E. That point is located in the Mindoro Strait, about 12 km NNE of Apo Island, in Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro. [edit]Climate

Main article: Climate of the Philippines

Philippine Climate Map The Philippines has a tropical wet climate dominated by a rainy season and a dry season. The summer monsoon brings heavy rains to most of the archipelago from May to October, whereas the winter monsoon brings cooler and drier air from December to February. Manila and most of the lowland areas are hot and dusty from March to May. Even at this time, however, temperatures rarely rise above 37 C (98.6 F). Mean annual sea-level temperatures rarely fall below 27 C (80.6 F). Annual rainfall measures as much as 5,000 millimeters (196.9 in) in the mountainous east coast section of the country, but less than 1,000 millimeters (39.4 in) in some of the sheltered valleys. Monsoon rains, although hard and drenching, are not normally associated with high winds and waves. But the Philippines sit astride the typhoon belt, and it suffers an annual onslaught of dangerous storms from July through October. These are especially hazardous for northern and eastern Luzon and the Bicol and Eastern Visayas regions, but Manila gets devastated periodically as well. In the last decade, the Philippines has been hit severely by natural disasters. In 2005 alone, Central Luzon was hit by both a drought, which sharply curtailed hydroelectric power, and by a typhoon that flooded practically all of low-lying Manila's streets. Still more damaging was the 1990 earthquake that devastated a wide area in Luzon, including Baguio and other northern areas. The city of Cebu and nearby areas were struck by a typhoon that killed more than a hundred people, sank vessels, destroyed part of the sugar crop, and cut off water and electricity for several days. The Philippines is prone to about 18-21

typhoons per year. Of course the 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption also damaged much of Central Luzon, the lahar burying towns and farmland, and the ashes affecting global temperatures. Building construction is undertaken with natural disasters in mind. Most rural housing has consisted of nipa huts that are easily damaged but are inexpensive and easy to replace. Most urban buildings are steel and concrete structures designed (not always successfully) to resist both typhoons and earthquakes. Damage is still significant, however, and many people are displaced each year by typhoons, earthquakes, and other natural disasters. In 1987 alone the Department of Social Welfare and Development helped 2.4 million victims of natural disasters. [edit]Terrain

Map showing major volcanoes of the Philippines The islands are volcanic in origin, being part of the Pacific Ring of Fire, and are mostly mountainous. The highest point in the country is the peak of Mount Apo in Mindanao, which is 2,954 m above sea level. The second highest point can be found on Luzon at Mount Pulog, a peak 2,842 m above sea level. The Philippine Archipelago is geologically part of the Philippine Mobile Belt located between the Philippine Sea Plate, the South China Sea Basin of the Eurasian Plate, and the Sunda Plate. The Philippine Trench (also called the Mindanao Trench) is a 1,320-kilometer-long submarine trench found directly east of the Philippine Mobile Belt and is the result of a collision of tectonic plates. The Philippine Sea Plate is subducting under the Philippine Mobile Belt at the rate of about 16 cm per year. Its deepest point, the Galathea Depth, has a depth of 10,540 meters (5,763 fathoms or 34,580 feet). The Philippine Fault System consists of a series of seismic faults that produce several earthquakes per year, most of which are not felt. Many volcanoes in the country are active, the most recent eruption being that of Mount Pinatubo on Luzon in 1991. Mount Mayon is another of the active volcanoes and has the world's most perfectlyshaped cone. Mayon has a violent history of 47 eruptions since 1616 and another violent eruption is currently feared. Taal Volcano, also located on Luzon, is one of the Decade Volcanoes. The islands typically have narrow coastal plains and numerous swift-running streams. Every island has sand beaches, but few open onto spacious lowlands. There are few large plains or navigable rivers. The longest river is the Cagayan River or Rio Grande de Cagayan in northern Luzon measuring 354 kilometers. In Mindanao, the longest river is the Mindanao River or Rio Grande de Mindanao which drains Maguindanao and other parts in western-central Mindanao. Agusan River drains eastern Mindanao.

Most of the islands used to be covered by tropical rainforests. However, illegal logging has reduced forest cover to less than 10% of the total land area. [edit]Luzon

Northern Philippines (Luzon) [edit]The Batanes And Babuyan islands The Batanes and Babuyan Islands are found on the Luzon Strait north of the Philippines facing Taiwan. It contains the northernmost point of land, the islet of Y'Ami in the Batanes Islands, separated from Taiwan by the Bashi Channel (c.50 mi/80 km wide). [edit]Western Luzon This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. [edit]Cagayan Valley Main article: Cagayan Valley Cagayan Valley (Lambak ng Cagayan in Filipino; Tana' nak Cagayan in the Ibanag language; Tanap ti Cagayan in the Ilocano language) is a region of the Philippines, also designated as Region II or Region 02. It is composed of five provinces, namely: Batanes with Basco as the capital, Cagayan, Tuguegarao City as the capital, Isabela considered to be the heart of the region with Ilagan as the capital, Nueva Vizcaya with Bayombong as the capital, and Quirino with Cabaruguis as the capital. It has three cities; Cauayan City in Isabela, its regional center-Tuguegarao in Cagayan, and its commercial center-Santiago City in Isabela. Most of the region lies in a large valley in northeastern Luzon, between the Cordilleras and the Sierra Madre mountain ranges. The Cagayan River, the country's longest river runs through its center and flows out to Luzon Strait in the north, in the town of Aparri, Cagayan. The Babuyan and Batanes island groups that lie in the Luzon Strait also belong to the region. [edit]Cordilleras and Caraballos Main article: Cordillera Administrative Region The Cordilleras and Caraballos, together with the Sierra Madre Range, form the main mountain system in Northern Luzon. The Cordilleras consists of 2, sometimes 3, mountain ranges that are found in northwestern central Luzon. The first, called Caraballo del Sur, forms the nucleus of the system and has its highest peaks in

the border between the provinces of Abra, Ilocos Norte and Cagayan. The next, called Caraballo Occidentalles, is further divided into 2 ranges, the Cordillera Norte and Cordillera Central. They line the central portions of the Cordillera Administrative Region. The Caraballos (Caraballo de Baler) start where the Sierra Madre and the Cordilleras meet. They are found south of Cagayan Valley, northeast of the Central Luzon Plains. [edit]Sierra Madre range The Sierra Madre range is the longest mountain range in the Philippines and lies in the Northeastern part of Luzon Island. The range stretches from Quezon Province to Isabela. 80 percent of the mountain range is tropical rainforest, which is diminishing from rampant illegal logging activity. Only 5 percent of the mountain range is unexplored. The Sierra Madre Mountain Range serves as the eastern wall of Luzon Island that protects inhibitants from tropical cyclones usually coming from the Pacific Ocean. These storms happen an average of 26 per year will cause a lot of distress for the people living in the biggest island of the Philippines. [edit]Central Luzon plains The largest plain in the country and produces most of the country's rice supply, earning itself the nickname "Rice Bowl of the Philippines". Its provinces are: Aurora, Bataan, Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Tarlac, and Zambales. It is an administrative division or region of the Republic of the Philippines, primarily serve to organize the 7 provinces of the vast central plain of the island of Luzon (the largest island), for administrative convenience [edit]Manila-Calabarzon plains This region is where the capital of the Philippines is located. Large rivers from bays and mountain springs traverse the plain. In the Northern part of the region, that is, Manila and Rizal, most of the plain has been converted into cities, and are thus industrialized. The plain harbors the largest inland freshwater lake in Southeast Asia, the Laguna de Bay. [edit]Mindoro island [edit]Mindoro coastal plains This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. [edit]Mindoro highlands The Mindoro mountain range begins with Mount Halcon and is further divided into 3. The northwest ends at Calavite Point and is a landmark for ships. The east originates from Lake Naujan and the west follows Mindoro Strait. [edit]Palawan [edit]Kalayaan islands (Spratly Islands)

The Kalayaan islands are located to the west of Palawan. "Kalayaan" is a Filipino word meaning "freedom". see Spratly islands [edit]Bicol peninsula This peninsula is connected to mainland Luzon by the isthmus of Tayabas. Provinces occupying Bicol Peninsula are the provinces of Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Albay, Sorsogon and the easternmost municipalities of Quezon Province. [edit]Visayas Catbalogan Plains [edit]Panay-Negros-Cebu area This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. [edit]Mindanao [edit]Zamboanga peninsula Zamboanga Peninsula has a very mountainous terrain this chain of mountain ranges is called the Zamboanga Cordilleras. The highest mountain in this range is Mt. Dapia, which is 2,617 meters (8,586 ft) high. [edit]Misamis coastal plains This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. [edit]Bukidnon-Lanao plateaus The plateaus are located in the north-central portion of Mindanao. They are extensive flatlands around the height of 1,300 metres (4,300 ft) above sea level. [edit]Agusan-Surigao-Davao coastal plains This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. [edit]Southern Pacific cordillera [edit]Compostela valley This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. [edit]Sarangani-Cotabato coastal plains This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. [edit]Statistics

Unless otherwise indicated, the information below is taken from CIA Factbook information for the Philippines.[7] [edit]Area Total: 300,000 km2 Land: 298,170 km2 Water: 1,830 km2 [edit]Coastline 36,289 km [edit]Maritime claims (measured from claimed archipelagic baselines) Continental shelf: to depth of exploitation Exclusive economic zone: 200 nautical miles (370 km) Territorial sea: irregular polygon extending up to 100 nautical miles (185 km) from coastline as defined by 1898 treaty; since late 1970s has also claimed polygonal-shaped area in South China Sea up to 285 nautical miles (528 km) in breadth. [edit]Natural resources Timber, petroleum, nickel, cobalt, silver, gold, salt, copper [edit]Land use Arable land: 19% Permanent crops: 16.67% Other: 64.33% (2005) [edit]Irrigated land 15,500 km2 (2003) [edit]Natural hazards The Philippines sit astride typhoon belt and are usually affected by 15 and struck by five to six cyclonic storms per year; landslides; active volcanoes; destructive earthquakes; tsunamis.

[edit]Environment - current issues Uncontrolled deforestation in watershed areas; soil erosion; air and water pollution in Manila; increasing pollution of coastal mangrove swamps which are important fish breeding grounds; severe water pollution that caused the death of one of the country's major rivers, though there are ongoing efforts at resuscitation.[8] [edit]Environment - international agreements Party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling Signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification [edit]Ten largest cities The following is a list of the ten largest cities in the country in terms of population, with their population according to the 2007 census. Component cities and municipalities of Metro Manila and Metro Cebu are taken as one to show the extent of urbanization. Rank 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. City Population in 2007

Metro Manila 11,553,427 Metro Cebu Metro Davao 2,314,897 1,363,337

Zamboanga City774,407 Antipolo 633,971

Cagayan de Oro 553,966 General Santos City Bacolod499,497 Iloilo City Calamba City 418,710 360,281 529,542