2012 AP Chemistry Diagnostic Test You SHOULD have learned the following concepts in your general chemistry class.

You WILL be expected to know these concepts prior to the beginning of the AP Chemistry course. We WILL NOT review this information as a class. You WILL receive a test covering this information on the first day of class. COS #1 Differentiate among pure substances, mixtures, elements, and compounds. 1 Classify each of the following as a pure substance, a heterogeneous mixture, or a homogeneous mixture. (a) chocolate-chip cookie ______________________ (b) distilled water ______________________ (c) vodka ______________________ (d) a pure gold coin ______________________ 2 Classify each of the following as an element, compound, or mixture. (a) the air we breathe ______________________ (b) table salt ______________________ (c) aluminum metal ______________________ (d) the gas in a tank of propane, C3H8 ______________________ (e) pure water ______________________ (f) soil ______________________ COS #2 Describe the structure of carbon chains, branched chains, and rings. 3. Explain the difference between alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes. 4. Describe the conventions used in naming alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes (both straight and branched). 5. Name the following organic molecules:

6. Draw the following functional groups: aldehyde, alkyl halide, amine, carboxylic acid, ester, ether, ketone. COS #3 Use the periodic table to identify periodic trends, including atomic radii, ionization energy, electronegativity, and energy levels. 7. Draw a sketch of a carbon atom. Label the nucleus, protons, neutrons and electrons. 8. Give the symbol that identifies the following species. Include the charge if they are not neutral (for example, 1H+) a. 8 protons, 8 neutrons, 8 electrons: b. 43 protons, 55 neutrons, 39 electrons: 9. Write the name of the isotope that has 108 neutrons, 73 protons, and 73 electrons. (The name should indicate which isotope this is). 10. Classify the following as metal, nonmetal, or metalloid: chlorine _ _____________; sodium ________________; boron _______________ 11. List AND describe the four types of electron orbitals. 12. Astatine, having atomic number 85 on the periodic table, is a radioactive member of the halogens. Give the full electron configuration of At. Arrange the orbitals in order of increasing energy. (Do not use noble gas abbreviations, such as [Xe], for this problem.)

13. Place electrons in the boxes below to show the lowest energy electron configuration of an oxygen atom. (Use all electrons, not just valence electrons.) 2p
2s 1s

14. Place electrons in the boxes below to show the lowest energy electron configuration of a silicon atom. (Use all electrons, not just valence electrons.) 3p 3s 2p 2s 1s 15. Arrange in order of increasing atomic radii: As, F, N smallest ___ _____ _____ largest 16. Arrange in order of increasing electron affinity: C, F, Si smallest ___ _____ _____ largest 17. Arrange in order of increasing ionization energy: As, F, N smallest ___ _____ _____ largest 18. Arrange in order of increasing electronegativity: S, Si, Ge, Ga smallest ___ _____ _____ _____ largest 19. How many valence electrons does a phosphorus atom have? 20. Draw the Lewis structure of the O2 molecule. 21. Draw the Lewis structure of the N2 molecule. COS #4 Describe solubility in terms of energy changes associated with the solution process. 22. In the process of dissolving 1 g of sodium perchlorate in water, the sodium perchlorate is referred to as the A) solute. B) solvent. C) solution. D) precipitate E) solid solution. 23. If 1 g of sodium perchlorate is dissolved in water, the water is referred to as the A) solute. B) solvent. C) solution. D) precipitate E) solid solution. 24. (a) Give 6 examples of strong acids. (b) Give 2 examples of weak bases. (c) Give the formula of the hydronium ion. (d) Give 3 examples of weak acids. (e) Give 5 examples of strong bases. 25. An aqueous solution was prepared by dissolving 2.11 g of NaCl in enough water to make 1500. mL of solution. What is the molarity of NaCl in the solution? 26. An aqueous solution was prepared by dissolving 1.567 g of AgNO3 in enough water to make 250.0 mL of solution. What is the molarity of silver nitrate in the solution?

27. Suppose you need to prepare 1000. mL of 0.100 M HCl(aq), and all you have on hand is 0.500 M HCl(aq). What volume of the 0.500 M solution should be diluted to 1000. mL to give the desired 0.100 M HCl(aq) solution? 28. 25.00 mL of a solution of oxalic acid are titrated with 0.2586 m NaOH(aq). The stoichiometric end point is reached when 43.42 mL of the solution of base is added. What is the molarity of the oxalic acid solution? Oxalic acid reacts with sodium hydroxide as shown below: H2C2O4(aq) + 2 NaOH(aq) Na2C2O4(aq) + 2 H2O(l)

COS #5 Use the kinetic theory to explain states of matter, phase changes, solubility, and chemical reactions.
29. Explain the difference between solids, liquids, and gases using evidence from the kinetic molecular theory.

COS #6 Solve stoichiometric problems involving relationships among the number of particles, moles, and masses of reactants and products in a chemical reaction.
30. Name the following compounds. KCN N2O5 HCl(g) P4O10 NH4CN HI(g) Ca(CN)2 Cu(NO3)26H2O 31. Name these common laboratory compounds: a) HCl(aq) b) H2SO4(aq) 32. Give formulas for the following compounds. Chromium (II) sulfate sodium carbonate monohydrate dibromine heptoxide iron(II) phosphate sodium sulfate dihydrate dichlorine dioxide iron (III) oxide potassium sulfite dihydrate diphosphorus trisulfide 33. How many atoms are in one molecule of (NH4)3PO4? ____ 34. How many atoms are in one formula unit of Al2(SO4)3? ____ 35. A bottle of cola purchased in Europe gave the volume as 50 mL. What is this volume in L? 36. A supersonic transport (SST) airplane consumes about 18,000 L of kerosene per hour of flight. Kerosene has a density of 0.965 kg/L. What mass of kerosene is consumed on a flight lasting 3.0 hours? 37. The density of carbon tetrachloride is 1.59 g/mL. What is the mass of 3.65 mL of carbon tetrachloride?

38. What volume (in cm3) of lead (of density 11.3 g/cm3) has the same mass as 100. cm3 of a piece of redwood (of density 0.38 g/cm3)? 39. One of Santas elves determined that the average Christmas present has a density of 2.15 kg/L. What would you expect the mass to be of a present having a volume of 364 mL? 40. 8.0 grams of granite has a density of 2.7 g/mL. What is the density of 16.0 g of granite? 41.A glass of water contains 4.22 mol of water molecules. How many hydrogen atoms are in the water? 42.How many moles of bromine atoms are in 8 1020 bromine molecules, Br2? 43. Determine the molar mass of Ca3(PO4)2. 44. How many moles are in 8.0 g of Ca3(PO4)2? 45. What is the mass percent of silver in AgCl? 46. What is the mass percent of nitrogen in N2O (laughing gas)? 47. A sample of 4.69 g of sulfur combined with 11.12 g fluorine to produce a gas. What is the empirical formula of the gas? 48. The percentage composition of fructose, a sugar, is 40.0% carbon, 6.72% hydrogen, and 53.28% oxygen. The molar mass of fructose is 180.2 g/mol. What is the molecular formula of fructose? 49. The molar mass of pyrazine is 80.1 g/mol and its empirical formula is C2H2N. What is its molecular formula? 50. Write a balanced equation describing the reaction of sodium metal with water to produce hydrogen gas and sodium hydroxide. 51. Write a balanced equation describing the reaction of potassium metal with water to produce hydrogen gas and potassium hydroxide. 52. Give the oxidation number of each element in the following chemical reaction: 3HNO3(aq) + Al(s) Al3+ + 3NO2(g) + 3OHH: N: O: Al: Al: N: O: O: H: (a) Which element was oxidized? (b) Which element was reduced? (c) Which element is considered the reducing agent? 53. One of the steps in the commercial process for converting ammonia to nitric acid involves the conversion of NH3 to NO: 4NH + 5O 4NO + 6H2O(l (g) ) 3(g) 2(g) molar masses, in 17.0 32. g/mol: 3 00 a) If 1.00 g of NH3 and 1.50 g of O2 are mixed, which is the limiting reactant? b) What is the theoretical yield (in grams) of NO that can be produced when the quantities in part a are mixed? c) If 1.05 g of NO are actually obtained from the reaction, what is the percent yield?

COS #7 Explain behavior of ideal gases in terms of pressure, volume, temperature, and number of particles using Charles's law, Boyle's law, Gay-Lussac's law, the combined gas law and the ideal gas law. 54. When 4.00 L of methane (CH4) gas is completely combusted with oxygen (O2), it

produces water vapor and carbon dioxide. At a temperature of 225 C and a pressure of 1.28 atm, what mass of water vapor will result? R = 0.0821 L*atm/mol*K 55. A gas at a constant temperature occupies a volume of 2.10 m3 and exerts a pressure of 98.3 kPa. What volume will the gas occupy at a pressure of 115.5 kPa? 56. A quantity of gas occupies a volume of 548 cm3 at a temperature of 27 C. What temperature will the volume of the gas be at 600 cm3, assuming no change in pressure? 57. At room temperature (21 C), the pressure of a gas is 141.5 kPa. What will the new pressure be if the temperature drops to -18.7 C?

COS #8 Distinguish among endothermic and exothermic physical and chemical changes.
58. At 25C, chlorine is a green-yellow gas with a density of 3 103 g/cm3. Chlorine has a melting point of 101C and a boiling point of 35C, and the energy required to melt and boil chlorine is 6.4 and 20.4 kJ/mol, respectively. Chlorine burns in hydrogen to form hydrogen chloride. Underline the chemical property/properties of chlorine. 59. Describe how to separate a mixture of dirt, salt, and water into three components. COS #9 Distinguish between chemical and nuclear reactions. 60. Compare and contrast nuclear fission and nuclear fusion. 61. Write and balance the nuclear equation for the alpha decay of Polonium-209. 62. Write and balance the nuclear equation for the beta emission of Polonium-209. 63. Write and balance the nuclear equation for the electron capture of Polonium-209. 64. Write and balance the nuclear equation for the positron emission of Polonium-209. 65. Write and balance the nuclear equation for the gamma emission of Polonium-209.