Operating Systems Project on Fedora 12

By

Hirosh Tharaka
(CB004149)

Promod Madhushan
(CB004138)

Shohan Dassanayake
(CB004060)
INTAKE CODE MODEL TITLE & CODE : : DF10A1ICT Operating Systems (AICT004-3-2)

No

Making Criteria

03 Shohan Clement Dassanayake Promod Madhushan Team Member Names Group Number # D.M.D HiroshTharaka Documentation (10) Group Mark (70) Analysis (15) Total (100)

02

01

Research & Investigation (30) Installation(20)

References (10)

Presentation (15) Ind. Marks (30)

Workload Matrix
Hirosh 1.0 Project Plan Choosing an OS Gantt Chart Work Load Matrix Work Breakdown Structure Shohan Promod

2.0 Research and Investigation Introduction to Fedora 12 History System Requirement Software Hardware 3.0 Installation

Preparing for installation

Installing Fedora 12 Capturing Screen Previews and finding information about the process Preparing Documentation

4.0 Analysis User Interface

Process Control Management Deadlock Management

Memory Management

Virtual Memory Management

Secondary Disk Scheduling Management

System Administration and Support

Recovery Strategies

Security Strategies

Standard Support

5.0 Finalizing the Project

Prepare Documentations Verifying Documentations Finalizing the Documentation

6.0 Presentation

Preparing Slides for Presentation

Rehearsing for the Presentation

Gantt- Chart

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Acknowledgement
The support given by Mr Kolitha Gunaratne is well appreciated by all three of us as team and also we would like to show our gratitude to all those who helped us in different ways to successfully complete this project. We would also like to thank the APIIT for providing us recourses such as library facilities and computer laboratory.

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Table of Contents
Acknowledgement......................................................................................................... i List of Tables................................................................................................................ v List of Figures .............................................................................................................. v 1. Research& Investigation ....................................................................................... 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 Introduction ................................................................................................... 1 History of Linux ............................................................................................ 1 System Requirements .................................................................................... 2 Software Requirements .......................................................................... 2 Hardware Requirements ......................................................................... 4

1.3.1 1.3.2 2. 3.

Installation ............................................................................................................ 6 Analysis .............................................................................................................. 19 3.1 User Interface .............................................................................................. 19 CLI ....................................................................................................... 19 MDI ...................................................................................................... 30 GUI....................................................................................................... 31

3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.3 3.2

Process Control Management ...................................................................... 33 Process Control .................................................................................... 33 Process State ........................................................................................ 33 Thread .................................................................................................. 35 Multithreading ...................................................................................... 35 Process scheduling ............................................................................... 36 Main aims of process scheduling ......................................................... 36 Process scheduling algorithms ............................................................. 36

3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.3 3.2.4 3.2.5 3.2.6 3.2.7 3.3

Deadlock Management ................................................................................ 37 Deadlock Definition ............................................................................. 37 Conditions for deadlocks...................................................................... 38 ii | P a g e

3.3.1 3.3.2

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3.3.3 3.3.4 3.3.5 3.4 Strategies for dealing with deadlocks .................................................. 38 Deadlock Prevention ............................................................................ 38 Deadlock Avoidance ............................................................................ 39

Memory Management ................................................................................. 39 Reverse Mapping In Fedora 12 ............................................................ 39 Using Huge Pages In Linux Kernel 2.6 ............................................... 40 Storing page-table entries in high memory .......................................... 40

3.4.1 3.4.2 3.4.3 3.5

Virtual Memory Management ..................................................................... 42 Abstract model of Virtual to Physical address mapping ...................... 42 Page Frame Reclamation...................................................................... 42 Swap memory management ................................................................. 42 Shared Memory Virtual File System.................................................... 42 Demand Paging .................................................................................... 43

3.5.1 3.5.2 3.5.3 3.5.4 3.5.5 3.6 3.7

Secondary Disk Scheduling Management ................................................... 43 System Administration and Support ............................................................ 43 Installation ............................................................................................ 43 HOWTOs ............................................................................................. 44 System Administration Tools............................................................... 45

3.7.1 3.7.2 3.7.3 3.8 3.9

Recovery Strategies ..................................................................................... 45 Security Strategies ....................................................................................... 46 Security tools in Fedora 12 .................................................................. 46 Workstation Security............................................................................ 47

3.9.1 3.9.2 3.10

Standard Support ......................................................................................... 47 Fedora 12 Forum .................................................................................. 47 Burning ISO image to a disc ................................................................ 47 Installation Guide ................................................................................. 47 Quick Start Guide ................................................................................. 48 iii | P a g e

3.10.1 3.10.2 3.10.3 3.10.4

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3.10.5 3.10.6 3.10.7 4. User Guide ........................................................................................... 48 Wireless Guide ..................................................................................... 48 Other Fedora 12 Documentations ........................................................ 48

Appendix ............................................................................................................. 48 Appendix A: Virtual Memory Management (3.5) .................................................. 48 Page Table Management ..................................................................................... 48 Process Address Space........................................................................................ 49 Boot Memory Allocator ...................................................................................... 49 Physical Page Allocation .................................................................................... 49 Non Contiguous Memory Allocation ................................................................. 50 Slab Allocater ..................................................................................................... 50 Appendix B: System Administration Tools (3.7.3) ................................................ 51 Linuxconf ............................................................................................................ 51 COAS .................................................................................................................. 51 Webmin............................................................................................................... 51 YaST ................................................................................................................... 51 Appendix C: Secondary Disk Scheduling Management (3.6) ............................... 52 First Come First Serve ........................................................................................ 52 Elevator ............................................................................................................... 52 Cyclic Elevator ................................................................................................... 52 Deadline Scheduling ........................................................................................... 52 Anticipatory Scheduling ..................................................................................... 52 Appendix D: Process Control Management (3.2) .................................................. 52 Improved treading model for 2.6 Linux kernel................................................... 52 Pthread ................................................................................................................ 53 Appendix E : Using huge Pages in Linux Kernel 2.6 (3.4.2) ................................. 53 Appendix F : Kernels ............................................................................................. 54 iv | P a g e

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Appendix G : X Windows ...................................................................................... 54 5. 6. 7. 8. Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 55 References/Bibliography .................................................................................... 56 Work Breakdown Structure ................................................................................ 64 Weekly Meeting Reports .................................................................................... 65 Meeting Number: 1 ................................................................................................ 65 Meeting Number: 2 ................................................................................................ 66 Meeting Number: 3 ................................................................................................ 67 Meeting Number: 4 ................................................................................................ 68 Meeting Number: 5 ................................................................................................ 69 Meeting Number: 6 ................................................................................................ 70 Meeting Number: 7 ................................................................................................ 71 Meeting Number: 8 ................................................................................................ 72

List of Tables
Table 1: Command Lines ........................................................................................... 30 Table 2 : Tread States in Linux .................................................................................. 35 Table 3 : how the process scheduling is done in fedora 12Error! defined. Table 4 : Solutions for deadlock problem .................................................................. 38 Table 5 : Components in HOWTOs ........................................................................... 44 Table 6 : C.I.A Defenition Table ............................................................................... 46 Bookmark not

List of Figures
Figure 1: Creator of Linux ........................................................................................... 1 Figure 2: Accessing the terminal.................................................................................. 3 v|Page

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Figure 3: Terminal Preview ......................................................................................... 3 Figure 4: Shell .............................................................................................................. 4 Figure 5: Fedora 12 Live CD Boot Screen .................................................................. 6 Figure 6: Media Test .................................................................................................... 7 Figure 7: Media Detection Notification ....................................................................... 8 Figure 8: Welcome Screen of Installation Process ...................................................... 8 Figure 9: Language Configuration ............................................................................... 9 Figure 10: Key Board Configuration ........................................................................... 9 Figure 11: Network Configuration ............................................................................. 10 Figure 12: Time Zone Configuration ......................................................................... 10 Figure 13: Administrative Account Configuration .................................................... 11 Figure 14: Weak Password......................................................................................... 11 Figure 15: Choosing the Hard Disk Partition ............................................................. 12 Figure 16: Additional Set of Software Updates ......................................................... 13 Figure 17: Starting Installation Process ..................................................................... 13 Figure 18: Installation Completing ............................................................................ 14 Figure 19: Loading Fedora 12 .................................................................................... 14 Figure 20: Fedora 12 Welcome Screen ...................................................................... 15 Figure 21: License Information.................................................................................. 15 Figure 22: User Account Configuration..................................................................... 16 Figure 23: Date and Time Configuration ................................................................... 17 Figure 24: Hardware Profile....................................................................................... 17 Figure 25: Login Screen ............................................................................................. 18 Figure 26: Fedora 12 Desktop .................................................................................... 19 Figure 27: Application Bar, Place Bar and System Bar. ............................................ 31 Figure 28 : GNOME logo .......................................................................................... 32 Figure 29 - Fedora 12 GNOME desktop .................................................................... 32 Figure 30 : Abstract model of Virtual to Physical address mapping ......................... 42

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1. Research& Investigation
1.1Introduction
Fedora is an operating system which is based on Linux Environment and it is built on year 2003 by a community distribution project called The Fedora Project. It is developed by a gigantic IT skilled and non-skilled people around the world. It is a free of cost operating system which everyone one can download from internet and use in addition for the current operating system or instead of the non-free operating systems such as Microsoft Windows Hat. (fedoraproject.org, 2010)
TM

or Mac OSTM. Fedora is sponsored by Red

1.2History of Linux

Figure 1: Creator of Linux

Linux is created by a young student who studying at university of Helsinki in Finland. He is Linus Torvalds. Linus had an interest in minix. He created version First version of Linux and put it on to internet. Its a largest software development in all time. Linux offered many utilities to People Who like to develop softwares. When Red hat released its commercial version of Linux packaged with tech support and documentation, People were more willing to try Linux on their personal pcs and business pcs using it for run network as well. Linux has become the latest hit in the software market. Linux is great operation system in the open source software movement. Linux is legally covered by the GNU General public license (GPL). GPL Allows to people get 1|Page

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free softwares from internet and build own version from it. (livinginternet.com, 2010)

1.3System Requirements
1.3.1 Software Requirements
1.3.1.1 Kernels

Fedora 12 is finalized with the Linux kernel 2.6.31 (Nestor, 2009). This version can also update in to kernel 2.6.32.16. (spinics.net, 2010). Even though these two functions are slightly difference they both have some basic functions in common. They are: (1) Process Allocation (2) Memory Allocation (3) Input and Output Device This new kernel 2.6.32.16 fixes the over scheduling bug which is causing for the performance of the computer. It also supports for the sky2 network adapters with Optima chips. (spinics.net, 2010) More information about Kernels can be found in Appendix F 1.3.1.2 Shells

Following are the shells that has used by the kernel 2.6.31 in fedora 12. (1) Bourne Again Shell (Bash) (2) KornShell (KSH) (3) C Shell (CSH) If the GNOME is not running, or if the GUI is disabled, user can use the shell when machine starts. If not, user can follow the following steps to run the shell.

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Application > System Tools > Terminal

Figure 2: Accessing the terminal

Figure 3: Terminal Preview

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Figure 4: Shell

Type echo $SHELL on the terminal and press ENTER 1.3.1.3 X Windows

Even though the heart of fedora is kernel, for most of the users who use the GUI, the face of the operating system is the graphical environment provided by the X windows System, and it is also known as X. The graphical environment for the Fedora 12 is supplied by the X.Org Foundation. It is the open source organization created to manage development and strategy for the X Windows System. Fedora 12 includes the X11R7.1 release of the X Windows Systems which include several video drivers, EXA, and platform support enhancements over the previous release. (Silas et al., 2009) More information about X Windows can be found in Appendix G

1.3.2 Hardware Requirements

Fedora 12 contains a graphical and text based installation in both X86 and X86 64bit Architectures.

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1.3.2.1 1.3.2.1.1 X86 Architecture Graphical Installation

These are the minimum hardware requirements for Fedora 12 graphical installation: At least 10GB storage space from hard disk A memory greater than 192MB (RAM) Recommended memory is 256MB (RAM) Recommended 400MHz or higher processor (Intel \ AMD)

These specifications are the minimum requirements to use the fedora 12 in the graphical mode. Most of the computers manufactured during past 10 years full fills these specifications which need to run to run Fedora 12. (Team, 2009) 1.3.2.1.2 Text Based Installation

By any case if it detects as you memory is 192MB or lower than 192MB, then it will automatically switch in to text based installation. These are the minimum hardware requirements for Fedora 12 text base installation: At least 10GB storage space from hard disk Recommended 200MHz or higher processor A minimum memory of 128MB (RAM) (Team, 2009) X86_64 Architecture Graphical Installation

1.3.2.2 1.3.2.2.1

These are the minimum hardware requirements for Fedora 12 graphical installation: At least 10GB storage space from hard disk A memory greater than 384MB (RAM) Recommended memory is 512MB (RAM) (Team, 2009) Text Based Installation

1.3.2.2.2

These are the minimum hardware requirements for Fedora 12 text based installation: 5|Page

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At least 10GB storage space from hard disk A memory greater than 256MB (RAM) (Team, 2009)

2. Installation
These are the steps we followed when we installed Fedora 12 Operating system. Step 01: We are to choose the Function which we need to continue further in the Fedora 12 Welcome Screen. (Fedora 12 Live CD Boot Screen)

Figure 5: Fedora 12 Live CD Boot Screen

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Step 02: Asks to check the media before it starts the installation process or skip.

Figure 6: Media Test Users have to choose whether to check the media or not. If the user hasnt check the media earlier user can check it from here, or otherwise user can skip that step. If user prompts to check the media, it will check and will eject the DVD, if only the testing is successful. And it will ask for more disks. Because of there arent any disks since its a DVD then user must to load the DVD again and continue the process.

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Step 03: Displays the detection of media message.

Figure 7: Media Detection Notification

Step 04: Displays the welcome screen for Fedora 12 installation process.

Figure 8: Welcome Screen of Installation Process 8|Page

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Step 05: Asks for language which the user needs to precede the installation process.

Figure 9: Language Configuration

Step 06: Asks for the standard keyboard format. (Keyboard Configuration)

Figure 10: Key Board Configuration 9|Page

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Step 07: Requires entering the host name. (Network Configuration)

Figure 11: Network Configuration

Step 08: Asks for the nearest city in your time zone. (Time Zone Configuration)

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Step 09: Asks for the password for the Root (Administrative) User.

Figure 13: Administrative Account Configuration User has to create the password for the administrative account, or in other words the root account. The password should contain with at least 6 characters.

Figure 14: Weak Password

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If the password which user entered is weak, it will prompt an Alert box with a message to inform the user that he have entered a weak password. Step 10: Asks to select the hard disk partition.

Figure 15: Choosing the Hard Disk Partition

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Step 11: Asks to select some additional tasks to install to the system along with the fedora 12.

Figure 16: Additional Set of Software Updates Step 12: Starts the Installation process.

Figure 17: Starting Installation Process

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Step 13: Displays the installation completion screen.

Figure 18: Installation Completing Step 14: Loads the fedora 12.

Figure 19: Loading Fedora 12

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Step 15: Welcome screen to fedora 12.

Figure 20: Fedora 12 Welcome Screen Step 16: Displays license information.

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Step 17: Asks to create a user account with a password.

Figure 22: User Account Configuration

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Step 18: Asks to set the date and time.

Figure 23: Date and Time Configuration Step 19: Displays the Hardware profile

Figure 24: Hardware Profile

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Step 20: Displays the login screen to fedora 12.

Figure 25: Login Screen

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Step 21: Loads the desktop.

Figure 26: Fedora 12 Desktop

3. Analysis
3.1User Interface
User interface have implemented to hide the complex part of the hardware to the user

3.1.1 CLI
Command line interface is built to interact with the operating system using a consoler (or called as Terminal in Fedora 12). Following are few of commands that are used in Fedora 12. <Command Lines >

Command apropos whatis

Description Show commands pertinent to string. See

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also threadsafe man -t ascii | ps2pdf - > ascii.pdf which command time command time cat dir navigation cd Cd (cd dir && command) Go to previous directory Go to $HOME directory Go to dir, execute command and return to current dir Put current dir on stack so you can popd back to it make a pdf of a manual page Show full path name of command See how long a command takes Start stopwatch. Ctrl-d to stop. See also sw

pushd . file searching alias l='ls -l --color=auto' ls lrt ls /usr/bin | pr -T9 -W$COLUMNS find -name '*.[ch]' | xargs grep -E 'expr' find -type f -print0 | xargs -r0 grep -F 'example'

quick dir listing List files by date. See also newest and find_mm_yyyy Print in 9 columns to width of terminal Search 'expr' in this dir and below. See also findrepo Search all regular files for 'example' in this dir and below

find -maxdepth 1 -type f | xargs grep -F Search all regular files for 'example' in this 'example' find -maxdepth 1 -type d | while read dir; do echo $dir; echo cmd2; done find -type f ! -perm -444 dir Process each item with multiple commands (in while loop) Find files not readable by all (useful for web site) Find dirs not accessible by all (useful for web site) 20 | P a g e

find -type d ! -perm -111

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locate -r 'file[^/]*\.txt' Search cached index for names. This re is like glob *file*.txt Quickly search (sorted) dictionary for prefix Highlight occurances of regular expression in dictionary

look reference grep --color reference /usr/share/dict/words

archives and compression gpg -c file gpg file.gpg tar -c dir/ | bzip2 > dir.tar.bz2 bzip2 -dc dir.tar.bz2 | tar x tar -c dir/ | gzip | gpg -c | ssh user@remote 'dd of=dir.tar.gz.gpg' find dir/ -name '*.txt' | tar -c --filesfrom=- | bzip2 > dir_txt.tar.bz2 find dir/ -name '*.txt' | xargs cp -a -target-directory=dir_txt/ --parents ( tar -c /dir/to/copy ) | ( cd /where/to/ && tar -x -p ) ( cd /dir/to/copy && tar -c . ) | ( cd /where/to/ && tar -x -p ) ( tar -c /dir/to/copy ) | ssh -C user@remote 'cd /where/to/ && tar -x p' dd bs=1M if=/dev/sda | gzip | ssh user@remote 'dd of=sda.gz' Encrypt file Decrypt file Make compressed archive of dir/ Extract archive (use gzip instead of bzip2 for tar.gz files) Make encrypted archive of dir/ on remote machine Make archive of subset of dir/ and below

Make copy of subset of dir/ and below Copy (with permissions) copy/ dir to /where/to/ dir Copy (with permissions) contents of copy/ dir to /where/to/ Copy (with permissions) copy/ dir to remote:/where/to/ dir

Backup harddisk to remote machine

rsync (Network efficient file copier: Use the --dry-run option for testing) rsync -P rsync://rsync.server.com/path/to/file Only get diffs. Do multiple times for troublesome downloads

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file rsync --bwlimit=1000 fromfile tofile Locally copy with rate limit. It's like nice for I/O

rsync -az -e ssh --delete ~/public_html/ Mirror web site (using compression and remote.com:'~/public_html' rsync -auz -e ssh remote:/dir/ . && rsync -auz -e ssh . remote:/dir/ ssh (Secure SHell) ssh $USER@$HOST command ssh -f -Y $USER@$HOSTNAME xeyes scp -p -r $USER@$HOST: file dir/ ssh -g -L 8080:localhost:80 root@$HOST ssh -R 1434:imap:143 root@$HOST Run command on $HOST as $USER (default command=shell) Run GUI command on $HOSTNAME as $USER Copy with permissions to $USER's home directory on $HOST Forward connections to $HOSTNAME:8080 out to $HOST:80 Forward connections from $HOST:1434 in to imap:143 Install $USER's public key on $HOST for password-less log in encryption) Synchronize current directory with remote one

ssh-copy-id $USER@$HOST wget (multi purpose download tool) (cd dir/ && wget -nd -pHEKk http://www.pixelbeat.org/cmdline.html ) wget -c http://www.example.com/large.file wget -r -nd -np -l1 -A '*.jpg' http://www.example.com/dir/ wget ftp://remote/file[1-9].iso/ wget -q -O-

Store local browsable version of a page to the current dir Continue downloading a partially downloaded file Download a set of files to the current directory FTP supports globbing directly Process output directly

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http://www.pixelbeat.org/timeline.html | grep 'a href' | head echo 'wget url' | at 01:00 wget --limit-rate=20k url wget -nv --spider --force-html -i bookmarks.html wget --mirror http://www.example.com/ Download url at 1AM to current dir Do a low priority download (limit to 20KB/s in this case) Check links in a file Efficiently update a local copy of a site (handy from cron)

networking (Note ifconfig, route, mii-tool, nslookup commands are obsolete) ethtool eth0 ethtool --change eth0 autoneg off speed 100 duplex full iwconfig eth1 iwconfig eth1 rate 1Mb/s fixed iwlist scan ip link show ip link set dev eth0 name wan ip link set dev eth0 up ip addr show ip addr add 1.2.3.4/24 brd + dev eth0 ip route show ip route add default via 1.2.3.254 host pixelbeat.org Show status of ethernet interface eth0 Manually set ethernet interface speed Show status of wireless interface eth1 Manually set wireless interface speed List wireless networks in range List network interfaces Rename interface eth0 to wan Bring interface eth0 up (or down) List addresses for interfaces Add (or del) ip and mask (255.255.255.0) List routing table Set default gateway to 1.2.3.254 Lookup DNS ip address for name or vice versa Lookup local ip address (equivalent to host `hostname`) Lookup whois info for hostname or ip address List internet services on a system 23 | P a g e

hostname i

whois pixelbeat.org netstat tupl

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netstat tup List active connections to/from system

windows networking (Note samba is the package that provides all this windows specific networking support) Smbtree nmblookup -A 1.2.3.4 Find windows machines. See also findsmb Find the windows (netbios) name associated with ip address List shares on windows machine or samba server Mount a windows share Send popup to windows machine (off by default in XP sp2)

smbclient -L windows_box mount -t smbfs -o fmask=666,guest //windows_box/share /mnt/share echo 'message' | smbclient -M windows_box

text manipulation (Note sed uses stdin and stdout. Newer versions support inplace editing with the -i option) sed 's/string1/string2/g' sed 's/\(.*\)1/\12/g' sed '/ *#/d; /^ *$/d' sed ':a; /\\$/N; s/\\\n//; ta' sed 's/[ \t]*$//' sed 's/\([`"$\]\)/\\\1/g' seq 10 | sed "s/^/ *\(.\{7,\}\)/\1/" sed -n '1000{p;q}' sed -n '10,20p;20q' sed -n 's/.*<title>\(.*\)<\/title>.*/\1/ip;T;q' sed -i 42d ~/.ssh/known_hosts sort -t. -k1,1n -k2,2n -k3,3n -k4,4n echo 'Test' | tr '[:lower:]' '[:upper:]' /; s/ Replace string1 with string2 Modify anystring1 to anystring2 Remove comments and blank lines Concatenate lines with trailing \ Remove trailing spaces from lines Escape shell metacharacters active within double quotes Right align numbers Print 1000th line Print lines 10 to 20 Extract title from HTML web page Delete a particular line Sort IPV4 ip addresses Case conversion 24 | P a g e

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tr -dc '[:print:]' < /dev/urandom tr -s '[:blank:]' '\t' </proc/diskstats | cut -f4 Filter non printable characters cut fields separated by blanks Count lines

history | wc l

set operations (Note you can export LANG=C for speed. Also these assume no duplicate lines within a file) sort file1 file2 | uniq sort file1 file2 | uniq d sort file1 file1 file2 | uniq u sort file1 file2 | uniq u join -t'\0' -a1 -a2 file1 file2 join -t'\0' file1 file2 join -t'\0' -v2 file1 file2 join -t'\0' -v1 -v2 file1 file2 Math echo '(1 + sqrt(5))/2' | bc l echo 'pad=20; min=64; (100*10^6)/((pad+min)*8)' | bc echo 'pad=20; min=64; print (100E6)/((pad+min)*8)' | python echo 'pad=20; plot [64:1518] (100*10**6)/((pad+x)*8)' | gnuplot persist echo 'obase=16; ibase=10; 64206' | bc Base conversion (decimal to hexadecimal) echo $((0x2dec)) units -t '100m/9.58s' 'miles/hour' units -t '500GB' 'GiB' units -t '1 googol' seq 100 | (tr '\n' +; echo 0) | bc Base conversion (hex to dec) ((shell arithmetic expansion)) Unit conversion (metric to imperial) Unit conversion (SI to IEC prefixes) Definition lookup Add a column of numbers. See 25 | P a g e Plot FastE packet rate vs packet size Quick math (Calculate ). See also bc More complex (int) e.g. This shows max FastE packet rate Python handles scientific notation Union of unsorted files Intersection of unsorted files Difference of unsorted files Symmetric Difference of unsorted files Union of sorted files Intersection of sorted files Difference of sorted files Symmetric Difference of sorted files

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also add and funcpy Calendar cal -3 cal 9 1752 date -d fri Display a calendar Display a calendar for a particular month year What date is it this friday. See also day

[ $(date -d "tomorrow" +%d) = "01" ] || exit a script unless it's the last day of the exit month What day does xmas fall on, this year Convert seconds since the epoch (1970-0101 UTC) to date What time is it on west coast of US (use tzselect to find TZ) What's the local time for 9AM next Friday on west coast US

date --date='25 Dec' +%A date --date='@2147483647'

TZ='America/Los_Angeles' date date - date='TZ="America/Los_Angeles" 09:00 next Fri' Locales printf "%'d\n" 1234

Print number with thousands grouping appropriate to locale Use locale thousands grouping in ls. See also l Extract info from locale database Lookup locale info for specific country. See also ccodes List fields available in locale database

BLOCK_SIZE=\'1 ls l echo "I live in `locale territory`" LANG=en_IE.utf8 locale int_prefix locale | cut -d= -f1 | xargs locale -kc | less

recode (Obsoletes iconv, dos2unix, unix2dos) recode -l | less recode windows-1252.. Show available conversions (aliases on each line) Windows "ansi" to local charset (auto does

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file_to_change.txt CRLF conversion)

recode utf-8/CRLF.. file_to_change.txt Windows utf8 to local charset recode iso-8859-15..utf8 file_to_change.txt recode ../b64 < file.txt > file.b64 recode /qp.. < file.qp > file.txt recode ..HTML < file.txt > file.html recode -lf windows-1252 | grep euro echo -n 0x80 | recode latin-9/x1..dump echo -n 0x20AC | recode ucs2/x2..latin-9/x echo -n 0x20AC | recode ucs-2/x2..utf8/x Latin9 (western europe) to utf8 Base64 encode Quoted printable decode Text to HTML Lookup table of characters Show what a code represents in latin-9 charmap Show latin-9 encoding

Show utf-8 encoding

CDs gzip < /dev/cdrom > cdrom.iso.gz mkisofs -V LABEL -r dir | gzip > cdrom.iso.gz mount -o loop cdrom.iso /mnt/dir Save copy of data cdrom Create cdrom image from contents of dir Mount the cdrom image at /mnt/dir (read only)

cdrecord -v dev=/dev/cdrom blank=fast Clear a CDRW gzip -dc cdrom.iso.gz | cdrecord -v dev=/dev/cdrom cdparanoia B cdrecord -v dev=/dev/cdrom -audio pad *.wav oggenc --tracknum='track' track.cdda.wav -o 'track.ogg' disk space (See also FSlint) 27 | P a g e Burn cdrom image (use dev=ATAPI scanbus to confirm dev) Rip audio tracks from CD to wav files in current dir Make audio CD from all wavs in current dir (see also cdrdao) Make ogg file from wav file

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ls lSr du -s * | sort -k1,1rn | head du -hs /home/* | sort -k1,1h df h df i fdisk l rpm -q -a --qf '%10{SIZE}\t%{NAME}\n' | sort k1,1n dpkg-query -W -f='${InstalledSize;10}\t${Package}\n' | sort -k1,1n dd bs=1 seek=2TB if=/dev/null of=ext3.test Show files by size, biggest last Show top disk users in current dir. See also dutop Sort paths by easy to interpret disk usage Show free space on mounted filesystems Show free inodes on mounted filesystems Show disks partitions sizes and types (run as root) List all packages by installed size (Bytes) on rpm distros List all packages by installed size (KBytes) on deb distros Create a large test file (taking no space). See also truncate truncate data of file or create an empty file

> file monitoring/debugging tail -f /var/log/messages strace -c ls >/dev/null strace -f -e open ls >/dev/null strace -f -e trace=write -e write=1,2 ls >/dev/null

Monitor messages in a log file Summarise/profile system calls made by command List system calls made by command Monitor what's written to stdout and stderr List library calls made by command List paths that process id has open List processes that have specified path open Show network traffic except ssh. See also tcpdump_not_me List processes in a hierarchy List processes by % cpu usage 28 | P a g e

ltrace -f -e getenv ls >/dev/null lsof -p $$ lsof ~ tcpdump not port 22 ps -e -o pid,args forest ps -e -o

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pcpu,cpu,nice,state,cputime,args --sort pcpu | sed '/^ 0.0 /d' ps -e -orss=,args= | sort -b -k1,1n | pr - List processes by mem (KB) usage. See TW$COLUMNS ps -C firefox-bin -L -o pid,tid,pcpu,state also ps_mem.py List all threads for a particular process List elapsed wall time for particular process IDs Show system reboot history Show amount of (remaining) RAM (-m displays in MB) Watch changeable data continuously Monitor udev events to help configure rules

ps -p 1,$$ -o etime= last reboot free m watch -n.1 'cat /proc/interrupts' udevadm monitor

system information (see also sysinfo) ('#' means root access is required) uname a head -n1 /etc/issue cat /proc/partitions grep MemTotal /proc/meminfo grep "model name" /proc/cpuinfo lspci tv lsusb tv mount | column t grep -F capacity: /proc/acpi/battery/BAT0/info Show kernel version and system architecture Show name and version of distribution Show all partitions registered on the system Show RAM total seen by the system Show CPU(s) info Show PCI info Show USB info List mounted filesystems on the system (and align output) Show state of cells in laptop battery Display SMBIOS/DMI information How long has this disk (system) been powered on in total Show info about disk sda 29 | P a g e

# dmidecode -q | less # smartctl -A /dev/sda | grep Power_On_Hours

# hdparm -i /dev/sda

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# hdparm -tT /dev/sda # badblocks -s /dev/sda Do a read speed test on disk sda Test for unreadable blocks on disk sda

interactive (see also linux keyboard shortcuts) readline screen mc gnuplot Links xdg-open . Line editor used by bash, python, bc, gnuplot, ... Virtual terminals with detach capability, ... Powerful file manager that can browse rpm, tar, ftp, ssh, ... Interactive/scriptable graphing Web browser open a file or url with the registered desktop application Table 1: Command Lines (pixelbeat.org, 2008)

3.1.2 MDI
Menu Driven Interfaces arent not very popular currently, since those have replaced by the graphical user interface. But still MDIs are using in some places like pop- up menus and drop down menus inside the GUI. Besides, best examples for a MDI inside fedora 12 operating system are the System Menu, Application Menu & Places Menu.

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Figure 27: Application Bar, Place Bar and System Bar.

3.1.3 GUI
Graphical User Interfaces are very popular in most of the operating systems which got released within past ten years. Fedora 12 is also built up with a graphical user interface 3.1.3.1 Desktop of a Fedora 12 Operating System

The desktop of the Fedora operating is based on the desktop project called GNOME (GNU Network Object Model Environment). GNOME is a project that has provided the desktop for LINUX computers. GNOME provides the user a desktop, applications, panels, and set of tools which can customize the working environment and to manage the users system tasks. GNOME is free software and part of the GNU project, dedicated to giving users and developers the ultimate level of control over their desktops, their software, and their data. GNOME desktop environment is an intuitive and attractive desktop for users, and the GNOME development platform, an extensive framework for building applications that integrate into the rest of the desktop. GNOME is supported by the leading companies in GNU/Linux and UNIX, including HP, IBM, Mandriva, Novell, Red Hat, and Sun. (gnome.org, 2010)

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Figure 28 : GNOME logo

(gnome.org, 2010) Fedora 12 includes GNOME 2.28 desktop environment. (Nestor, 2009)

Figure 29 - Fedora 12 GNOME desktop (Gite, 2009)

3.1.3.2

Inbuilt Functions of the Fedora 12

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(4) Appearance Preferences (Themes, backgrounds.) (5) Sound Preferences (6) Internet Applications (Firefox) (7) Music Player (Rhythmbox) (8) Video Player (Totem Movie Player) (9) CD/DVD Burning Application ( Brasero 2.28.2 ) (10) (11) System Monitor Gedit text Editor

3.2Process Control Management

3.2.1 Process Control
Fedora 12 is a multitasking operating system where multiple processes can be run at the same time. Fedora 12 is based on the Linux kernel version 2.6.31 which later on updated to Linux kernel version 2.6.32. Linux has several conflicting objectives. Such as, Fast Process response time Good throughput for background jobs Avoidance of process starvation. (www.inf.fu-berlin.de, 2001)

3.2.2 Process State

The process state describes the current condition of the process. There are five stages where the process state happens in Linux.

TASK_RUNNING

In this state the process is currently running or on a run queue waiting to run. This is the only possible state where a process can execute in a user space.

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In this state the process is blocked, and wait until a condition exist. When the condition exists the kernel sets the processs state to TASK_RUNNING.

TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE This state is similar to TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE, but it doesnt wake and become run able. This state is used in special situations where the process expected to occur quickly. TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE is less used compared to TASK INTERRUPTIBLE.

TASK_ZOMBIE - In this state the task is terminated.

TASK_STOPPED In this state the Process execution will be stopped (www.inf.fu-berlin.de, 2001)

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3.2.3 Thread
Thread is a lightweight process which execute independently in other parts of the process. Each tread has a unique Tread ID, set of registers stack pointers, stack for local variables, return addresses. Signal mask, priority and return value. Threads function in the same way as processes. Tread states in Linux
READY BLOCKED RUNNING TERMINATED To run in the system scheduler Waiting for a resource To run by the system scheduler The thread has exited or called ptread_exit to exit

Table 2 : Tread States in Linux (comptechdoc.org, 2010)

3.2.4 Multithreading
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single process with a multiple number of treads has enable the process to perform multiple tasks. (Walton, 1996) 3.2.5 Process scheduling

Since there are two kernel versions in fedora 12 different scheduling algorithms are used in the process. Following is how the process scheduling is done in fedora 12(Linux).
Linux uses a timesharing technique In this technique each process is assigned a time slice to execute. Linux process scheduling happens according to priority ranking. In this scheduling process Linux uses a special technique known as dynamic priorities which eliminate the starvation In dynamic priorities the process which have not received the CPU for a long time will get increased and the process that have received the CPU often will get decreased. Linux recognizes real-time programs and assigns them to high priority. Linux does not recognize batch or interactive processes, instead it implicitly favours I/O-bound processes Linux uses process pre-emption. The pre-empted process is temporally suspended, which is in the ready queue. Consider a text editor and a compiler. Determining the length of the quantum.

(www.inf.fu-berlin.de, 2001) 3.2.6 3.2.7 Main aims of process scheduling Fairness - to avoid starvation and check whether the faire time of the CPU time all the processes get a Response time - to decrease the response time Efficiency - to get the maximum out of the CPU Throughput - to increase the no of tasks at a given time Turnaround time - to decrease the time between task running and the task execution. Process scheduling algorithms

Real time scheduling First In First Out (FIFO) - First in first out is a real time algorithm. FIFO means when the process scheduling is happening the first process started will be the first to served out. These processes exits if its rescheduled or if there are other processes to be done.

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Round Robin (RR) - Round robin is a real time process algorithm. In RR each process gets a certain amount of time to execute their process and then it exit. Each task rejoins the queue after it exits until the process is complete. (Bovet & Cesati, 2000) More information about Process Control Management can be found in Appendix D.

3.3Deadlock Management
3.3.1 Deadlock Definition
A set of processes is deadlocked if each process in the set is waiting for an event that only another process in the set can cause (including itself).

(www1bpt.bridgeport.edu, 2010) In this situation all the processes are waiting till responds by the process that they requested for. In other words the event that each process is waiting for release of some resource currently possessed by another member of the set. In this process none of the processes can run. That could be happen including hardware and software.

(ibm.com, 2010) Resources Categories in deadlock Preemptable resources - preemptable resource is one that can be taken away from the process without harming to it. Memory is the best example for that. Non-preemtable resource - in that case that cannot be taken away from its current owner without causing to fail. As an example for that when you burning a cd if you eject it before completion itll occur error. 37 | P a g e

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3.3.2 Conditions for deadlocks

Mutual exclusion- resources cant share. Hold and wait - when process request resources increase, its hold on to what theyve got. No preemption- resource cant get from the process forcibly. Circular wait - circular chain of waiting is waiting for a resource held by the next process in the chain.

3.3.3 Strategies for dealing with deadlocks

Ignore the problem altogether. Detection and recovery. Avoidance by careful resource allocation. Prevention by structurally negating one of the four necessary conditions.

3.3.4

Deadlock Prevention

The system builds the way itself to solve the deadlock problem. As a Attacking Mutex Condition Never exclusive access Attacking preemption Not something you want to do. Attacking hold and wait condition Make a process hold at the most 1 resource at a time & make all the request at the beginning Attacking circular wait Order all the resources Table 3 : Solutions for deadlock problem 38 | P a g e

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Make sure that the requests are issued in the correct order. So in that case there is no cycle present in the resource graph.

3.3.5 Deadlock Avoidance

Its avoid the action that may help to happen a deadlock. When your system avoid the action that create deadlocks your system will be safe. (www1bpt.bridgeport.edu, 2010)

3.4Memory Management
3.4.1 Reverse Mapping In Fedora 12
In Fedora 12 Memory Manager Page table Tracking to physical pages of memory that are used by a process, and they map the virtual pages to physical pages. Some of memory pages might not used in long time. So in that case they swap out that memory pages. Before they swapped out, every single process mapping that page and found the page, so that page entry to the page table and process will be updated. Now memory manager has each physical pages linked by using containing pointers to page-table entries (PTEs) of every process currently mapping that page this link list called PTE chain. The PTE chain increase the speed to finding the processors that mapping a page.

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the advantage of this reverse mapping system is that hold some memory overhead, in that case some memory used to keep on track of all memory which reverse mapping, each entry in PTE chain uses 4 bytes to store a pointer to the page-table entry and an additional 4 bytes to store pointer to next entry on the chain. This memory also come from 32 bit hardware which indicate low memory size. This can be optimized to a single entry sometime. If there is only single mapping to the page, they used single pointer called direct. It can use instead of a link list. If this page later mapped by another process, the page will have to be converted to a PTE chain. (Larson, 2004)

3.4.2 Using Huge Pages In Linux Kernel 2.6

Huge pages is a technology that using in Linux kernel to avail the multiple page memory size according to modern hardware architectures. Linux consider pages as the basic unit of memory. In this case physical memory is divided and accessed using the basic page unit. In the 32bit architecture use 4096 Bytes page size. In Linux system, huge pages helps to reduce overhead memory. Systems with large memory can be configured to utilize more efficiently using huge pages. The actual size of the page depends on process and system architecture. (unixfoo.blogspot.com, 2007) More information about Using Huge Pages In Linux Kernel 2.6can be found in Appendix E.

3.4.3 Storing page-table entries in high memory

Normally page-table are use in low memory in 32-bit machines. This memory also pick it from first 896 MB memory slot of physical memory and using unused part of the kernel as well. When most of applications using large number of memory and map a lot of memory, low memory part would be decrease. In new technology in 2.6 kernel page-table entries placed in high memory, to supply freeing low memory space to other application can access. When we running lots of processors and using high memory slots to storing page entry tables will allow to get memory from low memory area. 40 | P a g e

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Memory using in high memory slot

(ibm.com, 2010)

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3.5Virtual Memory Management
3.5.1 Abstract model of Virtual to Physical address mapping

Figure 30 : Abstract model of Virtual to Physical address mapping

3.5.2 Page Frame Reclamation

In 2.6 kernel system there is a new function kswapd called kswapd. In every memory node of the system started from kswapd. They all execute same code except their work confined to their local node. The main changes in this technology are related to the kaswapd-per-node change.

3.5.3 Swap memory management

Most important part of the new additions in virtual memory is this. In this case they introduced a new system to map a contiguous range of pages in the swap area into a contiguous range of disk blocks. They added another addition to swap on time.

3.5.4 Shared Memory Virtual File System

In the new system they added function called alloced. The alloced field stores how many data pages are allocated to the file which had to be calculated. The major

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change of this area is file system is responsible for the allocation and destruction of its own inodes (inode is based on 2.4 kernel system). (Gorman, 2007)

3.5.5 Demand Paging

If theres less physical memory than virtual memory the operation system must take virtual memory. It doesnt choose physical memory. One way to save physical memory is only load virtual pages that are currently used by the executing program. (Rusling, 1999) More information about Virtual Memory Management can be found in Appendix A.

3.6Secondary Disk Scheduling Management

In fedora 12 Linux kernel 2.6 there are five types of disk scheduling algorithms used. Which are : First Come First Serve Elevator Cyclic Elevator Deadline Scheduling Anticipatory Scheduling

More information about Secondary Disk Scheduling Management can be found in Appendix C.

3.7System Administration and Support

Fedora 12 can be divided into two major areas in system administration and support. Which are: Installation HOWTOs

3.7.1 Installation
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Post Installation Changes Fedora 12 Installation is very easy compared to other operating systems. It provides a good GUI which is very user friendly even a beginner can install without any issues. During the installation fedora 12 is mainly concern about the root password where the user has to enter. The password should be minimum six characters n should contains numerical and alphabetical characters and also one special character. Where it ensures that no one can crack it.

3.7.2 HOWTOs
In HOWTOs every component is supported by the system administration and support of fedora 12. There are few components in HOWTOs.

Components in HOWTOs
Internet Access Programming Applications Security Network/File system Services & Applications Apache/MySQL/PHP Services & Applications Enlightenment DR17 (E17) Gnome Applications & Settings Google Applications Drawing & Image Manipulation Programs General Utilities

E-Mail & Spam

Hosting a Yum Repository Gnome Applications & Settings Laptop & General Settings Multimedia-Based Applications & Setup

Setup for Installing Applications

Table 4 : Components in HOWTOs (Professor Gregory R. Kriehn,2007)

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3.7.3 System Administration Tools
Since fedora 12 is a Linux base operating system it supports with the same Linux system administration tools. There are four major players in the Linux system administration tools. COAS Linuxconf Webmin YaST

More information about System Administration Tools can be found in Appendix B.

3.8Recovery Strategies
There are few ways of recovering data in fedora 12 which is based on Linux. Rollback Action Backup files 3.8.1 Rollback Action Rollback can be done using a tool call RPM. RPM is a useful tool which has several options. But out of all of them the best is where it can recover a deleted file which has accidently lost. In fedora 12 a small coding will recover the deleted file. Simply type the date r time to rollback to that previous system data. rpm -Uvh -rollback 'date/time (linuxquestions.org/, 2006)

3.8.2 Backup files We can use typical recovery strategies to take backups Servers External hard disks DVD Flash drivers 45 | P a g e

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3.9Security Strategies
Fedora 12 has implemented according to standard security model known as CIA. It is capable to estimate the sensitiveness of the information and to provide a dependable security policy. CIA is defined as Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability.
Confidentiality: Sensitive information must be available only to a set of pre-defined individuals. Unauthorized transmission and usage of information should be restricted.

Integrity

Information should not be altered in ways that render it incomplete or incorrect. Unauthorized users should be restricted from the ability to modify or destroy sensitive information

Availability

Information should be accessible to authorized users any time that it is needed. Availability is a warranty that information can be obtained with an agreed-upon frequency and timeliness.
Table 5 : C.I.A Definition Table

(Fuller et al., 2009) Computer Security has divided in to three categories commonly referred as controls. They are as follows: Physical Technical Administrative (Fuller et al., 2009)

3.9.1 Security tools in Fedora 12

Scanning Hosts with Nmap Nessus Nikto VLAD the Scanner

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(Fuller et al., 2009)

3.9.2 Workstation Security

BIOS and Boot Loader Security Password Security Administrative Controls: Available Network Services Personal Firewalls Security Enhanced Communication Tools (Fuller et al., 2009)

3.10 Standard Support

Bugs and errors occur in any kind of an operating system, in any environment. And the user must have a brief idea how to overcome from those when it occurred. Fedora 12 has provided all the necessary guide lines and support which will assist them to overcome from those errors. Solving error through internet have become more popular these days, and therefore fedora 12 have provided all the necessary assistance through the internet.

3.10.1 Fedora 12 Forum

HTML : http://www.fedoraforum.org/

3.10.2 Burning ISO image to a disc

HTML : http://docs.fedoraproject.org/enUS/Fedora/12/html/Burning_ISO_images_to_disc/index.html PDF :http://docs.fedoraproject.org/enUS/Fedora/12/pdf/Burning_ISO_images_to_disc/Fedora-12Burning_ISO_images_to_disc-en-US.pdf

3.10.3 Installation Guide

HTML : http://docs.fedoraproject.org/enUS/Fedora/12/html/Installation_Guide/index.html

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PDF :http://docs.fedoraproject.org/enUS/Fedora/12/pdf/Installation_Guide/Fedora-12-Installation_Guide-enUS.pdf

3.10.4 Quick Start Guide

HTML : http://docs.fedoraproject.org/enUS/Fedora/12/html/Installation_Quick_Start_Guide/index.html PDF : http://docs.fedoraproject.org/enUS/Fedora/12/pdf/Installation_Quick_Start_Guide/Fedora-12Installation_Quick_Start_Guide-en-US.pdf

3.10.5 User Guide

HTML : http://docs.fedoraproject.org/enUS/Fedora/12/html/User_Guide/index.html PDF : http://docs.fedoraproject.org/enUS/Fedora/12/pdf/User_Guide/Fedora-12-User_Guide-en-US.pdf

3.10.6 Wireless Guide

HTML : http://docs.fedoraproject.org/enUS/Fedora/12/html/Wireless_Guide/index.html PDF : http://docs.fedoraproject.org/enUS/Fedora/12/pdf/Wireless_Guide/Fedora-12-Wireless_Guide-en-US.pdf

3.10.7 Other Fedora 12 Documentations

HTML : http://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/index.html

4. Appendix
Appendix A: Virtual Memory Management (3.5)
Page Table Management
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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. MMU-less Architecture Support Reverse Mapping Object-Based Reverse Mapping PTE in High Memory Huge TLB Filesystem Cache Flush Management

Process Address Space

Changes in 2.6 kernel 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Linear Address Space Write page Memory Region Page Faulting Kernel Split

Boot Memory Allocator

This is not changed since 2.4 kernel. They mainly think about the optimisation and NUMA related modification. First changes is the addition of a last_success field to the bootem_data_tstruct. What it does is keep track location of the last allocation to reduce the time. If an address is freed before last_success, itll be changed to freed location

Physical Page Allocation

In 2.6 kernel they made changes to Allocating Pages system. In 2.4 kernel system there was specific code for selecting the correct node form the running CPU. But 2.6 removes this distinction between NUMA and UMA architecture. In Per-CPU Page Lists pages are allocated from a structper_cpu_pageset by buffered_rmqueue(). In the low watermark (per_cpu_pagesetlow) has not been reached. The pages will be allocated from the pageset with no requirement for spinlock to be held. One the low watermark is reached, a large number of pages will be allocated in bulk with the interrupt safe spinlock held. Added to the per-cpu list and then one returned to the caller.

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In freeing pages side they introduced code called free_hot_page() and free_cold_page() to handle the pages.

Non Contiguous Memory Allocation

Non-contiguous memory allocation work same as a 2.4 kernel system. The main difference in 2.6 kernel is slightly different internal API which affects when the pages are allocated. In kernel 2.4 vmalloc_area_pages() is responsible for beginning a page table walk and then allocating pages when the PTE is reached in the function alloc_area_pte(). In 2.6 kernel all the pages are advance by __vmalloc() and placed in an array which is passed to map_vm_area() for insertion into the kernel page tables. The get_vm_area() API has changed in kernel 2.6 and it behave the same as previous versions and it searches the entire vmalloc virtual address space for a free area and caller can search subset of the vmalloc address space by calling

__get_vm_area() directly and specifying the range. This system only used by ARM architecture. The new interface of vmap() an array of pages in the vmalloc address space and is only used by the sound subsystem core.

Slab Allocater
In fedora 12 they changed slab allocater system completely. Because previous version of /proc/slabinfo format version 1.1 changed to 2.0. but principle and algorithm and ideas is same as previous. So it has a technology to avoidance of locking. Theres a lot of debugging code mixed in so keep searching for #ifdef DEBUG blocks of code and they can ignored them when reading the code. Other changes in 2.0 has very similar behaviour. As an example

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*Slab_Reclaim_account In cache Reaping This is the best part of changes in slab allocator. Kmem_cache_reap() no longer exist as its very indiscriminate in how it shrinks caches when cache user could have made a far superior selection. Users of cache can now register a shrink cache callback with set_shrinker() for the intelligent aging and shrinking of slabs. This simple function populates a structshrinker with a pointer to the callback and a seeks weight which indicates how difficult it is to recreate an object before placing it in a link list called shrinker_list.

Appendix B: System Administration Tools (3.7.3)

Linuxconf
Its a system administration tool where we can navigate text or point and click menus to access a wide variety of system settings of fedora 12. Linuxconf mainly deals with the people who refused to use root password, where Linuxconf will not allow the user to proceed further.

COAS
COAS is a administration tool which is available in moset linux distributors. This tools comes in four differen formats. In this tool it loads only the important features into memory when you work with it.

Webmin
Webmin is a web-based application which is mostly available for modern Linux distributors. Any user can install Webmin it must be installed by root. After installation we can access this tool by any user account.

YaST
YaST tool consists of all user administration, security settings and installation of other software, Updates of the entire system, network settings etc. YaST was not installed with GUI, where the new tool called YaST 2 which comes with SuSE has a GUI. Mainly YaST is like the Control panel of the system. (Dee-Ann LeBlanc,2002)

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Appendix C: Secondary Disk Scheduling Management (3.6)
First Come First Serve
In this algorithm the request are served accordingly to their arrival order. Where the first to enter will be the first to leave. (cs.nmu.edu, n.d)

Elevator
This algorithm has the same behavior of an elevator where the elevator continues to travel up and down until a request has been made. The requests are accepted according to the priority order and continue until the lowest request reach. This process repeats until the task complete. (m_turner, 2000) (everything2.com, 2000)

Cyclic Elevator
In this algorithm the elevator moves from top to bottom where it only consider the requests made along the way to bottom, when it reach the bottom it goes back to the highest request made and repeat the process. Compared to other algorithms cyclic algorithm is fair to all requests, has a great performance and real time processing. (linuxhowtos.org, 2010)

Deadline Scheduling
In this algorithm each request has given a deadline. When the request reaches the deadline it moves directly to that request and serviced immediately to maintain the efficiency of the process. Therefore this algorithm maintains the disk latency low where as the disk efficiency high. (domingo.sourceforge.net, 2008)

Anticipatory Scheduling
In this algorithm the read operations are usually synchronous. This means the first request has to happen and report back before the second request is scheduled.

Appendix D: Process Control Management (3.2)

Improved treading model for 2.6 Linux kernel
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significant implications for developers, system run-time libraries such as the GNU C library (glibc), shared application libraries, and so on. This white paper provides an overview of basic threading concepts, discusses new and existing Linux threading models, and then highlights the sorts of application changes that you might have to make to existing multi-threaded applications in order to enable them to work correctly with NPTL under the 2.6 Linux kernel. (linuxinme.blogspot.com, 2007)

Pthread
Pthreds refers to the POSIX standard (IEEE 1003.1c) defining an API for thread creation and synchronization. This is a specification for thread behavior, not an implementation. Operating system designers may implement the specification in any way they wish. (Silberschatz, 2006)

Along with POSIX threads, 2.6 provide POSIX signals and POSIX high-resolution timers as part of the mainstream kernel. POSIX signals are an improvement over UNIX-style signals, which were the default in previous Linux releases. Unlike UNIX signals, POSIX signals cannot be lost and can carry information as an argument. Also, POSIX signals can be sent from one POSIX thread to another, rather than only from process to process, like UNIX signals. (Deshpande, 2004)

Appendix E : Using huge Pages in Linux Kernel 2.6 (3.4.2)

Linux uses Transaction Lookaside Buffers (TLB) in the CPU architecture. In this technology restrain mapping of virtual memory to actual memory addresses. So using huge size of physical memory with the default page size consumes the TLB and adds processing overhead. Linux kernel system able to set addressed of physical memory using a large page files. When the memory page is higher, the pages with the TLB will be less overhead managing. In kernel 2.6 they have a feature called CONFIG_HUGETLB_PAGE to control huge pages.

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Appendix F : Kernels
Kernel 2.6.31: This version adds USB 3.0 support, an equivalent of FUSE for character devices used for proxying OSS sound to ALSA, some memory management changes that improve interactivity in desktops, read ahead improvements, ATI Radeon Mode setting support, support for Intel's Wireless Multicomm 3200 Wi-Fi devices, kernel support and a user space tool for performance counters, gcov support, a memory checker for uninitialized memory, a memory leak detector, a reimplementation of inotify and dnotify on top of a new file system notification infrastructure, btrfs improvements, support for the IEEE 802.15.4 network standard, IPv4 over Firewall, many new drivers, small improvements and fixes. (kernelnewbies.org, 2009)

Appendix G : X Windows
Further, it includes couple of automatic configuration feature for the X server. The X Window System is using a CSA (Client Server Architecture). In default graphical environment of fedora, the X configuration tool is available at following: path. System > Administration > Display.

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5. Conclusion
Fedora 12 is based on Linux 2.6 kernel which is a free open source operating system where any changes can be made to the operating system by the user according to his will. Its a free distributable operating system where we can easily download from the fedora website. Compared to other operating system Fedora 12 has a GUI which is user friendly and also it has more options than the previous versions. Since it needs less hard disk space, low processor and low random access memory it can be installed in and old machines easily. Since fedora 12 is less vulnerable to viruses it is more secure when compared to other operating systems. Fedora 12 is a non profitable organization which depends on users where it gives the full authority to develop softwares for fedora 12. Fedora is a unique operating system with lots of features and improved graphics where it helps different communities to do their work easily and also its a free open source environment where anyone can communicate in the world. .

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7. Work Breakdown Structure

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8. Weekly Meeting Reports
Meeting Number: 1
Date: Venue: 24th November 2010 APIIT Sri Lanka, Colombo.

Members attended: Name of the member Hirosh Tharaka Shohan Dassanayake Prmod Madushan Minutes: Study Area 1. Discussed What we going to choose? Description We decided operation system for our assignment CB Number (CB004149) (CB004060) (CB004138) Attendance Present Present Present

(Lecture)

(Team Leader)

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Meeting Number: 2
Date: Venue: 25th November 2010 APIIT Sri Lanka, Colombo.

Members attended: Name of the member Hirosh Tharaka Shohan Dassanayake Promod Madushan Minutes: Study Area 1. Dividing the work load Description Each of took part of the project to do and discussed CB Number (CB004149) (CB004060) (CB004138) Attendance Present Present Present

2. Found details

Found details about hardware requirements, system requirements, history of fedora 12, introduction to the operating system.

(Lecture)

(Team Leader)

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Meeting Number: 3
Date: Venue: 30th November 2010 APIIT Sri Lanka, Colombo.

Members attended: Name of the member Hirosh Tharaka Shohan Dassanayake Promod Madushan Minutes: Study Area Installing fedora 12 Description Each of us installed fedora 12. Got the basic knowledge of installing fedora 12 CB Number (CB004149) (CB004060) (CB004138) Attendance Present Present Present

(Lecture)

(Team Leader)

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Fedora 12 DF10A1ICT
Meeting Number: 4
Date: Venue: 3rd November 2010 APIIT Sri Lanka, Colombo.

Members attended: Name of the member Hirosh Tharaka Shohan Dassanayake Promod Madushan Minutes: Study Area Installing and taking screenshots Description Took all the screen shorts needed make the repot. CB Number (CB004149) (CB004060) (CB004138) Attendance Present Present Present

(Lecture)

(Team Leader)

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Fedora 12 DF10A1ICT
Meeting Number: 5
Date: Venue: 6th December 2010 APIIT Sri Lanka, Colombo.

Members attended: Name of the member Hirosh Tharaka Shohan Dassanayake Promod Madushan Minutes: Study Area 1. Discuss about the analysis part Description Discuss where to find the details what is the structure how are we suppose. CB Number (CB004149) (CB004060) (CB004138) Attendance Present Present Present

(Lecture)

(Team Leader)

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Fedora 12 DF10A1ICT
Meeting Number: 6
Date: Venue: 08th December 2010 APIIT Sri Lanka, Colombo.

Members attended: Name of the member Hirosh Tharaka Shohan Dassanayake Promod Madushan Minutes: Study Area Description CB Number (CB004149) (CB004060) (CB004138) Attendance Present Present Present

1. Analyzed all the details we found on the Discussed all the details we found on analysis. analysis part and analyzed all the details.

(Lecture)

(Team Leader)

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Meeting Number: 7
Date: Venue: 23th December 2010 APIIT Sri Lanka, Colombo.

Members attended: Name of the member Hirosh Tharaka Shohan Dassanayake Promod Madushan Minutes: Study Area Finalizing project Description Finalized all the details we found and put them according to document order. CB Number (CB004149) (CB004060) (CB004138) Attendance Present Present Present

(Lecture)

(Team Leader)

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Meeting Number: 8
Date: Venue: 24th December 2010 APIIT Sri Lanka, Colombo.

Members attended: Name of the member Hirosh Tharaka Shohan Dassanayake Promod Madushan Minutes: Study Area Finalizing Document Description Finalized the document did all the typing, discuss about the places where we went wrong made them correct. CB Number (CB004149) (CB004060) (CB004138) Attendance Present Present Present

(Lecture)

(Team Leader)

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