There are two optical systems in a compound microscope: Eyepiece Lenses and Objective Lenses: Eyepiece or Ocular is what

you look through at the top of the microscope. Typically, standard eyepieces have a magnifying power of 10x. Optional eyepieces of varying powers are available, typically from 5x-30x. Eyepiece tube holds the eyepieces in place above the objective lens. Binocular microscope heads typically incorporate a diopter adjustment ring that allows for the possible inconsistencies of our eyesight in one or both eyes. The monocular (single eye usage) microscope does not need a diopter. Binocular microscopes also swivel (Interpupillary Adjustment) to allow for different distances between the eyes of different individuals. Objective Lenses are the primary optical lenses on a microscope. They range from 4x-100x and typically, include, three, four or five on lens on most microscopes. Objectives can be forward or rear-facing. Nosepiece houses the objectives. The objectives are exposed and are mounted on a rotating turret so that different objectives can be conveniently selected. Standard objectives include 4x, 10x, 40x and 100x although different power objectives are available. Coarse and Fine Focus knobs are used to focus the microscope. Increasingly, they are coaxial knobs - that is to say they are built on the same axis with the fine focus knob on the outside. Coaxial focus knobs are more convenient since the viewer does not have to grope for a different knob. Stage is where the specimen to be viewed is placed. A mechanical stage is used when working at higher magnifications where delicate movements of the specimen slide are required. Stage Clips are used when there is no mechanical stage. The viewer is required to move the slide manually to view different sections of the specimen. Aperture is the hole in the stage through which the base (transmitted) light reaches the stage. Illuminator is the light source for a microscope, typically located in the base of the microscope. Most light microscopes use low voltage, halogen bulbs with continuous variable lighting control located within the base. Condenser is used to collect and focus the light from the illuminator on to the specimen. It is located under the stage often in conjunction with an iris diaphragm.

Iris Diaphragm controls the amount of light reaching the specimen. It is located above the condenser and below the stage. Most high quality microscopes include an Abbe condenser with an iris diaphragm. Combined, they control both the focus and quantity of light applied to the specimen. Condenser Focus Knob moves the condenser up or down to control the lighting focus on the specimen. Arm: The part of the microscope that connects the eyepiece tube to the base. Inclination Joint: Where the arm connects to the base, there may be a pin. If so, you can place one hand on the base and with the other grab the arm and rotate it back. It will tilt your microscope back for more comfortable viewing.

Body tube (Head): The body tube connects the eyepiece to the objective lenses. Illuminator/Mirror: The light source that is located at the base of the microscope. The mirror reflects the light from the outside source through the bottom of the stage. This helps in illuminating the sample on the slide. Many light microscopes use low voltage halogen bulbs. They have a continuous variable light control part at the base that helps in focusing in different light range. Base: The base of a compound microscope is helps in supporting the microscope and contains the illuminator. Pillar It is the stand that supports the working parts of a microscope. RUDIMENTS OF MUSIC The Rudiments of music are the basic elements of music theory. They include musical notation, pitch, time, scales, key signatures, time signatures, and intervals, together with their typical uses in melody and harmony. The Rudiments are those elements of theory that are normally learned, more or less explicitly, as part of learning to play any musical instrument, as distinct from the more abstract aspects of theory that would be studied as a more academic, discipline.

Rudiments of Music The Staff - music is written on a staff that has five lines and four spaces. The letter names of the lines are E, G, B, D, F. It's easily remembered by the sentence: Every Good Boy Does Fine

The letter names of the spaces from the bottom up spell FACE.

F A C E It's very important to remember the names of the lines and spaces of the staff. The Staff is divided into measures by bar lines.

1. Whole Note - 4 beats, the whole note is a hollow head and doesn't have a stem. 2. Half Note - 2 beats, the half note has a hollow head and a stem. There are two half notes in the second measure, each one gets 2 beats. 3. Dotted Half Note - 3 beats, the dot placed after any note adds to that note half of its original value. 4. Quarter Note - 1 beat, the quarter note has a solid head and a stem. There are four quarter notes in measure 4, each one gets a beat. The Rest - a sign indicating to stop a note, for every type of note there is an equivalent rest.

1 2 3 1. Whole Rest - 4 beats 2. Half Rest - 2 beats 3. Quarter Rest - 1 beat Clef Bar Line Bar Line Bar Line Time Signatures - indicate how the Types of Notes - the type of note indicates measure will be divided into beats, the top number is how many beats are in the the duration or how long you let the note measure and the bottom number is what ring. kind of note gets a beat. The following example shows the most basic time signatures. 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 1. 4/4 time - divides measure into 4 beats. 2. 3/4 time - divides measure into 3 beats. 3. 2/4 time - divides measure into 2 beats.